Protecting youth online: family use of filtering and blocking software

OBJECTIVE: This paper explores the characteristics associated with decisions to adopt or discontinue the use of filtering software, including a critical analysis of some explanations about why it is used or not used in households with children and adolescents. METHOD: This study consisted of a national telephone survey of households in the United States with youth (10 and 17 years) who use the Internet regularly. Interviews were completed with one youth in the appropriate age group and a parent or caretaker. RESULTS: Thirty-three percent of parents reported using filtering or blocking software, with an additional 5% having discontinued its use within the past year. Parents were more likely to adopt filtering software if they had younger children (10--15 years), a high level of concern about exposure to sexual material on the Internet, more extensive knowledge of what their child did online, low trust in the child's ability to use the Internet responsibly, and if the child used America Online (AOL). Using the Internet for school assignments was associated with not having filtering software. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest the need for (1) evaluation research of filter programs used in a real family context and (2) the development of a variety of strategies to prevent exposure to inappropriate material for youth of different ages.     

Associations between sexual abuse and family conflict/violence, self-injurious behavior, and substance use: the mediating role of depressed mood and anger

Objective

To examine whether depressed mood and anger mediate the effects of sexual abuse and family conflict/violence on self-injurious behavior and substance use.

Methods

A cross-sectional national survey was conducted including 9,085 16-19 year old students attending all high schools in Iceland in 2004. Participants reported frequency of sexual abuse, family conflict/violence, self-injurious behavior, substance use, depressed mood, and anger.

Results

Sexual abuse and family conflict/violence had direct effects on self-injurious behavior and substance use among both genders, when controlling for age, family structure, parental education, anger, and depressed mood. More importantly, the indirect effects of sexual abuse and family conflict/violence on self-injurious behavior among both males and females were twice as strong through depressed mood as through anger, while the indirect effects of sexual abuse and family conflict/violence on substance use were only significant through anger.

Conclusions

These results indicate that in cases of sexual abuse and family conflict/violence, substance use is similar to externalizing behavior, where anger seems to be a key mediating variable, opposed to internalizing behavior such as self-injurious behavior, where depressed mood is a more critical mediator.

Practice implications

Practical implications highlight the importance of focusing on a range of emotions, including depressed mood and anger, when working with stressed adolescents in prevention and treatment programs for self-injurious behavior and substance use.     

Associations between urbanization and the home language environment: Evidence from a LENA study in rural and peri-urban China

In low- and middle-income countries, urbanization has spurred the expansion of peri-urban communities, or urban communities of formerly rural residents with low socioeconomic status. The growth of these communities offers researchers an opportunity to measure the associations between the level of urbanization and the home language environment (HLE) among otherwise similar populations. Data were collected in 2019 using Language Environment Analysis observational assessment technology from 158 peri-urban and rural households with Han Chinese children (92 males, 66 females) aged 18–24 months in China. Peri-urban children scored lower than rural children in measures of the HLE and language development. In both samples, child age, gender, maternal employment, and sibling number were positively correlated with the HLE, which was in turn correlated with language development.     

Upset among youth in response to questions about exposure to violence,sexual assault and family maltreatment

To assess whether youth are upset by being asked questions about sensitive kinds of abuse, victimization, family maltreatment, and sexual victimization in the course of standard epidemiological surveys. A national sample of youth aged 10–17 were interviewed on the telephone by experienced interviewers as part of the National Survey of Children Exposed to Violence. At the end they were asked whether answering questions had upset them. Of the youth interviewed, 4.5% reported being at all upset and 0.8% reported being pretty or a lot upset. However, only a minority of those upset, .3% of the total sample, said they would not participate again had they known about the content. But even in this group, the regret about participation was mostly due to the length of the survey, not the types of questions being asked. Thus, asking about exposure to abuse and sensitive kinds of victimization in standard interview surveys is associated with low levels of respondent upset due to the nature of the questions.     

Using educational software to support collective thinking and test hypotheses in the computer science curriculum

This study analyses the discourse among the teacher and the students, members of three (3) small groups, who learn in the environment of a stand-alone computer. Two educational environments are examined: the first one, a “virtual laboratory” (Virtual scale-DELYS) and the second one, a computer modeling environment (ModelsCreator). The ‘Virtual Scale’ environment provides users with curriculum focused feedback and in that sense it can be categorized as directive. The ModelsCreator environment provides users merely with a representation of their own conception of curriculum concepts, so it can be categorized as an open-ended environment. The goal of this research is to exemplify the way the two educational software environments support (a) the development of collective thinking in peer— and teacher-led discussion and (b) students’ autonomy. The software tools of the “Virtual scale” along with the resources provided for the problem solving created an educational framework of hypothesis testing. This framework did not limit the students’ contributions by directing them to give short answers. Moreover, it supported the students’ initiatives by providing tools, representations and procedures that offered educationally meaningful feedback. Based on the above results, we discuss a new educationally important structure of software mediation and describe the way the two software activities resourced collective thinking and students’ initiatives. Finally, for each type of software environment, we propose certain hypotheses for future research regarding the support of collaborative problem solving.     

The relationship of exposure to childhood sexual abuse to other forms of abuse,neglect, and household dysfunction during childhood

OBJECTIVE: This study assesses the relationship of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) to nine other categories of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), including childhood abuse, neglect, and multiple types of household dysfunction. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study data were collected from 17,337 adult health plan members who responded to a survey questionnaire. Regression models adjusted for age, race, and education were used to estimate the strength of the association of CSA to each of the other nine ACEs and a graded relationship between measures of the severity of CSA and the number of other ACEs (ACE score). RESULTS: CSA was reported by 25% of women and 16% of men. In comparison with persons who were not exposed to CSA, the likelihood of experiencing each category of ACE increased 2- to 3.4-fold for women and 1.6- to 2.5-fold for men (p < 0.05). The adjusted mean ACE score showed a significant positive graded relationship to the severity, duration, and frequency of CSA and an inverse relationship to age at first occurrence of CSA (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: CSA is strongly associated with experiencing multiple other forms of ACEs. The strength of this association appears to increase as the measures of severity of the CSA increases. The understanding of the interrelatedness of CSA with multiple ACEs should be considered in the design of studies, treatment, and programs to prevent CSA as well as other forms of ACEs.     

Housing quality and access to material and learning resources within the home environment in developing countries

This study examined home environment conditions (housing quality, material resources, formal and informal learning materials) and their relations with the Human Development Index (HDI) in 28 developing countries. Home environment conditions in these countries varied widely. The quality of housing and availability of material resources at home were consistently tied to HDI; the availability of formal and informal learning materials a little less so. Gross domestic product (GDP) tended to show a stronger independent relation with housing quality and material resources than life expectancy and education. Formal learning resources were independently related to the GDP and education indices, and informal learning resources were not independently related to any constituent indices of the overall HDI.     

计算机应用软件教学运用"任务驱动"法应注意的问题

中等职业学校的计算机应用软件教学极富实践性、极富创造性,具有明显的时代发展特点,要求学生既要学好理论知识,又要掌握实际操作技能.同时,计算机技术更新换代很快,又要求学生具有自主学习的能力和终身学习的思想.我们近期在应用软件教学中普遍采用了"任务驱动"教学法,教学效果比较好.运用"任务驱动"教学法,通过老师布置学习任务来驱动学生自主学习,使学生通过完成教师布置的任务,建构真正属于自己的知识与技能."任务驱动"法作为一种探究式教学模式,适用于培养学生的自学能力和相对独立地分析问题、解决问题的能力.     

Adults' prior exposure to print as a predictor of the legibility of text on paper and laptop computer

This study investigated the effects of variations in graphic elements that account for differences in speed and accuracy between reading text aloud from paper versus laptop computer. Variations in accurate reading-aloud performance are attributable to individual differences in the visual accessibility of information due to (1) the experimental manipulations of the independent variables, (2) the subjects' prior exposure to print within the culture, and (3) the educational attainment of the subject. A non-representative sample of 48 female survey interviewers (ages 38–72) were employed in the conduct of this study. Survey interviewers were selected because they gather information using laptop computers; the quality of the survey information collected may be directly associated with the legibility of computerized text on reader performance. Subjects completed a prior exposure to print questionnaire (Stanovich & West 1989) and a demographic data form (IDIQ). Repeated-measures analyses of variance were employed to examine individual differences in the speed and accuracy of reading-aloud performance for twenty-four conditions varying the levels of independent variables including: (1) Font (Times Roman, Helvetica, and Courier), (2) Justification (fully- justified versus left-justified), (3) Leading (single-spaced versus double-spaced), and (4) Mode of Presentation (paper versus laptop computer). Linear regression analyses found subjects' prior exposure to print significantly and positively related to predicting speed and miscue performance. The subjects' educational attainment significantly predicted miscue performance. Subjects' ages were not significantly related to performance. Results of this study inform computer programmers and designers who are responsible for developing standards and guidelines for legible computerized text for the effective access of accurate information.     

Student computer attitudes,experience and perceptions about the use of two software applications in Building Engineering

The purpose of this study was to examine students’ computer attitudes and experience, as well as students’ perceptions about the use of two specific software applications (Google Drive Spreadsheets and Arquimedes) in the Building Engineering context. The relationships among these variables were also examined. Ninety-two students took part in this study. Results suggest that students hold favourable computer attitudes. Moreover, it was found a significant positive relationship among students’ attitudes and their computer experience. Findings also show that students find Arquimedes software more useful and with higher output quality than Google Drive Spreadsheets, while the latter is perceived to be easier to use. Regarding the relationship among students’ attitudes towards the use of computers and their perceptions about the use of both software applications, only a significant positive relationship in the case of Arquimedes was found. Findings are discussed in terms of its implications for practice and further research.     

充分利用物资采购管理软件,提高设备采购执行效率

分析了当今高校设备采购工作的现状和存在的问题,并针对问题提出了解决方法,对首都医科大学物资采购管理软件在解放劳动力、节约成本、办公自动化、提高项目执行效率等方面进行了一系列探讨.实践证明,已经取得一定的成效,提高了物资采购管理工作的绩效.     

Associations between motivation to learn,basic skills,and adult education and training participation among older adults in the USA

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study is to examine the associations between the motivation to learn, basic skills (i.e. literacy and numeracy), and organised adult education and training (AET) participation among the middle-aged and older adults in the USA. Rapid technological advancement and globalisation necessitate individuals to engage in lifelong learning to actively participate in society. However, little is known about the roles of motivation to learn and basic skills in the AET participation in the U.S. adult population. We obtained the data from the 2012/2014 Programme for International Assessment of Adult Competencies restricted-use file and adults aged 50 years and older (n = 2,580) are included. Structural equation models are used to examine (1) any AET, (2) formal AET and (3) non-formal AET participation as a function of the motivation to learn latent construct, literacy, numeracy, and other covariates. Results showed that the motivation to learn, literacy and numeracy are all positive predictors of non-formal AET participation. Only motivation to learn is associated with formal AET participation. Findings from this study may inform future interventions as well as policy changes to promote specific types of organised AET programmes among older adult population in the USA.     

利用JSON实现智能家居服务器端与客户端的异步通信

通过JSON实现一个智能家居系统服务器端与客户端的通信,服务器端用doNet实现,客户端用Android实现调用AoNet将网络上收到的字串生成一个JSON对象,对其进行序列化后将其发送到Android端,Android端定时从服务器端获取数据.     

依托专业型社团探索校企合作新模式

＂校企合作＂的办学模式,已被实践证明是一种高职教育发展的最佳模式。高职院校学生社团,不光是学生休闲、娱乐的场所,更应该成为提升职业能力的有力平台。本文分析了＂校企合作＂和学生社团在高职院校学生培养中的重要性及存在的问题,提出了一种依托专业型学生社团探索校企合作的新模式。     

Fusing the boundaries between home and child care to support children's scientific learning

Parent involvement in early childhood education is highly valued by staff and families alike. However, limited research is available to guide professionals in how best to involve families in the early childhood programs developed for their children. This article reports on a study which investigated the impact of a science teaching and learning program on families of children attending an Australian Child Care Centre. Particular reference is made to the level of scientific support families gave to their children.     

Associations between trait personality,anxiety, self-efficacy and intentions to exercise by gender in high school physical education

Trait personality has been associated with achievement and many of its related outcomes in settings such as education, health, physical activity and sport. Scant trait personality research has been performed among school-age students in physical education, so this study investigates relations between the six-dimension (HEXACO) model of trait personality and anxiety, self-efficacy and intentions to exercise as a function of gender in 316 high school physical education students. Students completed validated measures of these constructs. Results revealed that trait personality (particularly the social self-esteem aspect of extraversion) predicted lower anxiety and higher self-efficacy and intentions to exercise in both females and males. Openness to experience was predictive of both anxiety and lowered self-efficacy in females. It appears that physical educators should consider the role of the HEXACO personality traits and sub-traits in their students and potentially differentiate instruction to better accommodate students who are more vulnerable. From this study, it appears that students who are less extraverted and females who are more open to experience may be at be more at risk for anxiety and lower self-efficacy in physical education which may compromise their intentions to exercise.     

在线考试与传统考试成绩等效性研究——基于2000—2020年国际实证研究的元分析

在计算机科学与互联网技术飞速发展的背景下,以计算机为辅助手段的在线考试已经在学校得到深入应用与推广。过去几十年,国外不少实证研究比较了在线考试与传统考试成绩等效性问题,然而研究结果不一。鉴于此,本研究采用元分析方法,以2000—2020年发表的37篇文献中的55项研究为样本,对在线考试与传统考试成绩等效性问题进行了系统综述。研究发现:样本合并效应量为0.0657,表明在线考试成绩与传统考试相比无显著差异,但两者等效性受考试科目、考试场景、考生学段以及考生倾向等因素影响;从考试科目来看,在线考试最不利于数学科目;从考试场景来看,在固定场景进行的在线考试成绩与传统考试更具等效性;从考生学段来看,在线考试最不适合于小学生;从考生倾向来看,对在线考试倾向高的考生其在线考试成绩会更好。基于此,文章最后提出若干条有针对性建议,以期为我国更有效地开展在线考试提供相关参考与借鉴。     

Introduction to the special issue on online teaching and learning

For the fourth consecutive year, the American Educational Research Association’s Online Teaching and Learning Special Interest Group has been given the opportunity to publish an issue of the INTHIG dedicated to the work of its members. Unlike prior years, this issue is expanded to include work from members of other groups within the AERA dedicated to working in online learning environments. The articles included in this issue represent cutting-edge research from some of the most renowned authors in the field.