中、美、英、德、法、日、俄国家标准的比较分析

通过对中国、美国、英国、德国、法国、日本和俄罗斯国家标准在各个技术领域标准数量的统计计算和比较,分析研究上述7个国家的国家标准在技术领域分布方面的共性与差异性,提出分析结论和建议,目的是为我国构建科学的标准体系和组织标准制修订工作提供参考和决策依据。     

Locating U.S. national standards for drinking water

This article presents historical background on the U.S. Safe Drinking Water Act, the regulatory development process for the drinking water standards in the United States, new initiatives currently being discussed in the U.S. Congress to rewrite the Safe Drinking Water Act, and a detailed list of the drinking water standards currently promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Major sources used to update the standards are also included so that future EPA standards can be researched easily. Although the article covers only issues dealing with EPA-promulgated drinking water standards in the United States, it will be of interest to the international community because many countries use U.S. EPA standards as general guidelines for drinking water systems.     

U.S. and international electronic data interchange

A variety of standards organizations are moving toward a single set of standards to be used worldwide for electronic communication of business transactions in the publishing industry. Sandra K. Paul is president of SKP Associates, past chairperson of the National Information Standards Organization, past chairperson, secretary, and subcommittee chair of BISAC, and treasurer of SISAC. She is also chairman of the ANSI Information Systems Standards Board.     

The changing role of school/media resource libraries in secondary schools in Singapore and the need to implement mandatory standards, 1946–2010: Issues, challenges and opportunities

The aim of this paper is to study the development and evolution of secondary school libraries into Media Resource Libraries (MRLs) in Singapore after the Second World War and the rationale to have mandatory school library standards. It is an historical survey analysing published data about the linkages of libraries and librarianship, school library standards, education and school reforms in Singapore. It analyses historical and current documents on the roles played by stakeholders like the Library Association of Singapore (LAS) and the Ministry of Education (MOE) in the introduction and development of school library standards. The need for school libraries standards was first discussed when the Malayan Library Group (MLG) organised the first course on librarianship for school teachers in 1955, but, with no follow through. The need for school libraries standards was also mentioned by the LAS in 1962 in a memorandum to the Commission of Enquiry into Education to train teacher librarians and adopt school library standards. However, this was left out in the final report of the Commission published in 1964. The need for school library standards was discussed in a school library seminar for 150 teacher librarians in 1970. The first Recommended Minimum Standards for Secondary School Libraries was published two years later by the Standing Committee on Libraries set up by the MOE, but it was not mandatory for schools to adopt the standards. In 1997 the MOE launched its “Thinking School Learning Nation” vision to teach thinking skills. Students were expected to do multidisciplinary project work and be independent users of information. The MOE began to convert school libraries into Media Resource Libraries (MRLs) with print and non-print materials. However, a survey conducted in 2001 on the roles and competencies of 112 Library Coordinators (LCs) or teacher librarians revealed that they lack the skills and knowledge to manage MRLs effectively. This is because subsequent school library standards published in 1983 and 2002 did not require trained and full-time teacher librarians to manage the MRLs. Furthermore, it is essential for the standards to be periodically updated with regards to professional staff, collection development, facilities, Information and Communications Technology (ICT) infrastructure and school library programs. Otherwise, MRLs risk being “hollow shells still considered on the periphery of core educational requirements, and are run by teachers not professionally prepared to do the work” (Hart, 2001, p. 25). The national standards published in the United States from 1918 to 2008 are well researched and provide substantive guidelines to develop school libraries. Therefore, it is essential for the MOE to formulate MRL standards by doing comparative studies of school library standards in other countries. These standards have to be mandatory and fully adopted by the schools. It provides opportunities for stakeholders like the LAS, National Library Board (NLB), the National Institute of Education (NIE), and the Singapore Teachers’ Union, to collaborate in the formulation of these standards and take collective ownership to implement them.     

美国情报产品标准与质量控制机制研究

[目的/意义]建立健全情报产品标准及其质量控制机制是确保情报分析产品与服务质量的重要举措。研究美国情报产品标准及其质量控制机制，为我国制定情报产品标准提供参考。[方法/过程]通过考察美国情报界和执法界情报产品规范相关法律政策与标准文件，总结归纳美国情报产品类型、规范与质量控制机制，分析美国情报产品标准设计的基本逻辑与思想。[结果/结论]美国按照项目流程和要素规范管理逻辑，秉持"合法性""实用性""实证性""用户需求导向"的基本理念，遵循"源数据控制、认知缺陷控制、分析过程控制和陈述规范控制"的基本思想，按照"假设-证据（信息）-结论（判断与建议）"的分析框架，从"一般质量要求、内容规范、形式规范、信源属性、用户反馈/质量监管、法庭证词与法律考量"出发规定情报产品标准，通过"情报分析人员自我把关、用户反馈、同行评议、主管机构监管"等四类控制机制，确保情报产品符合"准确、客观、及时、独立"的质量标准，形成相对成熟的情报产品标准与质量控制机制。建议我国借鉴美国经验，立足《国家情报法》，明确情报产品的基本要求，制定统一的情报产品标准，提供情报产品范本，建立有效的质量控制机制，以提高我国情报产品的质量。     

明确学术出版道德 强化期刊编辑规范

评述国内外编辑团体出版的各项道德规范,从重复发表、一稿多投、剽窃、未公开的利益冲突、作者署名、数据造假、研究伦理7个方面,比较国际出版道德委员会(COPE)、国际医学期刊编辑委员会(ICMJE)、欧洲科学编辑学会(EASE)制定的道德规范的异同.分析表明:3家机构制定的学术道德规范形式不同,内容各有侧重,但影响力还有提升空间;中国制订科技期刊编辑出版道德规范时应借鉴国内外的成功经验,甄别出期刊编辑关心的核心问题,采用适合的内容和形式,制订符合中国学术出版生态的编辑实践指南;在指南出台后,应积极进行推广培训,切实应用于学术出版中.     

Library development and the joint commission on accreditation of hospitals standards.

The author traces the historical development of standards for library services prepared by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, emphasizing those elements of the present standards that auger well for the development of libraries in hospitals. Then examined are the role of librarians and new roles for libraries, stressing sound management practices that ensure continued development.     

Map Cataloging,from Basics to Beyond: An Interview with Paige G. Andrew

Paige G. Andrew discusses his career in map cataloging and his work in cooperative cataloging programs and standards development. Topics covered include map cataloging, cooperative cataloging, scholarship and publishing in the field of map and geography librarianship, service to the profession, implementation of RDA, map cataloging workshops, and mentoring.     

Problem Knowledge Couplers: reengineering evidence-based medicine through interdisciplinary development, decision support, and research.

The rapid growth of medical knowledge is creating a demand for new ways of providing information in support of evidence-based medical practice. Problem Knowledge Couplers are a clinical decision support software tool that offer a new approach to this growing problem. Couplers are developed through a collaboration among clinicians, informaticians, and librarians. They recognize that functionality must be predicated upon combining unique patient information, gleaned through relevant structured question sets, with the appropriate knowledge found in the world's peer-reviewed medical literature. Two pilot studies indicate that couplers can meet the gold standards of decision making within both a primary care and a specialty practice. Issues remain about how to best integrate Problem Knowledge Couplers into clinical practice and whether large-scale outcomes research will support the findings of pilot studies. However, Problem Knowledge Couplers represent a promising approach that might portend a new model for health care delivery in the next millennium.     

中国、美国和英国叙词表编制国家标准比较研究

从标准组成、标准化对象、叙词表的揭示对象和内容要点等几个方面对中国、美国和英国的叙词表标准进行比较研究,对它们在标准内容上的共性和差异性进行详细的对比分析,并结合我国叙词表实践的发展,对我国叙词表国家标准的修订提出建议。     

美国、新加坡网络色情管制比较

美国和新加坡的网络色情管制模式各有鲜明的特色。美国强调尊重公民言论表达自由,数次网络色情管制立法均以违宪裁定告终,目前采取以业者自律为主的引导式模式,宽松而灵活;新加坡则重视维护公共道德,制定法律管制色情信息,采取强制性的立法介入模式,严格而务实。本文从管制宗旨、原则、主体、标准和措施等方面比较两国网络色情管制异同,从而为文化背景相似的国家提供借鉴。     

英国政府数据开放共享的元数据标准——对Data.gov.uk的调研与启示

[目的/意义]从政府数据开放网站的角度出发,归纳总结元数据标准,以期为制定我国政府开放数据的元数据标准提供有益的参考。[方法/过程]依据科学的评价报告,以Data.gov.uk为研究对象,对网站信息进行调查,查阅相关政府文献,从文件结构、元素组成及规则等方面总结元数据标准的特点。[结果/结论]调查发现：Data.gov.uk具有两种类型的元数据,即面向网站数据资源的CKAN格式记录和针对地理空间数据的GEMINI地理空间元数据标准。对我国而言,制定政府开放数据共享的元数据标准,需要事先分析和比较各类型政府数据的描述需求、考虑新系统与现有系统的衔接问题,建立网站需求分析报告,按需选择国际标准作为范本。     

我国图书馆法律制度体系现状、作用与问题分析

基于文献调查与内容分析,解析由图书馆法规、图书馆相关法、图书馆行业标准与规范3部分组成的我国图书馆法律制度体系及其组成部分在图书馆发展中的作用与存在的问题。从整体来看,我国图书馆法律制度体系没有建立专门的图书馆法,不同类型图书馆法规、标准与规范没有得到同步发展,一些关键问题如职业资格认证、职业准入条件没有被写入相关图书馆法律条款中,现有图书馆法规已趋老化,行业标准与规范仍不健全。     

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通过对有关国际、国家标准及知识产权法律保护体系中有关规定的比较与研究,论证文后参考文献的定义,作用及基本功能。     

致谢批评恂述浅见——兼答苏良亿先生

判断编辑活动的起源有三条标准,根据这三条标准,作者赞成编辑活动起源于春秋,并认为孔子是我国历史上第一个编辑家。     

美国高校的信息素质教育及其启示

介绍了美国有关信息素质教育的定义、研究发展经过、美国高等教育中关于素质能力的标准以及美国高校图书馆在信息素质教育中的一些做法，从中得出了一些启示。     

NERMLS and the community hospital: service, education, and advice

Figures relating to the document delivery service of NERMLS are given. NERMLS has collaborated with the Postgraduate. Medical Institute in Boston to improve standards in community hospital libraries by creating a core library of books and journals and training library supervisors to work in these libraries. Institutes have taken place in the Countway Library, and guidelines for library development in community hospitals have been drawn up. Activities of Regional Medical Programs in New England are discussed, and further plans of NERMLS described.