Dispersion modeling and health risk assessment of dioxin emissions from a municipal solid waste incinerator in Hangzhou, China

The emission of dioxins from municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWIs) has become a widespread concern. The effect of meteorological parameters (wind speed, atmospheric stability and mixing height) on the hourly ground level concentration (GLC) of dioxins was estimated using air dispersion models. Moreover, the health risks of dioxin exposure were evaluated for children and adults using the Nouwen equation. The total environmental exposure via air inhalation and food ingestion was calculated, based on linear fit equations. The results indicate that potentially severe pollution from dioxins occurs at a wind speed of 1.5 m/s with atmospheric stability class F. In addition, local residents in the study area are exposed to severe weather conditions most of the time, and the risk exposures for children are far higher than those for adults. The total exposure for children far exceeds the tolerable daily intake of dioxin recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) of 1–4 pg TEQ/(kg·d) under severe weather conditions. Results from modeling calculations of health risk assessment were consistent with dioxin levels obtained during actual monitoring of emissions.     

School Students' Ideas About Air Pollution: Hindrance or Help For Learning?

School students are thought to have an insecure knowledge about the `science' of the air, yet the popular media often feature issues about air pollution, which may either confuse students further, or offer teaching opportunities. This study used a free-form questionnaire to explore 1011 year old students' ideas about the nature of air pollution, and its biological and physical effects. Many think that `gases' pollute the air, using the term in a general, non-scientific sense. However, some students can name individual pollutants (CFCs, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide), perhaps because they associate them with well-known environmental problems. Transport and industry were seen as the main sources of pollutants. Most students stated that air pollution will kill plants and animals. Although fewer thought this true of humans, many thought that people will become ill, with a quarter of the students raising the specific problem of asthma. Some students thought that buildings will be unaffected by air pollution, but many wrote that they would be damaged or become discolored. The view that students' ideas from out-of-school sources, coupled with their intrinsic concern for the environment, may offer starting-points for teaching curriculum science is discussed.     

Pre-Service Elementary Teachers' Conceptions about Wind

This paper presents a study concerning Greek pre-service elementary teachers' (PET) conceptions about wind. The study focuses on their (i) understanding of scientific concepts used to explain wind formation, (ii) conceptions about wind measurement and (iii) ability to read and translate symbols of wind on weather maps. Our research reveals a lack of understanding in wind formation mechanism, and difficulties in orientation and in weather maps reading. Our findings are consistent with previous research carried out in different national and educational contexts. In the final section, we outline the implications of these findings for the design of learning activities concerning wind in primary, secondary and tertiary education including Environmental Science courses attended by PET.     

Can young students think systemically about the environment? The case of pollution

This paper reports on the thoughts 6-year-olds and 9-year-olds have related to the serious issue of air and sea pollution. More specifically, twenty seven 6-year-olds and thirty 9-year-olds attending two state schools in Volos, a small provincial town in Greece participated in the research which assessed the students’ competence to think systemically about dealing with pollution. The study sheds light on whether students are able to identify interrelations between the components of pollution, and clarifies the mental models they hold. Data was collected through drawings and interviews, subsequent analysis of which indicates that students appeared to hold two mental models related to pollution; pollution is connected both spatially and temporally with visible pollutants; and, pollution is connected indirectly with invisible pollutants. The students seemed to exhibit a kind of systemic thinking, which was done unconsciously to a certain degree. Thus it is a challenge for education to enhance students’ systemic thinking in an attempt to bring it to a more conscious level, which will assist them to reconstruct their mental models of pollution.     

南京市江北工业区大气污染物对主城的影响

利用2007年遥感卫星土地利用图,使用autocad制图工具,依据大气污染物扩散规律,绘制出不同风向时南京市江北工业区大气污染物扩散、输送区域.在16个风向中,其中有6个风向对南京市主城有影响,风向分别是NNE、N、NNW、WN、WNW和W.依据1961～2000年风向玫瑰图,江北工业区的大气污染物扩散、输送区域从全年风向频率来看并不在主城的主导风向上,即使从冬季风向频率来看也不在主导风向上.但是,该区域对主城大气污染的影响是明显的,在冬季影响较大.     

内江市城区大气污染状况研究

运用实地调查和定量定性分析的研究方法,针对内江市城区大气中的三大主要污染物SO2、NOx、总悬浮颗粒物的环境质量监测数据,分析其污染因素：生活污染、工业污染、交通污染、农业污染和其他污染,并由此提出污染防治的措施和建议：控制污染源,合理规划城市建设,改变能源结构,加大植树造林力度．     

太阳能综合利用教学、实训装置的研发（VI）——太阳能-空气双源热泵热水系统

作者研究发的太阳能-空气双源热泵热水系统,将太阳能热泵与水蓄热结合,根据用户的需要和室外气象条件的变化,具有单独太阳能制热水、单独空气源制热水、制热水兼制冷、单独制冷、供暖等多种功能,可以节约能源,减少环境污染,是绿色建筑值得推广的一项技术。该系统运行稳定,能效比高,不但可以作为一项新技术在实际工程上推广,而且能够进行科研实验,又可供学生进行系统的测试、调试,作为教学仪器使用。     

雷暴对飞行的影响及其分析

雷暴云是一个＂天气制造厂＂,能生产各式各样的危及飞行安全的天气现象——强烈的湍流、积冰、闪电击（雷击）、雷雨、大风,有时还有冰雹、龙卷风、下冲气流和低空风切变,对航空飞行危害极大。本文从实际出发,分析了雷暴形成的原因和条件,以供飞行中参考。     

遂宁市大气主要污染物污染水平及变化规律

根据遂宁市2006年1月1日至2010年12月31日的环境监测数据,采用API指数法分析和评价了遂宁市大气中污染物变化规律.结果表明：各功能区的PM10的日平均浓度为0.077－0.123 mg/m^3,二氧化硫为0.030－0.043 mg/m^3,二氧化氮为0.022－0.025 mg/m^3,空气污染指数小于100.在时间变化规律上,各功能区PM10污染总体表现为第一季度污染相对稍重,其次为第二季度,再次为第四季度,第三季度污染较轻.在空间变化规律性上,以城南（群康印染厂）工业区污染稍重,次之为城西（监测站）片区,河东新区（市行政中心）环境质量最好.提示遂宁市可吸入颗粒物为空气中的主要污染物.     

三台县城区大气环境质量分析与评价

根据2006～2007年三台县城区SO2、NO2、PM10浓度的监测数据,综合运用大气环境质量指数评价法和污染负荷分析法对三台县城区的大气质量进行分析与评价。结果表明：三台县城区主要大气污染物依次为PM10、SO2和NO2,污染程度相对较低,2007年较之2006年大气质量总体上有较大改善。SO2和PM10在2006～2007年间污染负荷均呈下降趋势,而NO2则呈现上升趋势,说明三台县城区大气污染正由煤烟型逐步向燃气型的趋势过渡。     

Investigation on wind energy-compressed air power system

INTRODUCTIONWindenergyofabout2.531011Wavailableeverywhere,especiallyincoastalregions,deserts,grasslandsandcountrysideareasinChina,ispol-lutionfreeandrenewable(Xueetal.,2001).Useofwindenergycanimprovethelivingandworkingconditionsofpeople.Themanyelectricitygen-eratorsdrivenbywindpowerallovertheworldefficientlyextractwindenergyforconversionintoelectricalenergy.Manyregions,suchascountry-sideandruralareashavehighdensityofwindpower,buttheconditionsarenotgoodenoughforestablishingahighelectricpo…     

Investigation on wind energy-compressed air power system

Wind energy is a pollution free and renewable resource widely distributed over China. Aimed at protecting the environment and enlarging application of wind energy, a new approach to application of wind energy by using compressed air power to some extent instead of electricity put forward. This includes: explaining the working principles and characteristics of the wind energy-compressed air power system; discussing the compatibility of wind energy and compressor capacity; presenting the theoretical model and computational simulation of the system. The obtained compressor capacity vs wind power relationship in certain wind velocity range can be helpful in the designing of the wind power-compressed air system. Results of investigations on the application of high-pressure compressed air for pressure reduction led to conclusion that pressure reduction with expander is better than the throttle regulator in energy saving.     

连云港市空气污染特征影响因素研究

连云港市空气质量的主要特征：冬春两季污染明显高于夏、秋两季，海州工业区比市区污染严重，港区污染最轻，日均值呈曲线变化。影响空气质量的主要因素分为气象因素和污染源的排放因素，具体体现为：大气扩散条件的日变化影响，地面风速的影响，地面风向、降水的影响，工业源、流动源的排放影响，扬尘及外来因素的影响。     

校园大气环境中可吸入颗粒物的监测研究——以北京工业职业技术学院为例

为了确定在常规天气时校园内空气是否适合师生从事室外活动,使用相关监测仪器对北京工业职业技术学院校园及周边空气中的粉尘进行了监测。通过分析监测数据,了解了各种相关气象因素对空气中可吸入颗粒物的影响,最终得到了在常规天气条件下,北京工业职业技术学院校园内空气质量达到二级以上国家标准(即适宜从事室外活动)的结论。     

植物与大气污染

分析了大气污染物的来源 .论述了大气污染物 SO2 、NO对植物的危害及植物在保护环境中的净化和监测作用 ,并提出减少环境污染的建议     

PM10 and CO Exposure of Hong Kong Population in Public Transit Facilities

Taking public transit facilities (PTFs) is the major transport style in Hang Kong. Human exposure to indoor air pollutants may cause adverse health effects to the passengers. Exposure assessment on air pollutants is important for the control of human diseases caused by indoor air pollution. In this paper, the indoor PM10,CO and C02 levels in various PTFs, such as public bus, subway, railway and ferry in Hong Kong, were measured. Combining with the time budget survey of Hong Kong population, the human exposures were calculated through Monte-Carlo simulation.     

Research on indoor air pollution of newly decorated buildings in Chongqing

1 Introduction 1 It has been reported that the morbidity caused by indoor air pollution accounts for 4% of all diseases in the world, which is about the same portion of diseases caused by alcohol and cigarette. Indoor air pollution is the fourth one of the dangerous elements for the inhabitants and even more dangerous than outdoor air pollution. The bulletin of World Health Organization (WHO) [1] points out that the indoor air pollution is an important issue to environment and public health.…     

脉冲电晕法处理含苯废气实验研究

挥发性有机物(VOCs)的污染与控制技术日益受到重视。近年来发展起来的非平衡等离子体技术在治理VOCs方面已初步显示其独特的技术优势,现已成为废气治理研究领域中的前沿热点课题之一。等离子体法降解VOCs的机理较为复杂,研究不同线路对VOCs降解过程的影响意义重大。采用脉冲电晕放电等离子体技术,建立了混合电晕、有机电晕、空气电晕和分别电晕4种不同的实验方案,选取苯为代表物质进行实验研究,在初始浓度、停留时间和电源参数等一定的条件下,考察脉冲电压对苯去除率的影响。结果表明,电压为140kV、混合电晕时苯的去除率达到82.73%,脉冲电晕技术处理低浓度有机废气效果较好。     

Teaching aspects of the interrelationship between science and technology: a research report on the design,enactment and evaluation of a teaching proposal

Background: Helping upper elementary and lower secondary school students develop an awareness of various aspects of the nature of science (NOS) and nature of technology (NOT) is a widely recognized goal of science teaching. In this study, we focus on the connections between science and technology (S&T).

Purpose: We report on the design, development, enactment and evaluation of a teaching-learning sequence (TLS) that combines hands-on activities in geometrical optics with explicit epistemological discourse for reflection purposes. The design of the TLS draws on perspectives from the inquiry-oriented and design-based teaching and learning frameworks.

Sample: The enactment of the TLS involved a class of 17 sixth-grade students, aged 10–11 years old, of a public elementary school in Cyprus.

Design and methods: We present findings from written responses to both closed and open-ended tasks as well as follow-up semi-structured interviews that probed students’ understanding of the difference between the main goals of S&T.

Results: The results illustrate elementary students’ readiness to engage with epistemic issues and demonstrate the potential of prompting young learners’ ability to develop informed awareness of the NOS and NOT. The results also provided feedback for the revision of the TLS so as to further enhance its effectiveness in achieving the stated learning objectives.

Conclusion: We discuss the implications of our findings for the teaching of the NOS and NOT and for the design and validation of TLSs. It is possible for students of this age group to develop an awareness of issues related to the NOS and NOT. TLSs can be improved through design-based research approaches to serve as productive tools to this end.     

我校化学实验中环境保护的几点措施

针对化学实验中存在的化学污染问题,结合毕节师专化学实验室的具体情况,从实验中减少污物量的产生;不可避免的污染尽量使其无害化;增加环境实验内容,提高学生环保意识等几方面提出相应措施,力图使化学污染对环境的影响降到最低限度.