美国外交:从现实主义到进攻性现实主义的路径——兼论对中国外交战略的影响

米尔斯海默的进攻性现实主义理论提出以来,引起了中国学界的广泛关注。纵观近年来美国外交政策的走向,不难发现这一理论给小布什政府的外交实践带来了巨大影响。本文由美国的现实主义外交传统出发,阐述了美国外交从现实主义外交传统向进攻性现实主义外交演变的过程,并对进攻性现实主义逻辑的危险性做出了分析,同时指出了美国这一外交路径的变化对中国外交战略的影响。     

现实主义:一种发现的策略——毕飞宇小说解读

毕飞宇最初阶段的小说创作一直没能很好地处理好"意义书写"与"经验书写"的游离与对峙问题,小说显得笨拙而生涩.而在晚近的创作中,他找到了一种属于自己的叙述方式和叙述策略,从而完成了自身的超越和上升.回到"现实主义"这种书写策略还打开了毕飞宇写作的另一重天地,它帮助毕飞宇在对当代中国乡村的书写中达成了对"权力"主题的完美展示.围绕着"权力"的控制与争夺,交替和循环,毕飞宇深入考察了"政治"、"启蒙"、"个体"、"女性"等现代命题在"权力场"中的遭遇.     

哲学反思思维:思想政治教育实施主体实现有效性反思的基础

反思作为哲学思维的基本特征和表现形式,具有超验性、事后之思、批判之思等特点。哲学的反思思维是人类把握现实世界不可缺少的一种方式,将其运用到思想政治教育实施主体对工作的反思中,才能为思想政治教育工作的有效开展以及思想政治教育学科的不断发展打下坚实的基础。     

Standards-based accountability: reification,responsibility and the ethical subject

Over the last two decades, teachers in Australia have witnessed multiple incarnations of the idea of ‘educational accountability’ and its enactment. Research into this phenomenon of educational policy and practice has revealed various layers of the concept, particularly its professional, bureaucratic, political and cultural dimensions that are central to the restructuring of educational governance and the reorganization of teachers’ work. Today, accountability constitutes a core concept of neoliberal policy-making in education, both fashioning and normalizing what counts as teacher professionalism in the ‘audit society.’ This article focuses specifically on the recent introduction by the Australian Federal Government of standardised literacy testing in all states across Australia, and raises questions about the impact of this reform on the work practices of English literacy teachers in primary and secondary schools. We draw on data collected as part of a major research project funded by the Australian Research Council, involving interviews with teachers about their experiences of implementing standardised testing. The article traces the ways in which teachers’ work is increasingly being mediated by standardised literacy testing to show how these teachers grapple with the tensions between state-wide mandates and a sense of their professional responsibility for their students.     

国际关系中的传统现实主义:渊源、理论观点及评价

传统现实主义理论是国际关系中一种具有久远渊源的主流国际关系理论。该理论产生于20世纪特定的历史环境,并主导国际关系研究近三十年。传统现实主义理论注重揭示国际政治的本质和实际情况,主张从权力和国家利益的角度来看待国际关系。该理论使西方国际关系理论更加系统化、理论化,并对西方国家的外交实践产生了积极影响。但是,正如一枚硬币的两面,该理论也不可避免地存在着缺陷,我们应该吸收该理论中合理的成分以发展适合中国国情的国际关系理论。     

回顾与展望科学实在论发展的方法论趋势

在方法论上 ,科学实在论发展的趋势 ,至少表现在五个方面 :在论域背景下的方法论表现为从“知识无错论”发展为“知识可错论” ;在认识过程中表现为从强调客观描述发展为关注主体建构 ;在操作过程中表现为从以事实为出发点发展到以对事实的解释为出发点 ;在真理论意义上表现为从真理符合论发展为多元真理论 ;在论证方式上表现为从具体分析发展为综合论证     

从建构主义到社会实在:知识教学的反思与重构

建构主义视角下的知识教学强调学生的主动建构,注重社会文化互动与个人意义生成,却潜存过度建构而否定知识价值、混淆教学活动与一般学习活动、阻碍学生主体性发展的危害。社会实在理论批判、超越并改进了建构主义的弊端,承认知识生产的程序客观性与社会性基础,并基于其内在统一性提出知识的社会实在属性,为澄清知识教学的范畴与内涵提供了理论基础。社会实在论视角下的知识教学以优选的客观知识作为教学的主要内容和逻辑起点;以知识生产的客观逻辑与社会情境作为教学过程的设计依据;以学生的思维发生与知识结构作为教学效果的评判依据。整合的知识教学观,有助于从整体上把握教学的本质及其改革方向。     

理想与现实:杰斐逊的外交思想与外交实践

作为开国元勋的托马斯·杰斐逊在美国早期的外交活动中发挥了重要作用。他的外交思想极具理想主义色彩,又富于现实主义精神,为美国外交开创了独特的风格。     

Developing essay writing skills: an evaluation of the modelling behaviour method and the influence of student self-efficacy

Social cognitive learning theory has shown that observational learning positively influences essay writing development in high-school students, and that self-efficacy impacts on motivation. This study investigated the relative contribution of model observation, model evaluation, post-submission feedback, and factors relating to self-efficacy, as measured through academic confidence, in the essay writing development of 142 university students. The research compared students’ essay marks between two semesters in order to explore whether observational learning had an impact on the development of the complex skills involved. The results revealed that all students benefit from traditional feedback and higher levels of self-efficacy when developing their essay writing performance. Underperforming students particularly benefited from actual essay writing. However, contrary to the predictions drawn from the literature, students in this study did not appear to benefit from observational learning when developing their skills. Limits to social learning theory are discussed.     

Twenty-Five Centuries of Quantum Physics: From Pythagoras to Us,and from Subjectivism to Realism

Three main theses are proposed. The first is that the idea of a quantum or minimal unit is not peculiar to quantum theory, since it already occurs in the classical theories of elasticity and electrolysis. Second, the peculiarities of the objects described by quantum theory are the following: their basic laws are probabilistic; some of their properties, such as position and energy, are blunt rather than sharp; two particles that were once together continue to be associated even after becoming spatially separated; and the vacuum has physical properties, so that it is a kind of matter. Third, the orthodox or Copenhagen interpretation of the theory is false, and may conveniently be replaced with a realist (though not classicist) interpretation. Heisenberg's inequality, Schrödinger's cat and Zeno's quantum paradox are discussed in the light of the two rival interpretations. It is also shown that the experiments that falsified Bell's inequality do not refute realism but the classicism inherent in hidden variables theories.     

A microworld-based role-playing game development approach to engaging students in interactive,enjoyable, and effective mathematics learning

In traditional teacher-centered mathematics instruction, students might show low learning motivation owing to the lack of applied contexts. Game-based learning has been recognized as a potential approach to addressing this issue; however, without proper alignment between the gaming and math-applied contexts, the benefits of game-based learning could be limited. Therefore, this study aims to develop a microworld-based educational game, which provides simulated contexts encouraging students to explore, discover, and solve practical problems using the mathematics knowledge gained in the class. A quasi-experimental design was implemented in the learning activity of the “Speedy World” unit in an elementary school mathematics course to examine the effectiveness of the proposed approach. A total of 107 sixth graders participated in the experiment. The experimental results showed that the students who learned with the microworld-based gaming approach had better learning achievement and motivation in the mathematics course than those who learned with the conventional technology-enhanced learning approach. In addition, the students also showed that they highly accepted the microworld-based game for learning mathematics. The findings of this study provide good evidence for the importance and necessity of associating authentic applied contexts with gaming contexts in developing computer educational games for mathematics.     

Delivering social work services in collaboration with the legal representation for individual clients: An effective,ethical and economical approach to supporting families in child abuse and neglect legal proceedings

This article discusses the need to improve the quality of helping relationships between families and social workers in the child protection system and the growing body of evidence that teams of social workers and lawyers are effective at improving outcomes in child protection legal proceedings. The author presents an alternative structure of delivering social work services within the child protection systems once a court gets involved with a family, proposing that social workers should focus on individual clients in collaboration with their legal representation, rather than the traditional model of a governmental agency social worker serving the family as a unit as it also determines placement of the children. Pairing the social worker to an individual client in tandem with their legal representative would help resolve the widely observed relationship problems between service users and governmental agency social workers that include the power imbalance created by the agency's authority to determine placement of children, the conflicts of interest that agency workers face when required to manage differing family members' needs, and the lack of protection of the due process right of confidentiality for parties involved in legal proceedings. This alternative structure also impacts the need to use resources more efficiently and has been demonstrated to result in substantial returns on investment. This article concludes that when a family becomes involved in child abuse and neglect legal proceedings, the child welfare agency should shift the delivery of social work services to the individual parties, away from the governmental agency and in conjunction with their legal representation.     

Boudon,Realism, and the Cognitive Habitus: Why an Explanation of Inequality / Difference Cannot be Limited to a Model of Secondary Effects

Boudon has distinguished between the primary and secondary effects of socialization as a cause of social disparities in education. His explanation of secondary effects, which rests on an analysis of decision-making within opportunity cost constraints, has attracted support from realist sociologists. The empirical evidence, however, suggests that primary effects, largely the result of cognitive socialization in early childhood, may be a more important source of variance than Boudon recognizes. Some implications of this for a general theory of inequality/difference are examined with reference to the character of social explanation and in the context of the realist discussion on the structure-agency problem.     

Exploring the relationship of creative thinking to reading and writing

This study explores if extensive practice in reading or writing is related to high creative performance. In total, 196 university students participated in the study by filling out a questionnaire and completing a creativity test. The questionnaire inquires the total courses taken in the school year, total hours spent on reading, total hours on writing, and background information. The results indicated that students who spent more time on reading/writing performed significantly better on the creativity test. This study concludes that creativity scores, especially scores of elaboration, are significantly correlated with attitudes toward reading/writing, and the amount of time spent on reading/writing.     

Establishing enabling conditions to develop critical thinking skills: a case of innovative curriculum design in Environmental Science

This paper considers a curriculum design motivated by a desire to explore more valid pedagogical approaches that foster critical thinking skills among students engaged in an Environmental Science course in South Africa, focussing specifically on the topic of Citizen Science. Fifty-three under graduate students were involved in the course, which was run over a two week period. Data were generated from several sources, including individual student evaluations, a focus group discussion, lecturer reflections and summative assessment results. During the course, the development of critical thinking skills was scaffolded by different thinking approaches to the possibilities and problematics of student-selected case studies, followed by a collaborative re-examining of ‘what is known’ about Citizen Science. Spiralling engagement with various resources harnessed the diversity of the class, as they drew on their personal and disciplinary backgrounds. The insights highlight possibilities for alternative higher education teaching models for emerging subjects such as Environmental Science, where the competencies required of graduates, such as critical thinking and coping with uncertainty, differ significantly from traditional ‘science’ competencies, and therefore require a departure from traditional teaching methods.     

读写危机:当今英语专业面临的最大挑战

英语专业在新的历史时期面临着诸多挑战,读写危机则是最大的挑战。读写危机的发生有其时代背景,但更有其深刻的语言学和语言教学原因。本文指出,读写危机的发生折射出优秀外语教育传统的丢失,反映出对读写在高素质英语人才培养中的作用存在认识误区。要化解危机,必须在教学实践中恢复读写的应有地位,正确处理好读写与听说的关系,通过加强读写能力的培养,提升英语人才的质量。     

一场世纪之争——简论20世纪英美哲学中的实在论与反实在论

实在论与反实在论之争是本世纪英美哲学发展的一条主线 ,构成了当代英美哲学的重要内容。这主要体现在科学哲学和语言哲学两大领域 :科学实在论与反实在论、无实在论、非实在论以及准实在论等之间的争论是英美科学哲学研究中的主要内容 ;戴维森的意义理论与达米特的理解理论之间的论战推进了当代语言哲学的发展。不仅如此 ,这场争论还涉及其他哲学领域 ,并将对新世纪的西方哲学发展产生重要影响     

象征主义与现实主义的交融——论《喧哗与骚动》的创作手法

《喧哗与骚动》在处理文体与内容的关系方面颇具特色。文章在分析了福克纳的细节安排方式之后指出,他的创作手法是把象征主义与现实主义融合在一起,这种变换是为了适应主题的需要。     

Online professional development for environmental educators: strategies to foster critical thinking and social interactions

Abstract

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) offer opportunities for professional development of environmental educators globally, yet we lack understanding of participants? cognitive and social learning processes and of how instructors can enhance these processes. Based on the Community of Inquiry framework, we used a survey and coded participant discussion board and Facebook posts to examine the cognitive, social, and teaching presence in the Environmental Education: Transdisciplinary Approaches to Addressing Wicked Problems MOOC, offered by Cornell University. Rather than train educators in a specific curriculum, the goal of the MOOC is to expand educators? critical and transdisciplinary thinking about the field of environmental education and to enhance social interactions to support learning, educators, and knowledge co-creation. Results indicate that cognitive presence is higher on the discussion board whereas social presence is higher on Facebook. Over half of cognitive posts focused on exploration, a lower level of learning, whereas just less than a fifth reflected higher level integration, suggesting room for enhancing cognitive learning. Our results suggest strategies to encourage higher levels of thinking and more meaningful social interactions to foster learning, educator support, and co-creation of knowledge, thereby improving online professional development.