Great Expectations? Childhood,Family, and Middle-Class Social Mobility in Nineteenth-Century England

ABSTRACT

Existing histories of social mobility have focused on adults and on measuring the achievement of individual upward mobility. However, children and families were central to mobility strategies. Using the papers of the Heywoods of Bolton, this article examines how the families of the industrial middle class endowed their offspring with the goods and character needed to secure their social standing, highlighting the emotional intricacy of these processes. It demonstrates that such families conceived of social mobility as a familial project and that rather than pursuing upward mobility, their chief objective was to guard against social decline.     

National differences in personality: Greece and England

A comparative study was carried out on Greek and English samples, using the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Factor analysis of intercorrelations between items showed that very similar factors emerged in the two national groups, suggesting that the structure of personality in both was sufficiently similar to carry out comparative studies. External validation supported this conclusion; normal, schizophrenic, neurotic, and criminal groups showed patterns of scores similar to those previously observed in England. In both countries it was found that men scored more highly on P and E, women on N and L. Differences in loadings were found on certain items, and these were shown to be explicable in terms of known national differences in habits and mores.     

鼎祚齐天壤——唐代的郊庙歌辞与宫廷祭祀

清编《全唐诗》,集中收录的郊庙歌辞差不多有7卷(第10卷～第16卷,第15卷有3组舞曲歌辞),有三言、四言、五言、七言(有些去掉“兮”就是六言),总共438篇,近500首,占到《全唐诗》的百分之一。其中第16卷是五代时的郊庙歌辞,因本文主要探讨唐王朝时期的宫廷祭祀,所以暂不同列考虑。