从PCK的视角探讨中学化学教师的知识结构

PCK是学科教学知识(pedagogical content knowledge)的简称,是能提高教师教学效能的最有用的知识。因此,研究中学化学教师的PCK,有利于提高化学教师的专业素养,促进教师的专业成长,同时也为其他学科的教师教育课程研究提供借鉴。     

基于PCK理论的高中化学教学实践研究 ——以"最简单的有机物甲烷"为例

PCK理论是指将教师的学科知识与教育学知识结合在一起运用于教学实践能解决教师"缺失范式"问题的理论.运用PCK教学理论协助教师在授课过程中培养学生核心素养,达到培养人才的目的.根据化学教师PCK特点,提出基于一个学科主题和五条PCK主线(知识线、素养线、策略线、兴趣线和评价线)的教学设计与实践模式并进行实践.以"最简单...     

结合学科教学知识理论实施化学教学

美国舒尔曼教授认为PCK(学科教学知识)是"教师个人独一无二的教学经验,教师独特的学科内容领域和教育学的特殊整合,是教师对自己专业理解的特定形式",而其核心内涵在于将学科知识转化为学生可学的形式。还有研究者认为舒尔曼提出的PCK强调将学科知识"心理学化"。我通过学习PCK理论,结合自己的教学实践,谈以下几点认识。     

初中历史教师“学科教学知识”（PCK）生成之浅见

“学科教学知识”（PCK）被誉为教师专业化的显著标志,对于促进教师专业成长和提高教学效益至为关键。近年来,有关PCK的内涵方面的研究成果不少,但围绕如何生成PCK的研究相对薄弱。本文以优秀教师A、普通教师B为对比样本,通过开展“同课异构”等教学活动获得第一手资料,试图分析初中历史教师PCK的生成轨迹,以改进教学。     

活动理论视角下的EAP教师学科教学知识发展研究

学科教学知识（PCK）是学术英语（EAP）教师教学能力的重要组成部分。本研究从活动理论的视角出发,以Grossman的PCK四维模型为基础,采用质性研究的方法,收集三位学术英语教师的多种数据,分析通用英语教师在转型为EAP教师的过程中学科教学知识重构的途径和方式。研究发现：学术英语教师的PCK的发展是一个动态和基于教学实践的过程;教师对通用英语和EAP教学差异的认知是其PCK建构的基础,学生需求分析则是其PCK建构的动力;非正式培训能够为学术英语教师的PCK建构提供支持、机会和资源。     

新手教师—专家型教师科学领域学科教学知识(PCK)的差异研究

学科教学知识(PCK)是促进教师专业发展的核心知识,是否掌握PCK是区分新手教师和专家型教师的分水岭.研究者运用内容分析法、访谈法、观察法等对幼儿园新手教师与专家型教师有关科学领域PCK的掌握情况进行了比较,发现两者PCK掌握情况的差异不仅体现在成分与数量方面,更体现在整合与转化能力方面.研究者建议以“全实践”理论为指导,改革教师职前教育课程设置,鼓励教师在教学实践中建构PCK,并通过积极反思提升自身的PCK水平.     

专业性质和学校域属对高中英语教师学科教学知识的影响

学科教学知识(PCK)是高中英语教师的必备知识,专业性质和学校域属直接影响了教师对PCK的掌握情况。以漳州市一线高中英语教师为调查研究对象,剖析了专业性质和学校域属对PCK的影响。研究表明,非师范专业的高中英语教师对PCK掌握情况相对较为薄弱;高中英语教师PCK存在一定的地域差距,农村高中英语教师对PCK掌握情况相对较为薄弱。针对上述问题,本文利用Shulman和Harrison学科教学知识理论提出了相应的策略方案,为研究高中英语教师掌握PCK提供理论参考依据。     

在校本教研中促进科学教师PCK的发展

科学教育改革对教师专业发展提出新的要求,学科教学知识(PCK)作为科学教师教学实践所需要的知识基础,是科学教师专业发展的重要内容之一。校本教研是促进科学教师PCK发展的重要途径。在校本教研中,建设教研文化、进行学科教学研究和倡导教师反思都能够促进科学教师PCK的发展。     

PCK视域下“一题五径”地理教学设计实践探讨——以“自然地理环境的差异性”复习专题为例

基于PCK视角,创建了“一题五径”地理教学设计模型,根据学科主题从知识路径、素养路径、素材路径、策略路径和评价路径5个方面引导教师(尤其是新手教师)规范教学设计流程,指导教师对所传授的知识重新组织,选择学生易于理解和接受的呈现方式和学习指导策略设计教学活动,培养学生的地理学科核心素养,提升自身的PCK水平,促进自身专业化成长。     

非师范院校农村教育硕士PCK发展的个案研究

农村教育硕士对改善农村教师队伍的低学历结构、促进教育均衡发展有重要意义。PCK是教师的核心知识,是区分教师优秀与否的标志。非师范院校农村物理教育硕士N的PCK发展研究显示:非师范院校物理专业毕业的农村教育硕士毕业之初的PCK贫乏,之后半年的教学实践中,其PCK的发展处于结构完善阶段。     

The function and integration of components of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in classroom teaching: a case study of business English teachers

While pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) has been studied across a wide range of research areas, including science, language teaching and mathematics, there is limited research on the role of PCK in business English (BE) teaching, an important teaching area of English for Specific Purposes. Informed by the conceptual framework of the PCK model for BE teaching, this study examined how four BE teachers integrated the PCK components in their actual classroom teaching in the English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context in China. The analysis of multiple sources of data including classroom observation, semi-structured interviews and teaching materials, identified the different patterns and ways in which the four PCK components (i.e. knowledge of the purposes of BE teaching, knowledge of instructional strategies for BE teaching, knowledge of students’ understanding of BE, and knowledge of the BE curriculum) functioned and were integrated in BE teaching. Implications for BE teaching practice and suggestions for future research on PCK in BE teaching are presented in the paper.     

Geography pre-service teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge

This paper reports on an exploratory study that investigated the pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) of four Geography pre-service teachers as they completed their final practicum of their Bachelor of Secondary Education programme. It uses Shulman’s (1986, 1987) two categories of PCK as a conceptual framework to identify the participants’ PCK of their Geography teaching. The first type of PCK is teachers’ representations of content that is pedagogically powerful for students; the second type of PCK refers to teachers’ understanding of what makes the learning of specific topics easy or difficult for students. Historically, researchers have tended to focus on the teachers’ representations component of PCK while little evidence-based research has been reported on the second category of PCK. Findings from this study show that all participants demonstrated both types of PCK. This study sheds light on the importance of teacher-educators modelling both types of PCK as both are equally important for pre-service teachers.     

On-Site Pedagogical Content Knowledge Development

Experiences and reflection have long been regarded as a foundation for pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) development. However, little is known about how experienced teachers develop their PCK via reflection-in-action during their moment-to-moment classroom instruction. Drawing upon data sources including classroom observations, semi-structured interviews and stimulated recall interviews based on lesson videos, this study examined instances when four experienced teachers were found to invent new instructional strategies/representations on the spot during the lesson (referred to as on-site PCK development) in their first attempts at teaching a new topic. The study documented the moment-to-moment experiences of the teachers, including their reconstructed thought processes associated with these instances of on-site PCK development. An explanatory model of a three-step process comprising a stimulus, an integration process and a response was advanced to account for the on-site PCK development observed among the teachers. Three categories of stimulus that triggered on-site PCK development were identified. Factors influencing the integration process and, hence, the resulting response, included teachers’ subject matter knowledge of the new topic, their general pedagogical knowledge and their knowledge of student learning difficulties/prior knowledge related to the new topic. Implications for teacher professional development in terms of how to enhance teachers’ on-site PCK development are discussed.     

A Self-Study of a Thai Teacher Educator Developing a Better Understanding of PCK for Teaching about Teaching Science

In this study, I, the first author as a Thai teacher educator employed self-study as a research methodology to investigate my own understandings, questions, and curiosities about pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) for teaching science student teachers and the ways I engaged student teachers in a field-based science methods course designed to help them to develop their PCK. Qualitative data gathered included: the syllabi, handouts, work submitted by student teachers, student teachers’ journal entries, my journal entries, and video recordings of my classroom teaching. Data were analysed using an inductive process to identify ways in which I attempted to enhance student teachers’ PCK. The contributions of this study are insights generated to help teacher educators think about how to support and develop student teachers’ PCK. Some of these contributions are enhancing teacher educators’ PCK for teaching science teachers, developing PCK for teaching science, and designing a science methods course in science teacher preparation programmes.     

What do we know and where do we go? Formative assessment in developing student teachers’ professional learning of teaching science

In the context of teacher education, it could well be suggested that assessment activities that build on formative interactions between student teachers and teacher educators might offer new windows into better understanding teaching and learning. This paper presents findings from a study into a primary science teacher education initiative that seeks to build the foundations on which 24 primary science student teachers, through the use of formative assessment of their science teaching and learning, can begin developing their pedagogical content knowledge (PCK). In the project, formative assessment consists of activities used by teacher educators to stimulate interactions, self- and peer-assessment in order to provide insights into how student teachers develop their PCK during a semester. Content Representations (CoRes), were used as a tool to unpack the student teachers’ approach to teaching a science topic and the reasons for that approach. The results indicate that the use of CoRes, together with subsequent self-assessment and formative interactions with teacher educators and peers, do have the potential for PCK development for student teachers. The results further highlight the need for developing reliable and valid tools for capturing and assessing student teachers’ PCK in pre-service teacher education.     

Teaching teachers to teach Boris: a framework for mathematics teacher educator pedagogical content knowledge

The notion of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) was posited in the context of school teaching and the knowledge used by teachers teaching school students. It has been examined for a number of discipline areas, notably mathematics. There are, however, other teaching contexts, including those of teacher educators, whose students are pre-service teachers (PSTs). The content these teacher educators teach is not subject discipline knowledge (or not solely), but the PCK for teaching a subject discipline. What knowledge do teacher educators use as they teach PCK? This paper presents a framework for the PCK required of mathematics teacher educators as they work to develop PSTs’ PCK for teaching mathematics. The framework builds on existing research into PCK and categorises aspects of the work of teacher education. The framework’s usefulness is examined by studying the PCK used by the first author in building PSTs’ understanding of mathematics teacher PCK.     

论化学教师的PCK结构及其建构

教师专业发展的核心问题就是发展他们的PCK。化学教师的PCK主要包括基于化学科学理解的化学学科知识、关于学生理解化学的知识、关于化学课程的知识和化学特定课题的教学策略及表征的知识。教师的PCK是在实践中建构和发展的。PCK的发展是一个非线性的、螺旋发展的动态的过程。化学教师PCK建构的基本策略是:形成促进PCK发展的教学思维方式,提升对化学科学的理解水平,关注学生对于化学的理解,发展化学课程知识,提高整合转化能力,多渠道丰富PCK资源库。     

STEAM教师学科教学知识的基本构成与建构逻辑

教师学科教学知识(PCK)的形成是STEAM教育的发展之基。STEAM教师PCK是教师面对具体的跨学科的内容主题时,所特有的将不同学科的知识和技术转化为学生易于理解的教学形式的整合性知识,具有知识范畴的跨学科性、知识来源的实践性和知识形成的融合性等特点。通过对已有PCK研究的梳理,结合STEAM教育的特征,STEAM教师PCK可分为跨学科内容知识、教学对象知识、教学情境知识和教学策略知识。在此基础上,STEAM教师PCK的建构逻辑:一是立足理论性学习为教师建构PCK打“地基”,促进公共性PCK向个体性PCK转化;二是基于经验性学习为教师建构PCK竖“框架”,推动内隐性PCK向实践性PCK转化;三是通过实践性学习为教师建构PCK添“砖瓦”,实现陈述性PCK向程序性PCK转化。     

Exploring Biology Teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge in the Teaching of Genetics in Swaziland Science Classrooms

This study explored the pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) and its development of four experienced biology teachers in the context of teaching school genetics. PCK was defined in terms of teacher content knowledge, pedagogical knowledge and knowledge of students’ preconceptions and learning difficulties. Data sources of teacher knowledge base included teacher-constructed concept maps, pre- and post-lesson teacher interviews, video-recorded genetics lessons, post-lesson teacher questionnaire and document analysis of teacher's reflective journals and students’ work samples. The results showed that the teachers’ individual PCK profiles consisted predominantly of declarative and procedural content knowledge in teaching basic genetics concepts. Conditional knowledge, which is a type of meta-knowledge for blending together declarative and procedural knowledge, was also demonstrated by some teachers. Furthermore, the teachers used topic-specific instructional strategies such as context-based teaching, illustrations, peer teaching, and analogies in diverse forms but failed to use physical models and individual or group student experimental activities to assist students’ internalization of the concepts. The finding that all four teachers lacked knowledge of students’ genetics-related preconceptions was equally significant. Formal university education, school context, journal reflection and professional development programmes were considered as contributing to the teachers’ continuing PCK development. Implications of the findings for biology teacher education are briefly discussed.     

Developing Pedagogical Content Knowledge for Teaching a New Topic: More Than Teaching Experience and Subject Matter Knowledge

Teaching experience has been identified as an important factor in pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) development. However, little is known about how experienced teachers may draw on their previous experience to facilitate their PCK development. This study examined how two experienced high school biology teachers approached the teaching of a newly introduced topic in the curriculum, polymerase chain reaction and their PCK development from the pre-lesson planning phase through the interactive phase to the post-lesson reflection phase. Multiple data sources included classroom observations, field notes, semi-structured interviews and classroom artefacts. It was found that the teachers’ previous experience informed their planning for teaching the new topic, but in qualitatively different ways. This, in turn, had a bearing on their new PCK development. Subject matter knowledge (SMK) can not only facilitate but may also hinder this development. Our findings identify two types of experienced teachers: those who can capitalise on their previous teaching experiences and SMK to develop new PCK and those who do not. The critical difference is whether in the lesson planning stage, the teacher shows the disposition to draw on a generalised mental framework that enables the teacher to capitalise on his existing SMK to develop new PCK. Helping teachers to acquire this disposition should be a focus for teacher training in light of continuous curriculum changes.