组织支持对普通学校教师融合教育态度的影响——教师融合教育自我效能感的中介作用和政策知识的调节作用

推进融合教育,“确保每一个儿童享有公平优质教育”是中国教育现代化的必然选择。普通学校教师作为融合教育的一线实践者,他们的态度直接关系着普通学校融合教育的实现。本研究基于资源保存理论,探索普通学校情境下组织支持对教师融合教育态度的影响,并从中介和调节效应两方面来探讨其作用机制和边界条件。结果显示：(1)组织支持对教师融合教育态度有正向影响作用;(2)教师融合教育自我效能感在组织支持对其态度的影响中起到了中介作用;(3)政策知识调节了组织支持与教师融合教育态度之间的关系。为了提升教师的融合教育态度,迫切需要从外部到教师自身多个层面协同作用,可以通过政策知识的适度强化、教师主体责任意识的唤醒以及自我效能感的提升等措施,让学生的差异真正被看见,让教师真正享受教育的过程。     

特殊幼儿融合教育个案研究报告

本文运用个案研究法,通过观察记录、访谈记录、调查问卷、环境分析、教育建议与结果资料分析探讨成功的特殊幼儿融合教育经验,为特殊教育工作者、家长、幼儿园教师提供适当的建议。研究内容包括:特殊幼儿家长需求;普通幼儿家长对融合教育认识及需求;幼儿园教师对融合教育认识及需求;特殊幼儿与普通幼儿互动情况;特殊幼儿融合教育幼儿园所需支持辅助。提出几条建议:体制的保障,特殊教育师资培训,专业人员支持,家庭成员提供支持辅助。     

长春市中小学生心理健康教育的“家校合作”模式初探

中小学心理健康教育是一项系统工程,需要学校、家庭和社会的通力合作。为调查长春市中小学生心理健康教育"家校合作"模式的开展情况,本文采用问卷法调查了长春市中小学学校领导、教师和家长对心理健康教育"家校合作"进展情况的态度、看法、意见和建议。建议通过多种途径进一步加强"家校合作"工作:提高认识、统一思想;构建学校、家长、学生联动合作的三级心理健康教育工作网络;创新家校合作方式;成立心理健康教育工作领导协调小组,提供组织和制度保障等。     

家长如何成为学校教育变革的动力

学校教育改革以促进儿童的发展和幸福为宗旨，家长应该关心、支持改革，并且推动学校开展求真务实的改革。家长的教育态度对学生及教师的影响力、家长所拥有的教育咨询与选择权利使其能够成为学校教育改革的积极动力．而家长教育观念落后、家校沟通不畅成为阻碍学校教育变革的因素。有效的亲职教育和多元的家校沟通机制将能够确保家长推动学校教育变革的能量得以充分发挥。     

对幼儿园融合教育观念的调查研究——以河南省学龄前普通儿童的家长为例

本研究通过自编问卷对河南省四个城市共289名学龄前普通儿童的家长进行调查,研究发现:学龄前普通儿童的家长对幼儿园融合教育持中立态度,隐忧融合教育给幼儿带来消极影响;家长的身份、经验以及幼儿的残障类型是影响学龄前普通儿童的家长接纳特殊幼儿的重要因素。为了提高家长对融合教育的接纳度,应以社区和幼儿园为据点,为家长提供了解特殊幼儿的机会;多渠道宣传融合教育的积极作用,建立学前融合教育的信心;加大政策和资金支持力度,为试点幼儿园融合教育的实施创设良好条件。     

西部农村中小学生学习适应、自我效能感与学业成绩研究

我们采用自编问卷,对2070名西部农村中小学生在基础教育改革实施中的学习适应性进行了调查,了解课程改革实施过程中学生的适应性、精神状态以及学习状况。结果发现：影响西部中小学学生学业成绩的主要因素有学习策略、信心态度和家长的时间支持,影响学生自我效能感的主要因素有教师的工作态度、学生的学习策略、家长的学业支持、教师的授课方式、学生对学校的适应性,影响学生对新课程改革适应性的主要因素有家长对学生的学业支持、教师的工作态度和授课方式、学生学习信心态度、学习效能以及学业倦怠。     

孤独症儿童融合教育的个案研究与分析

孤独症儿童在融合教育环境开展教育康复有利于改善其社会行为习惯．融合教育的课堂环境需要系统化、科学化的个别训练来满足孤独症儿童的特殊教育需要,家长的配合与支持能显著增强教育康复效果。教师与家长的态度对融合教育的成效起到关键作用。     

上海市普通儿童家长对自闭症儿童参与早期融合教育的态度调查

普通儿童家长对自闭症儿童参与早期融合教育的态度对早期融合教育的顺利开展有重要影响.本研究对上海市部分普通小学一年级儿童和幼儿园儿童的家长进行问卷调查,结果发现,普通儿童家长对自闭症儿童参与早期融合教育的态度总体上是积极的.不过,家长的学历、对自闭症的了解程度以及儿童的学段等对家长的态度有比较显著的影响.在提出完善相关管理制度等改进措施后,家长接纳自闭症儿童参与早期融合教育的态度会更积极.因此,建议增加普通儿童家长接触自闭症儿童的机会,提高家长对自闭症儿童的了解程度,同时认真考虑不同家长的需求,完善融合教育支持系统,从而提高普通儿童家长的接纳程度,以促进早期融合教育的开展.     

瑞典发展学前融合教育的新举措及其启示北大核心CSSCI

作为北欧福利国家的典型代表,瑞典在"特殊支持需要儿童"这一新的政策概念引导下,集合各方力量,通过发挥教育领导者作用,开展促进学前融合教育的教师教育,构建家庭与幼儿园合作体系,积极推动学前融合教育发展。在我国学前融合教育起步之时,借鉴瑞典发展学前融合教育的经验,首先应树立一种开放和包容的态度,超越医学诊断模式,支持特殊需要儿童进入普通幼儿园,其次应支持学前融合教育工作者的专业发展,对特殊需要儿童实现早发现与早干预。     

特殊学校教师对融合教育的态度调查

采用自编问卷,调查了辽宁丹东、湖南长沙、贵州铜仁3个地区3所特殊教育学校的111名老师。调查结果表明:特殊学校老师对融合教育的了解不够,甚至还存在着误解;特殊学校老师对融合教育持有积极的态度,但是在实际工作中操作的阻力较多;特殊学校老师认为融合教育在特殊学校还是可行的,但是目前存在的困难主要有:带学生出去的安全问题、特殊儿童很难被接受、缺乏经费支持等。     

Assessment and interpretation of teachers’ attitudes towards students with disabilities / Evaluación e interpretación de la actitud del profesorado hacia alumnos con discapacidad

Abstract

The process of including students with disabilities is necessarily influenced by teachers’ attitudes towards them and towards their inclusion in education. After detecting the need to study the attitudes present in preschool and primary and secondary school teachers, this study was proposed as it was decided that an analysis of such attitudes could help to develop a better understanding of the current needs of the education system. This study analysed data on attitudes from a total of 175 teachers (29.10% male) working in state schools (50.30%) and semi-private schools in different autonomous communities of the Spanish state. An adapted version of the teacher questionnaire on attitudes towards students with special educational needs arising from disability was used. After analysing the psychometric properties of the questionnaire, further purification of these properties resulted in an assessment instrument comprising 22 items. It is worth highlighting the appraisal that teachers carry out of their training, the existence of resources, as well as their own level of involvement.     

Inclusion in Malaysian integrated preschools

Inclusive education has been introduced through a number of policy developments in Malaysia over the last 10 years but there is little research investigating the extent and nature of inclusive education for preschoolers with special educational needs (SEN). This study surveyed both regular and special education teachers in Malaysian integrated preschools asking them about the level and nature of inclusion taking place in their preschools and their perceptions and beliefs about inclusion. There was little evidence of practices of inclusion taking place. Both regular and special educators agreed that SEN should be educated alongside their peers in a school but were unlikely to agree that the SEN students should be in the same classroom. Factors identified as influencing inclusion included school culture, skills and competency, guidance and information, workload and students' disabilities. More guidelines and support are required for successful inclusion in Malaysian integrated preschools.     

Education of Teachers in the Field of Teaching Natural Science Is Lagging behind the Requirements of the Inclusion of Pupils with Special Needs

ABSTRACT

In this theoretical study, we combined two approaches regarding the education of teachers in the field of teaching pupils with special needs with focus on teaching natural science topics, in Slovenia and in the Part of Northern Cyprus, respectively. We analysed syllabuses for different study programmes for teachers in primary schools in selected faculties in Slovenia. We focused on the specific content in those subjects, which are developing competences of students to be able to teach natural science topics, in particular physics topics, in primary schools in the adequate way, so the pupils with special needs can achieve the same goals as the other pupils. In addition, we included some accents regarding the children with special needs from approach to this topic at Near East University. We find out that the integrated content in the study programmes for the requirements of the inclusion of pupils with special needs in primary school is not sufficient or the inclusion in primary schools is planned too broad, if we take into account the current state of knowledge of the students in this specific field.     

The attitudes of teachers towards inclusive education in Vojvodina

The aim of this study was to examine the attitudes of preschool, primary, secondary and high school teachers towards inclusive education of children with special educational needs. In addition, the study established the correlation between these attitudes and gender, education level, teaching experience, formal training in the special education field, and the duration and quality of work experience with children with special education needs. The sample comprised 322 teachers from the Serbian province of Vojvodina. The My Thinking about Inclusion Scale (Stoiber, K. C., M. Gettinger, and D. Goetz. 1998. “Exploring Factors Influencing Parents' and Early Childhood Practitioners Beliefs about Inclusion.” Early Childhood Research Quarterly 13 (1): 107–131) was used. The results show that, in general, the participants held neutral attitudes towards inclusive education and more positive expectations regarding the outcomes of inclusion. This study also emphasised teaching performance in an inclusive class as a subject of great concern. The high school and preschool teachers as well as the teachers with previous positive experience with working in an inclusive environment reported more positive attitudes towards inclusive education than those from primary and secondary schools and those with negative experiences with the implementation of inclusive practices.     

再论融合教育:普小教师眼中的"随班就读"

在中国 ,融合教育的主要安置形式是随班就读。本文使用开放式问卷 ,录音采访了大连市 1 1所普通小学的 2 3位班主任教师。研究的结果表明 :(一 )大连市的普小教师对特殊儿童随班就读基本上持接受态度 ,集中有近一半多的教师认为要视学生的残疾种类合程度来确定特殊儿童是否随班就读。(二 )在多数普小教师看来 ,特殊儿童与正常儿童之间的交往势必交顺利的 ,特殊儿童的社会融合经常出现在课外活动、集体活动、游戏的场合 ,而在课堂学习的情况下较难产生。 (三 )从社会融合的可利用资源中 ,社区、学校、家庭之间的相互支持、协作的桥梁并未建立起来。 (四 )普小教师对随班就读工作的建议是希望得到特殊教育知识的培训。     

特殊教育体育教师专业化发展相关理论探讨

特殊教育体育教师专业化是全面推进特殊教育学校体育工作的基本要求。重点探讨了特殊教育体育教师专业化内涵和特殊教育体育教师专业化特征等特殊教育体育教师专业化发展的基本理论问题。特殊教育体育教师专业化内涵包括专业知识、专业技能、专业态度和专业发展意识。特殊教育体育教师专业化特征包括专业性特征和时代性特征,其中特殊教育体育教师的专业性特征主要体现在特殊的体育教学要素、残障学生特有的缺陷补偿需求和全面的社会适应能力培养三个方面。     

Factors relating to regular education teacher burnout in inclusive education

The aims of the research were to identify the environmental factors that relate to the work of regular school teachers who have students with special needs in their classroom, and to find out the correlation between these factors and teacher burnout. A total 330 primary school teachers filled in a questionnaire that had three parts: (1) personal background data; (2) the Friedman’s burnout questionnaire; and (3) environmental features typical of the work of school teachers that include students with special needs in their classroom, in four areas: psychological features, organizational, structural and social. Results show that the background data that related significantly to burnout was teachers’ attitudes towards inclusion. The more positive the attitude was, the more the teacher experienced burnout in the category of self‐fulfilment. This finding was contrary to the hypothesis of the research. Two other background variables were found to relate to the de‐personalization aspect of burnout, teaching higher‐grade students and having an additional administrative role in school. Two other findings that were found to correlate with higher burnout rates were the number of students with special needs in class (more than 20%) and very little assistance provided to the teacher. Three environmental factors were found to have negative correlation with burnout: the organizational factor, the psychological and the social, with the latter being the most significantly negatively correlated with burnout—i.e. the less social support the teacher experienced, the higher was her level of burnout.     

New conceptualizations for special education

During their secondary school years, a considerable number of students seriously consider choosing between learning and leaving. Leaving school early means that students do not complete their education. Early school leaving is the last step in a process in which students gradually lose interest and develop the intention to leave school. This study focuses on students with special needs and the impact of their social relations with parents, teachers and peers on their intentions to leave school early. The sample for this study comprises 1873 typical students and 132 students with special needs aged 16 from secondary schools in a large region of Norway. The intention to leave early can be predicted by teacher support and by loneliness as an indicator for peer support. The findings suggest that especially peer support is, for all students, a key variable in staying motivated for school. For students with special needs, teacher support is also important to stay in school in the early years. Over time, however, the support from teachers becomes less important for students with special needs. They too become more dependent on support from peers.     

Teaching Practice of Physical Education Teachers for Students with Special Needs: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour

This study examines the teaching behavior of physical education (PE) teachers in teaching students with special needs and the factors that determine their teaching behaviour. An extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) was utilised as the theoretical framework. Three secondary and two high school PE teachers participated in the study. Data collection consisted of systematic and non-participant observations of teaching behaviour of PE teachers, as well as semi-structured interviews on the factors that determine their behaviours. Results revealed that four of five participants interacted more verbally and less physically with students with special needs. Peer partners were used to enhance the learning of students with special needs. Only two teachers modified their instruction and equipment for students with special needs. Sometimes, teachers excluded this group of students from cooperative activities. Extended TPB components, including attitude, moral norm, affective beliefs, social norm, and perceived behaviour control, were identified to determine the intention of PE teachers to teach students with special needs and their inclusive teaching practice. The study has important implications for policy and practice of inclusive PE.     

关于普小教师与特教教师对有特殊教育需要学生随班就读态度的调查

从北京市普通小学和特殊学校中随机抽取了 1 88名教师进行问卷调查。结果表明 ,对有特殊教育需要的学生在普通班级随班就读的基本态度上 ,普小教师持赞同态度的人数百分比明显低于特教教师。教师对随班就读的态度不受教龄、性别及是否修读过特殊教育课程的影响。教师对有特殊教育需要学生在普通班级随班就读的主要忧虑是学生的学习能力较差、教师专业知识和经验不够 ,缺少时间和精力、同学关系、教学条件、家长配合、学生的行为问题、教师态度、以及相应的政策、人员编制、校领导的关心和支持等。