规则性、语音意识、语义对汉语阅读障碍者阅读的影响

本研究依据阅读障碍儿童在不同规则性材料中的口头阅读数据,探讨规则性对汉语表层发展性阅读障碍者阅读的影响,并探讨语音意识和语义损伤程度与阅读之间的关系.研究发现,和控制组相比,阅读障碍组的阅读中规则性效应比控制组强.对阅读障碍组规则字和不规则字命名错误类型的分析发现,阅读障碍儿童更依赖形音对应关系来进行汉字的阅读.同时,语音意识、语义与阅读正确率之间的高相关说明语音意识和语义共同促进阅读的发展.     

英语发展性阅读障碍研究概述

文章从心理语言学和认知心理学的角度从四个方面概述了英语发展性阅读障碍研究.其中语音意识障碍被视为是阅读障碍的主要原因;视觉空间认知被视为不可忽视的因素;而工作记忆障碍和元认知障碍则是预测阅读障碍的有效指标.     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童语素理解研究

本研究通过比较汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童和阅读正常儿童完成同音语素理解任务的情况,来测查汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童的语素理解能力.结果发现,不同年级、不同性别的阅读障碍组判断成绩都比阅读正常组差,且差异显著.研究的结果提示我们,汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童语素理解存在缺陷,支持汉语的语素意识缺陷是汉语发展性阅读障碍的原因.     

快速命名与汉语发展性阅读障碍的研究综述

近年来快速命名与发展性阅读障碍的研究,主要讨论了快速命名对发展性阅读障碍产生预测性作用的主要原因:语音能力、正字法能力和任意性的形音联结.虽然鲜有研究涉及任意性的形音联结,但这个因素在形音关系不透明的汉语中,可能与阅读过程和快速命名都存在很大的相关性.今后应设立一个有效的统一的鉴别发展性阅读障碍儿童的标准,逐渐形成中文阅读发展的体系.     

小学四年级维吾尔文阅读障碍儿童检出率及其阅读水平研究

为考察小学四年级维吾尔文阅读障碍儿童检出率及其阅读发展落后程度,用"智力-成就差异"模式从1223名小学四年级维吾尔族儿童中筛选出156名阅读障碍儿童,从中选取144名阅读障碍儿童并将其阅读成绩与小学二年级儿童进行对比研究。结果发现,阅读成绩低于同年级平均成绩1个和1. 5个标准差在两种不同诊断标准下,阅读障碍检出率为3. 00%和9. 65%;小学四年级阅读障碍儿童的阅读成绩显著低于二年级学生平均阅读水平(P <0.001)。这表明,属于透明文字的维吾尔文小学四年级阅读障碍儿童检出率具有跨文字的一致性,其阅读发展水平停留在学习字词解码阶段。     

当代阅读困难儿童认知加工过程研究的热点

语音意识、视觉空间认知、工作记忆和元认知与阅读障碍的关系的研究 ,目前已成为西方国家从心理语言学和认知心理学角度对阅读障碍问题研究的热点。语音意识障碍被视为是阅读障碍的主要原因 ;视觉空间认知被视为不可忽视的因素 ;而工作记忆障碍和元认知障碍则是预测阅读障碍的有效指标。这些成果也启发了国内研究者从多角度、深层次地对阅读障碍问题的研究。     

汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童内外源线索条件下的眼跳

使用镜像反眼跳范式,利用眼动技术对34名五年级儿童(年龄匹配组17人,阅读障碍组17人)在内外源线索条件下的眼跳表现进行了考察,以进一步探讨汉语发展性阅读障碍的产生机制.结果发现,只有在外源线索条件下,阅读障碍儿童的正确眼跳潜伏期长于正常儿童;阅读障碍儿童在两种线索条件下的眼跳方向错误率均高于正常儿童;阅读障碍儿童的眼跳平均速率与正常儿童没有差异.本研究结果进一步支持了阅读障碍儿童的注意和眼跳缺陷可能是导致其阅读困难的共同原因.     

发展性阅读障碍儿童语篇阅读中的笔画数效应

采用识字量测试、拼音测试、阅读理解测试、正字法测试、快速命名测试五项测试任务从小学五年级120名学生和小学三年级132名学生中筛选出五年级11名阅读障碍生和三年级12名能力匹配生,利用眼动技术对汉语阅读障碍儿童语篇阅读过程的眼动特征及其视觉认知加工特点进行了初步探索。结果表明：两组被试在平均注视时间、平均眼跳幅度和总注视时间三项指标上均没有显著差异,在目标词的眼动指标上也差异不显著。两组被试均发现显著的笔画数效应。以上结果支持了发展性阅读障碍只是一般的发展落后的观点。     

规则性和透明度对阅读障碍儿童汉字输出的影响——来自联结主义模型的视角

该研究从阅读模型的视角,通过采用2（阅读水平）*2规则性）*2（透明度）实验设 计来考察语音、语义和字形信息在阅读障碍儿童的汉字听写输出中的作用.研究发现透明 度和规则性对阅读障碍儿童和控制组儿童的影响存在差异,并且透明度和规则性亚词汇通 路存在交互作用.研究结果为读写模型中词汇和亚词汇通路的作用提供了进一步的证据.     

阅读流畅性及其与阅读障碍关系的研究进展

近年来,阅读流畅性研究在阅读及阅读障碍研究领域受到广泛关注.文章首先对阅读流畅性的内涵及结构成分进行了梳理,接着探讨了阅读流畅性与阅读理解关系的理论模型.并在此基础上,对阅读障碍领域的阅读流畅性研究进行了分析,探讨了阅读流畅性在阅读障碍的预测、评估及干预中的作用.最后提出汉语阅读障碍中阅读流畅性的研究将有 助于相关研究的深入.     

Changing pre-service mathematics teachers’ beliefs about using computers for teaching and learning mathematics: the effect of three different models

This study examines the effect of three different computer integration models on pre-service mathematics teachers’ beliefs about using computers in mathematics education. Participants included 104 pre-service mathematics teachers (36 second-year students in the Computer Oriented Model group, 35 fourth-year students in the Integrated Model (IM) group and 33 fifth-year students in the Exploring Mathematical Relationships with Mathematical Software (EMReMaS) group. The results indicated a remarkable change in beliefs within the EMReMaS and IM groups concerning computer use in teaching and learning mathematics. The present study offers empirical evidence that the pre-service mathematics teachers’ experiences in computer-based mathematics courses played a significant role in this change. Teacher education programmes should consider this learning method for pre-service teachers.     

Teacher preparation for inclusion in Norway: a study of beliefs,skills, and intended practices

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the educational experiences of teacher education students and their attitudes towards planning and making adaptations for children with learning disabilities in inclusive classrooms. Participants comprised pre-service teachers in the second and fourth years of teacher preparation at a major Norwegian university. Fourth-year students were completing a 1-year elective in special education (n = 34) or coursework in other subjects (n = 30). Second-year students were grouped based on their intention to take special education (n = 26) or other coursework (n = 62). Participants rated their beliefs, skills, and intended practices with regard to planning and making adaptations. No significant differences were found between second- and fourth-year students in general education courses. However, students in the special education programme held significantly higher ratings of beliefs, skills, and intended practices than did second-year students; yet, only beliefs and practices were higher for this group when compared to other fourth-year students. Findings suggest that coursework in special education can have a positive impact on attitudes towards inclusion. However, teachers’ confidence in their ability to use these adaptations may be far more difficult to foster.     

The Effects of Morphological Awareness Training on the Reading and Spelling Skills of Young Dyslexics

This article reports data from a training study of morphological awareness involving 33 dyslexic students in grades 4 - 5. The dyslexic students received 36 lessons of morphological awareness training each of about a quarter of an hour. The training was oral and focused on semantic aspects of morphemes. During the training period, the experimental group gained significantly more than a similar group of untrained controls (n = 27) on one of three measures of morphological awareness. Both groups, however, made equal gains on measures of phonological awareness, phoneme discimination and picture naming. The experimental group progressed significantly more than the controls in reading comprehension and in spelling of morphologically complex words. The results of the study suggest that it is possible to develop dyslexic students' morphological awareness. Furthermore, awareness of morphemes, the smallest meaningful units of language, may support the development of meaning - oriented decoding strategies in reading and spelling.     

Exploring the use of the ICT in supporting dyslexic students’ preferred learning styles : A preliminary evaluation

Dyslexia is one of the most common learning disabilities. It is described as a disorder manifested by difficulty in learning to read despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, and sociocultural opportunity. It affects relatively about 7–10 % of the population across most languages and cultures. In this study, we explore the potential benefits offered by the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to support dyslexic students by considering their preferred learning styles. In the current paper we administered the VAK and Honey & Mumford questionnaires to 28 Arabic students with ages between 8 and 10 years old. 8 students from dyslexic group and 20 students from control group were selected to assess and compare their preferred learning style. The implemented system focuses on dyslexia in Arabic language, especially in Arabic countries such as Morocco. Based on the results of the analysis of learning styles differences, we introduced an adaptive mobile learning to support and promote learning for dyslexic students. The aim of the study is to consider the relationship between dyslexia and learning style and to suggest a different learning way. Preliminary results show that the ICT has a valuable role in providing opportunities for learners with dyslexia to participate more fully in education.     

An examination of emergency contraception use by undergraduate college students in the Midwest using the integrated behavioural model

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence undergraduate college student use of emergency contraception (EC) and their level of knowledge about the product, in order to assist in the development of intervention programmes to increase its use, which could lead to lower rates of unintended pregnancies in this population. A response rate of 98.4% included 1553 surveys from students at 11 Midwestern universities. Students were predominantly female (63.5%), white (75.3%) and aged 18–21 years (80%). They ranged from first-year students (23.8%) through to fourth-year students (13.8%), with second-year students comprising the largest group (32.6%). The majority of respondents reported being heterosexual (92.1%), and 34.1% of those completing the questionnaire reported being in a committed relationship. Most respondents reported having had sexual intercourse at least once in their lifetime (78.9%). Of the 8.4% of sexually active students who had experienced an unintended pregnancy, 18.1% had used EC in the past 12 months. Knowledge of EC was not high; but as knowledge increased, the use of EC increased. The Integrated Behavioural Model predicted 50% of the variance in intention. Each construct contributed a portion of variance except experiential attitude, which was not statistically significant in the path analysis. The model could be used in any future interventions to increase EC use and decrease unintended pregnancies among college students.     

Spelling improvement for college students who are dyslexic

Academic problems of the dyslexic child often persist in adult life. Such problems as spelling can interfere with the performance of such adult learners in college. Federal legislation requires reasonable accommodation for these students. At some colleges, this consists of allowing use of tape recorders in lectures and sometimes allowing extra time on examinations. Remediation of reading, writing, and spelling among dyslexic college students is often not addressed. This study reports the use of a modified Orton-Gillingham approach in comparison with a nonphonetic approach and with a group receiving no remediation. The results indicate a significant increase in spelling performance for the group receiving the modified Orton-Gillingham remediation. This contrasts with no significant change in the group receiving nonphonetic remediation and in the control group (no remediation), and indicates that adulthood is not too late for appropriate intervention for the dyslexic student. Colleges offering such intervention and the students receiving it will benefit from improved performance.     

Length effects in pseudo-word spelling: stronger in dyslexic than in non-dyslexic students

It is often discussed whether dyslexics show a deviant pattern of reading and spelling development when compared to typically developing students, or whether they follow the same pattern as other students, only at markedly slower rate. The present cross-sectional study investigated phonological encoding skills in dyslexic Danish students. We compared dyslexic and non-dyslexic students from grades 3, 5, 7, and 9 and examined whether effects of item length were stronger in the dyslexic groups. Mixed between-within subjects analyses of variance revealed significant interactions between dyslexia status and item length as the dyslexics at all grade levels were more affected by item length than their non-dyslexic peers. A marked developmental delay was apparent as the dyslexic group from grade 9 performed on approximately the same level as the non-dyslexic group from grade 3. Although the overall difference between these two groups was not significant, a significant interaction between dyslexia status and item length remained because the grade 9 dyslexics were more affected by item length than the younger non-dyslexic students. This difference in error profiles suggests a difference in the developmental patterns of dyslexic vs. non-dyslexic students.     

Second-Year Nursing Students’ Retention of Gross Anatomical Knowledge

Human anatomy is a foundational course in nursing education, however, there is growing concern that students do not retain enough anatomical knowledge to successfully apply it in clinical settings. The aim of this study was to determine retention level of anatomy knowledge among second-year nursing students from their first-year anatomy class, and to determine if there is a difference in level of retention based on organ system. For each system, second-year students were asked to answer 9 to 11 multiple-choice questions (MCQs), and the scores from these quizzes were compared to matched test items from their first-year anatomy examinations. There was a significant decrease in the overall mean score from 83.05 ± 8.34 (±SD) in first year to 54.36 ±12.9 in second year (P = 0.0001). Retention levels were system specific. System-specific knowledge retention was highest for the gastrointestinal system (89.7%), respiratory system (88.5%), and genitourinary system (83.6%). This was followed by the integumentary system (80.1%), special senses (79.4%), nervous system (74.9%), and musculoskeletal system (69.3%). Retention was lowest for the lymphatic system (64.3%), cranial nerves (58.8%), vascular system (53.9%), and head and neck (42.6%). The present study shows that nursing students’ anatomy knowledge retention was comparatively higher than rates reported by others in medical and allied-health students. The researchers are now investigating knowledge retention in third- and fourth-year nursing students. Further investigation into why retention is higher for specific systems and intervention strategies to improve knowledge acquisition and retention in nursing students is recommended.