积极心理学对体育运动心理学研究的启示

积极心理学是20世纪末兴起于美国的一种积极思潮,与传统心理学相比,它更关注人的美德、潜力、力量等积极品质。积极心理学的观点正在全世界范围传播,它引起了心理学界的广泛关注。本研究结合积极心理学的相关内容,分析了积极心理学运动对体育运动心理学的三大研究领域的可能的启示,旨在为体育运动心理学研究提供参考。     

Equestrian Sport at the Olympic Games from 1900 to 1948

Olympic equestrian sport has to date evolved through three distinct phases of development. The genesis of equestrian sport in the modern Olympics began in 1900 and was predominantly shaped by military influences until 1948. Pre-1900 equestrian sport existed in various forms around the world primarily to develop and practice skills of hunting and warfare. At this time, equestrian sport lacked governance and internationally standardized rules. This paper’s aim is to explore the influence of the military on the first phase of equestrian sport development in the Olympic Games between 1900 and 1948 with regards to their format and rules. Through thematic analysis of the narratives evident in the literature, we highlight influential military developments/changes that occurred outside the confines of sport, and place the sociocultural development of equestrianism within this framework. This reconstructive approach has enabled us to highlight the relevance of the military influence on the development of equestrian sport. Through the identification and analysis of perceptions of Olympic equestrianism, which are centred upon the Eurocentric, military-influenced development of the sport, the paper also discusses implicit and explicit references to, and the relevance of, masculinity elitism and social class, along with issues of amateurism and professionalism.     

中国运动员备战2008年北京奥运会的心理服务

通过对中国运动员备战2008年北京奥运会心理服务的过程与内涵进行调查,旨在揭示出举国体制下备战奥运会心理服务的现有规律和特征。采用内容分析的质的方法对15位参与第29届奥运会备战的运动心理咨询师的访谈文本进行了分析,结果发现了6个概括性维度,即举国体制对心理服务的影响,奥运会的主场应对,心理服务的理念和原则,心理服务的过程,心理服务的内容和形式,心理服务的评估。举国体制强化了主场条件下心理服务的有效性,体现在组织专家下队,集中资源服务,开创新颖手段,采用团队合作,以及将心理服务渗透到运动队的技战术训练之中。     

备战1998年冬奥会女子自由式滑雪大赛心理攻关服务实施过程的研究

研究目的：研究我国自由式滑雪运动员专项心理素质的现状及发展特点,为制定心理服务的内容及实施步骤提供依据;培养运动员完整技术的专门化知觉能力和清晰的表象能力,以提高运动员赛前心理定向与情绪的调控能力,增强运动员自信心。研究方法：心理测量法、心理实验法、心理咨询和实践法。主要研究结果和结论：经过18个月有针对性的心理攻关服务,自由式滑雪运动员所需要的专项心理特征和运动表象能力、赛前心理定向与情绪调控能力等都有了明显的提高。这些专项心理素质能力的提高为取得良好技术打下坚实的基础,也为我国女子自由滑雪队在18届冬奥会荣获该项目奖牌的历史性突破做出应有的贡献。     

An Organizational Life Cycle Approach to Exploring the Elite Sport Legacy of Summer Olympic Host Nations: The Cases of China (Beijing 2008) and Australia (Sydney 2000)

Abstract

This paper investigates the elite sport legacies of hosting the Summer Olympics for China (Beijing 2008) and Australia (Sydney 2000). The classic organizational life cycle approach provides the conceptual framework for this retroductive study. The data for both cases are sourced from official publications, academic research, and documents from various government departments and organizations. Additional data are drawn from three semi-structured interviews with key Chinese stakeholders. The analysis provides clear evidence that governments and their stakeholders use the opportunities afforded by a home Olympics to boost Olympic performance. China and Australia experienced a similar four-phase pattern of elite sport legacy life cycle: start-up, growth, maintenance, and decline. Both countries also shared many similar policy and management factors throughout each stage. An increased awareness of the sequential nature of elite sport legacy can help Olympic host countries make a more informed decision about their long-term strategies for elite sport success.     

On passion and sports fans: A look at football

Abstract

The purpose of the present research was to test the applicability of the Dualistic Model of Passion (Vallerand et al., 2003 Vallerand, R. J., Blanchard, C. M., Mageau, G. A., Koestner, R., Ratelle, C.Léonard, M. 2003. Les passions de l'âme: On obsessive and harmonious passion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85: 756–767. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) to being a sport (football) fan. Three studies provided support for this dualistic conceptualization of passion. Study 1 showed that harmonious passion was positively associated with adaptive behaviours (e.g. celebrate the team's victory), whereas obsessive passion was positively associated with maladaptive behaviours (e.g. risking losing one's job to go to a game). Study 2 used a short Passion Scale and showed that harmonious passion was positively related to the positive affective life of fans during the 2006 FIFA World Cup, psychological health (self-esteem and life satisfaction), and public displays of adaptive behaviours (e.g. celebrate the team's victory into the streets), whereas obsessive passion was predictive of maladaptive affective life (e.g. hating opposing teams' fans) and behaviours (e.g. mocking opposing teams' fans). Finally, Study 3 examined the role of obsessive passion as a predictor of partner's conflict that in turn undermined partner's relationship satisfaction. Overall, the present results provided support for the Dualistic Model of Passion. The conceptual and applied implications of the findings are discussed.     

Modelling home advantage in the Summer Olympic Games

Home advantage in team games is well proven and the influence of the crowd upon officials' decisions has been identified as a plausible cause. The aim of this study was to assess the significance of home advantage for five event groups selected from the Summer Olympic Games between 1896 and 1996, and put home advantage in team games in context with other sports. The five event groups were athletics and weightlifting (predominantly objectively judged), boxing and gymnastics (predominantly subjectively judged) and team games (involving subjective decisions). The proportion of points won was analysed as a binomial response variable using generalized linear interactive modelling. Preliminary exploration of the data highlighted the need to control for the proportion of competitors entered and to split the analysis pre- and post-war. Highly significant home advantage was found in event groups that were either subjectively judged or rely on subjective decisions. In contrast, little or no home advantage (and even away advantage) was observed for the two objectively judged groups. Officiating system was vital to both the existence and extent of home advantage. Our findings suggest that crowd noise has a greater influence upon officials' decisions than players' performances, as events with greater officiating input enjoyed significantly greater home advantage.     

对北京2008年奥运会的理性思考

如何举办好一届在经济上取得成功的奥运会，如何正确理解奥运经济带来的经济效益，是我们值得思考的问题。认为举办2008年北京奥运会要增强奥运“正经济”减少奥运“负经济”，冷静预期和评估奥运会的经济收益，统筹规划北京奥运会。     

从刘璇奥运夺金谈体操运动员心理定势

心理定势在当今的体操运动中有着举足轻重的作用。通过归纳奥运会平衡木冠军刘璇及中国体操队赛前的心理训练内容，分析我国优秀运动员在比赛中的事例，提出体操运动员在日常训练及比赛时期应具有的心理定势。     

北京奥运会与中国体育发展

奥林匹克运动会不仅是当今世界上规模最大的国际竞赛活动，而且也是影响深远的社会文化活动，因此，它的举办对举办国在政治、经济、文化、教育、科学、技术等方面都会带来积极的影响，体育更为受益。本文从6个方面论述北京奥运会对中国体育的影响。     

奥运会举办前北京市民主观幸福感状况研究

为了解奥运会举办前北京市民的主观幸福感状况,揭示奥运会的举办对北京市民的影响,采用文献资料、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,对奥运会举办前北京市民主观幸福感进行调查研究。结果显示：（1）94％的人认为北京奥运会举办会促进幸福感,提高人们的健身意识,健全人们的健康观念,促进大众体育和社区体育的发展;（2）影响人们幸福感的主要因素主要体现在城市建设、观念意识、经济文化、行业就业等方面;（3）从总体来看,北京市民生活总体满意度的区域特征为：郊区区县的生活满意度要高于中心区域的生活满意度;（4）不同职业、不同收入的人群满意度有所差异。     

高尔夫球回归奥运会的文化学思考

检视高尔夫球在奥运会历史中的百年沉浮,分析奥林匹克文化圈对现代高尔夫球的影响,阐述了奥林匹克文化彰显对高尔夫球运动的需求。揭示奥林匹克文化全球体育话语权提升的宏观背景下,高尔夫球融入奥运会的主动性和必然性。研究认为,高尔夫球回归奥运会,既是历史的必然,也是现实的要求,它为高尔夫球的发展注入了奥林匹克运动文化价值和精神理念元素,更为奥林匹克运动的改革与发展提供了文化意义上的解读。     

奥运会与那达慕大会文化的比较

对奥运会与那达慕大会的产生和发展历程及奥运会倡导的"和平、友谊、团结、进步"理念,"更快、更高、更强"的要求,"公平竞赛"的原则与那达慕大会所体现的"崇尚自然、珍爱生命、人间与自然和谐共生"的生态伦理观,"崇尚英雄、恪守信义、开拓进取"精神等文化价值的体现方式和作用进行比较研究.目的在于寻求相互间的可借鉴之处.     

体育赞助需要活化--以三星赞助曼谷亚运会及悉尼奥运会为例

简要分析了体育赞助的兴起和发展,指出体育赞助效益的最大化取决于赞助活动策略应用。并以三星为例研究其在曼谷亚运会和悉尼奥运会中的活化活动,最后指出体育赞助者应围绕体育赞助效益的4个方面,开展赞助活化才能使体育赞助效益最大化。     

千年古奥运兴衰的启迪

纵观奥运演变历史可见,竞技与教育结合促使古今奥运产生与发展,竞教分离既是千年古奥运衰败的内因,又是现代百年竞技受到各种挑战的诱因。由此验证,"竞教结合,夺标育人,奥运则兴;竞教分离,重物轻人,奥运则衰"。揭示竞技"夺标育人"的本质规律,重新研究"竞教结合",转变国家竞技发展方式,才能促进中外竞技的可持续发展。     

2020年东京奥运会与2022年北京冬奥会防疫措施对比研究

2019年12月,在武汉地区发现了国内首例急性呼吸道传染疾病,后被确诊为新型冠状病毒肺炎。有研究人员在《新兴传染病杂志》学术期刊上发表文章称,早在2019年9月,疫情就在法国、意大利等欧洲国家传播了。由于疫情的全球性爆发,各国变得伤痕累累,经济、政治、科技等方面的发展受到相当大的影响,同时给全球的体育赛事的发展和举办带来了巨大的冲击。面对疫情,2020年东京奥运会,2022年北京冬奥会为保证活动的顺利安全进行,在疫情的不同时期制定了不同的公共卫生事件应急预案以及科学的处理办法。通过文献资料法和调查法,对东京奥运会和北京冬奥会赛前、赛时、赛后三方面进行疫情防控对比研究,向世界展示在“后疫情”时代,在应对重大公共卫生安全方面不同国家所采取的措施,从而展示不同国家在疫情面前举办重大活动时的态度,责任和担当。     

Positive emotion in sport performance: current status and future directions

Emotions have firmly established their place in sport psychology research over the past 40 years. For many decades following World War II, mainstream psychology researchers placed negative emotions (e.g., anxiety) ahead of positive emotions (e.g., happiness) but positive emotions are now a genuine, promising field of research because of their influence on specific components of performance (e.g., attention) and psychological well-being. The benefits of these emotions have hitherto not been wholly realized in a sport context, especially in their capacity to generate greater self-efficacy, motivation, attention, problem-solving, and coping with adversity. Although the sport emotion literature is sprinkled with studies that specifically examined positive emotion in sport settings, the breadth and depth of this research is too thin to make bold claims about the value of positive emotions in the emotion-performance relation. There are, however, at least three theoretical models available to sport psychologists to better understand the influence of positive emotions on sport performance and two of these models are specifically designed for sport contexts. Not only can these models deepen and widen this knowledge base, but they can also support interventions in applied settings to improve performance and psychological well-being.     

南京青奥会与我国青少年体育价值观的重塑

要解决我国青少年的健康危机问题,体育价值观的更新不容忽视。竞技运动不仅与青少年有天然亲合力,而且对青少年有独特的多种教育作用,因此要旗帜鲜明地构建崇尚竞技运动的青少年体育价值观。我国南京正在筹办2014年的第二届青年奥运会。由于青奥会旨在彰显竞技运动的价值、强调参与和分享,以及北京奥运会后我国社会的体育新需求,这为我国青少年体育观的重塑提供了历史机遇,应当充分利用这一机遇,让竞技运动成为我国青少年生活中不可缺少的生活要素。     

以奥运会为表征的体育全球化研究

奥林匹克运动是体育全球化的产物,又是推动体育进一步全球化的动力。奥林匹克逐步扩展到全世界的过程,就是体育全球化最好的例证。而汇聚世界各国参赛者的奥运会则是奥林匹克运动的具体表现形式,奥运会成为体育全球化的表征,是体育全球化最直接的体现。奥运会的出现与发展加速了体育全球化的进程,体育全球化同时也拓展奥运会的范围、增强了奥运会的影响力。以奥运会为表证的体育全球化将促进世界体育文件化的繁荣。     

妇女在奥运会中地位的转变与提高

随着妇女体育运动的发展，妇女在政治、经济、化和社会各领域的作用日益增强，在奥林匹克中的地位也逐渐提高，具体表现在女子项目的增加，女子参赛人数的增多以及国际奥委会等大型体育组织对女性成员的接纳。