积极心理学对体育运动心理学研究的启示

积极心理学是20世纪末兴起于美国的一种积极思潮,与传统心理学相比,它更关注人的美德、潜力、力量等积极品质。积极心理学的观点正在全世界范围传播,它引起了心理学界的广泛关注。本研究结合积极心理学的相关内容,分析了积极心理学运动对体育运动心理学的三大研究领域的可能的启示,旨在为体育运动心理学研究提供参考。     

体育运动领域情绪研究述评

在对体育运动领域中情绪研究进行归纳和分析后,认为体育运动领域中情绪研究的基本特征是:重消极情绪研究,轻积极情绪研究;重主观评价,轻客观评价;重个体情绪,轻团队情绪;重运动员研究,轻教练员研究。同时,对体育运动领域未来情绪研究进行了展望:积极情绪应作为体育运动领域中消极情绪研究的补充;团队情绪应成为体育社会心理学中的一个重要研究问题;情绪评价应结合现代认知神经科学研究方法与技术。     

Positive emotion in sport performance: current status and future directions

Emotions have firmly established their place in sport psychology research over the past 40 years. For many decades following World War II, mainstream psychology researchers placed negative emotions (e.g., anxiety) ahead of positive emotions (e.g., happiness) but positive emotions are now a genuine, promising field of research because of their influence on specific components of performance (e.g., attention) and psychological well-being. The benefits of these emotions have hitherto not been wholly realized in a sport context, especially in their capacity to generate greater self-efficacy, motivation, attention, problem-solving, and coping with adversity. Although the sport emotion literature is sprinkled with studies that specifically examined positive emotion in sport settings, the breadth and depth of this research is too thin to make bold claims about the value of positive emotions in the emotion-performance relation. There are, however, at least three theoretical models available to sport psychologists to better understand the influence of positive emotions on sport performance and two of these models are specifically designed for sport contexts. Not only can these models deepen and widen this knowledge base, but they can also support interventions in applied settings to improve performance and psychological well-being.     

催眠与运动员心理训练——一种不同于心理治疗的观点与实践

从不同于传统心理治疗的观点介绍催眠的定义、实质、特征以及它在运动心理学中的应用,探讨了催眠与运动员心理训练的一些关系。     

对田径运动员训练的心理学研究

随着当今田径运动的迅速发展对运动员提出了更高的要求,运动员的技术、战术水平和心理素质被认为是高水平比赛夺取胜利的关键因素.通过查阅文献资料,分析了影响田径运动员运动因素有田径运动项目的特点,运动员的技术战术的特点,运动训练的心理学因素和其它客观条件等。提炼了近年来田径训练的成果,突出了心理学因素在训练中重要作用。对提高我国运动员成绩做一些有益的尝试。     

运动心理学在竞技体育领域的研究发展与应用

相比于大众锻炼领域和体育教育领域,竞技体育受到了运动心理学的更多关注.一系列运动心理干预技术已在北京奥运会上使用,如心理对策库、生物反馈技术、心理影片和音乐、心理网站,专为运动员做心理测试和迅速调整的多功能服务车等.心理领域的领先技术如电脑电图(EEG),事件相关电位(ERP)和电脑象限图(EEQG)等被用于诊断运动员运动时的心理状态或训练效果.通过对近3年发表在重要国家和国际期刊及会议里相关文章的分析发现,运动动机、运动认知、自我认知、运动情绪和心理技能是近年来运动心理学在竞技体育领域的主要研究方向.积极心理学的兴起有丰富的理论和应用领域,也丰富了近代运动心理学的理论和应用领域.运动心理学在20世纪出现许多新思潮,流畅体验便是其中之一.在竞技运动领域,心理监控与运动实践的联系是最紧密的.心理监控也正在向着系统化与专业化的方向一步步迈进,现代技术如CAS计算机辅助运动技术、Observer行为观察分析软件、FaceReader软件、Virtual-Reality仿真系统(虚拟现实)等已经在训练或比赛中得以应用.建议对已取得的运动心理学研究成果可以在未来实践中得到更多的应用.     

MODES OF PHILOSOPHIC INQUIRY CONCERNING SPORT: SOME REFLECTIONS ON METHOD

This article considers the social construction of mental toughness in line with prevailing social attitudes towards success and dominance in elite sport. Critical attention is drawn to the research literature which has sought to conceptualise mental toughness and the idealistic rhetoric and metaphor with which it has done so. The concept of mental toughness currently reflects an elitist ideal, constructed along the lines of the romantic narrative of the ‘Hollywood hero’ athlete. In contrast, the mental and moral virtues which should form the basis of mental toughness are often neglected when an athlete ‘fails’. Currently, mental toughness exists as a characteristic used to describe successful athletes and is only applied in hindsight. Finally, we recommend that the morally problematic association of mental toughness (within the media, society, and the research community) with ultimate success needs to be removed in order to rescue the concept from the elitist discourses which currently surround and suffocate it.     

试论我国运动心理学教材内容和体系的建构

回顾了我国运动心理学教材内容和体系建构过程的三个阶段及其特点，提出了运动心理学教材内容新框架结构。     

论少年运动员竞技心理品质的培养

当代对少年运动员的培养与训练中,不断加强竞技心理品质的培养与训练是越来越重要了。上个世纪70年代初,随着世界竞技体育技、战术水平的不断提高,运动员在比赛中常受到心理因素的影响而成绩下降。应该将大量的注意力放在对运动员心理训练的程度提高与训练水平的方法研究上。少年运动员在生理、心理方面都具有着极强的特殊性与可塑性。培养运动员良好的心理品质要从小开始,这也是训练工作中的重要任务与主要内容。搞好运动员的选材、提高自信心、加强意志品质的培养,注意自我情绪调控、激励成就感,树立荣辱观也是非常重要的,也是现代训练中必不可少的工作环节。     

Advancing mental toughness research and theory using personal construct psychology

This review is designed to advance current conceptualizations of mental toughness in sport as well as identify avenues for future research by offering a fresh perspective using Kelly's (1955/1991) personal construct psychology (PCP). After reviewing sport-general and sport-specific research contributing to current perspectives on mental toughness, we highlight the need for theoretically driven research in the area. Following this, we provide an overview PCP and offer a conceptual model grounded in PCP which attempts to organize the knowledge base as well as provide a platform for future research. In integrating previous research with PCP, we propose a construct definition in which the multidimensional nature of mental toughness, its usefulness for dealing with and thriving through both positively and negatively construed situations, and the processes by which this occurs are highlighted. Specifically, mental toughness is defined as a collection of values, attitudes, emotions, and cognitions that influence the way in which an individual approaches, responds to, and appraises demanding events to consistently achieve his or her goals. To conclude, methodological and conceptual limitations associated with previous research are examined and the PCP model of mental toughness presented here is employed to identify avenues for future research.     

从后现代视角看体育心理研究中测量与统计方法的应用问题

在过去20多年中,中国体育心理学研究有了长足发展,但在研究中心理测量与统计方法应用也存在诸多问题。笔者从后现代视角对这些问题进行了分析,认为:1)体育心理学不能视为纯自然科学,心理测量方法的滥用忽视人的社会性,容易导致测量的真实性问题;2)心理统计的取样容易忽视人的个性,其代表性值得怀疑;3)重数据处理轻理论探讨是阻碍中国体育心理学发展的重要原因之一。     

Self-talk influences vertical jump performance and kinematics in male rugby union players

Abstract

We examined the effects of instructional and motivational self-talk on centre of mass displacement and hip kinematics during the vertical jump. Twenty-four male rugby union players (age 21.1 years, s = 3.5; body mass 81.0 kg, s = 8.9; height 1.80 m, s = 0.06) performed three vertical jump tests, with a 2 min rest between jumps. Before each jump, participants engaged in one of three counterbalanced interventions (motivational self-talk, instructional self-talk or no-intervention). Motivational self-talk led to greater centre of mass displacement (0.602 m, s = 0.076; P = 0.012) than the no-intervention control (0.583 m, s = 0.085). Centre of mass displacement did not differ between instructional self-talk and the control condition or between motivational and instructional self-talk. Motivational (100.75°, s = 16.05; P = 0.001) and instructional self-talk (106.14°, s = 17.04; P = 0.001) led to greater hip displacement than the no-intervention control (94.11°, s = 17.14). There was also a significant difference in hip displacement between motivational and instructional self-talk (P = 0.014), although there was no difference between instructional self-talk and the control condition. Motivational (451.69 °/s, s = 74.34; P = 0.008) and instructional self-talk (462.01 °/s, s = 74.37; P = 0.001) led to greater hip rotation velocity than the no-intervention control (434.37 °/s, s = 75.37), although there was no difference between the two self-talk interventions. These results indicate that self-talk may influence performance and technique during the vertical jump in male rugby players.     

关于运动心理学发展方向的思考——历届国际运动心理学大会的主题分析

历届国际运动心理学大会的主题变化,反映出30多年来国际运动心理学的发展十分迅速。同时,也反映出国际运动心理学大会的主题缺乏对运动心理学研究对象的针对性和对国际运动心理学发展方向的指导作用。严格界定运动心理学的研究对象是运动心理学健康发展的重要问题。     

师范大学生体育锻炼现状及对心理健康的影响

采用<大学生体育锻炼状况调查问卷>、<心境量表(POMS)>、<大学生压力反应测量问卷>和<大学生心理健康诊断量表>对1 354名师范大学在读本科生进行调查.结果发现:师范大学生经常锻炼群体的总体情绪状态比非经常锻炼群体的情绪状态好,呈显著性差异;在\"精力\"、\"自尊\"这两个积极情绪纬度得分高于非经常锻炼群体,且呈非常显著性差异;在\"紧张\"、\"愤怒\"、\"疲劳\"这3个消极情绪纬度方面得分高于非经常锻炼群体,在\"抑郁\"、\"慌乱\"这两个消极情绪纬度方面得分均低于非经常锻炼群体,但无显著性差异.非经常锻炼群体在压力的生理反应、情绪反应、认知反应纬度上的平均得分高于经常锻炼群体,呈非常显著性差异;在压力的行为反应纬度上的平均得分高于经常锻炼群体,但无显著性差异.经常锻炼群体在心理健康水平得分高于非经常锻炼群体,呈非常显著性差异.