Review and Update

Over the past decade, teacher stress has been well studied. However, comparatively little research has been carried out on student stress. This article reproduces a study carried out by Kyriacou and Butcher in 1993 to observe whether the main stressors for year 11 students have changed over the past 10 years. Students at one comprehensive school completed a questionnaire about their own stress, which was also completed by the teachers. The main sources of stress were academic, as was found in 1993; however, coursework featured more in 2002. There were a number of differences between girls and boys and between the students and their teachers.     

Teachers’ expectations about students’ use of reading strategies,knowledge and behaviour in Grades 3, 5 and 7

Although extensive basic research has been carried out on children’s metacognition, little is known about teachers’ views of their students’ cognitive and metacognitive skills in reading. The ways in which teachers expected their children to use, or to know how to use, certain reading skills are examined in this study. A questionnaire on reading components (strategies, knowledge and behaviour) was completed by 45 teachers in Grades 3, 5 and 7. In this questionnaire teachers were asked to make judgements about whether or not students of high, average and low ability levels in their classes would be likely to show these skills. An analysis of variance (grade×ability×component) revealed a significant interaction between ability and component. There was much greater variability in the three components for the low and average levels of ability. The main effect for ability was significant. The highest expectations of teachers were for high‐ability students in all the three groups of items, followed by average and low‐ability students. The main effect for component was also significant for knowledge. There was no significant difference between the grades. However, teachers hold equivalent performance expectations for high‐ability students in each of the three components, but for average and low‐ability groups, expectations were higher for knowledge than strategy and behaviour.     

School-Contextual Paths to Student Bullying Behaviour: Teachers Under Time Pressure are Less Likely to Intervene and the Students Know It!

ABSTRACT

We assessed whether the level of time-pressure reported by a school’s teachers is predictive of student bullying perpetration. We combined data from two surveys conducted in 129 schools in 2016: the Stockholm School Survey performed among students in grades 9 and 11 (n?=?10,668), and the Stockholm Teacher Survey carried out among senior level (grades 7–9) and upper secondary school (grades 10–12) teachers (n?=?2259). Multilevel path analyses showed that teachers’ stress and time-pressure increased with declining school leadership functioning. Teachers’ level of time-pressure was, in turn, positively associated with student traditional and cyberbullying behaviour, through its effect on the school staff’s tendency (not) to intervene against bullying, but not through the teachers’ stress level. We conclude that schools with leadership that provides opportunities for the teachers to focus on their main mission can counteract bullying among the students and therefore indirectly also to promote student health.     

Inclusion in Israel: coping resources and job satisfaction as explanatory factors of stress in two cultural groups

The aim of this study was to explore the differences between the two cultural groups of Jewish and Arab teachers on several variables and to analyse their link to stress. Specifically, I examined sense of coherence (SOC), sense of school community and job satisfaction among regular Jewish and Arab teachers in regular schools and classes who have special education students in their classes. Furthermore, I investigated how the different coping resources – SOC and sense of school community – explain the stress reactions of state anxiety and state anger directly and indirectly via job satisfaction and also the direct prediction of stress by job satisfaction. Data were gathered from 634 Jewish and Arab teachers (80% Jews) who completed self‐report questionnaires that measured SOC, sense of community, employee satisfaction inventory, state anxiety and state anger. Differences in SOC and sense of school community were found between the two groups such that Jews reported stronger SOC, and Arabs reported stronger sense of school community. Further differences were revealed in the links of the different coping resources to stress reactions. The results are discussed against the backdrop of cultural background and the salutogenic model.     

存在主义教育的师生观及其当代启示

主要探讨存在主义教育的师生观及其当代启示，存在主义教育是现代西方教育哲学的主要流派之一，它强调教师和学生各自的自由，选择及选择的责任，强调师生间对话平等融洽的关系，这对于构建目前我国新型的师生关系，突出学生的主体性和责任意识，以及师生间的民主平等具有重要的启发意义。     

Are both classroom autonomy support and structure equally important for students' engagement? A multilevel analysis

The current study was carried out within the framework of self-determination theory and aimed to investigate specific, additive and combined effects of teachers' autonomy support and structure on students' engagement. Using multilevel analyses, main effects and interaction of autonomy support and structure provided at the classroom level were tested on behavioral, cognitive and emotional engagement. 744 ninth grade students from 51 classes completed a questionnaire about their engagement during language classes and their perceptions of the teacher's provision of autonomy support and structure. The results highlight the links between classroom context, especially structure, and the three components of engagement. Autonomy support has a complementary role as it was associated with emotional engagement. These results improve our understanding of the relationships between learning environment and engagement and provide more accurate indications to teachers and educators regarding the most effective ways to enhance students' engagement.     

Inquiry projects for scientific education: a good option for compulsory secondary education / Proyectos de indagación para la educación científica: una buena opción para la educación secundaria obligatoria

The approach of learning science through inquiry presents significant challenges for teachers and students. In light of this, an extensive experience has been developed in which students without any previous training or specific interests have been organized into small groups to carry out scientific inquiry projects guided by their teachers. Evaluation of the experience is clearly positive, and is based on questionnaires completed at the end of the experience by the students as well as retrospective reports provided by their teachers. Despite this, some problems are presented, such as the difficulty or repetitiveness of some scientific practices mentioned by some students, or when the inquiry or the group does not work out in some cases, as mentioned by teachers. Scientific inquiry projects like the one described here could play a key role in science education in compulsory secondary education.     

Relationships between teachers’ metacognitive knowledge and students’ metacognitive knowledge and reading achievement

The study examined the relationships between teachers’ metacognitive knowledge of reading strategies and their students’ metacognitive knowledge and reading comprehension. The study was carried out among language art teachers (N?=?34) and their students (N?=?534) in the last year of primary school (ninth grade) in Estonia. Multilevel modeling was used to test the hypotheses of relationships between students’ metacognitive knowledge and reading comprehension, while controlling for students’ previous reading comprehension (in eighth grade) as well as the relations between teachers’ metacognitive knowledge of reading strategies and students’ metacognitive knowledge and comprehension. The results showed that students’ metacognitive knowledge of reading strategies related to their reading comprehension, concurring with previous findings. The main finding was that teachers’ metacognitive knowledge of reading strategies significantly related to their students’ metacognitive knowledge, but not to reading comprehension. These results indicate that students’ reading comprehension may be supported by improving their metacognitive knowledge of reading strategies. In addition, the findings highlight the importance of teachers’ metacognitive knowledge in students’ metacognitive knowledge.     

大学生体育锻炼与心理压力关系的研究

目的在于调查大学生的体育锻炼情况和心理压力情况,并研究其是否存在相关性。选取西南大学、重庆大学、重庆师范大学和重庆工商大学的本科生为调查对象,共发放了400份问卷,收回了有效问卷389份。结果得到运动等级、压力源多少、压力大小在不同性别上的分布。用因素分析法得到运动量和压力源与压力大小之间存在着显著的相关。最后,用逐步回归分析法求得了运动量和压力源对压力大小有预测作用。     

Teacher and student voices: a comparison between two perspectives to study integration processes in Italy

Student voice has become increasingly important in educational research at an international level. Research in Italy on school integration of students with disabilities has almost entirely left behind student voice. The very few researches based on student voice suggest that there is a mismatch between student and teacher voices when faced with the same situation. From a methodological outlook, the collection of data through students’ samples implies some difficulties related to the fact that the study regards children and young students. The present issue becomes even more demanding when children with disabilities are taken into consideration. The aim of this research is to demonstrate the mismatch between the data produced by the teachers and the data produced by the students of the same class. These data are the basis for a study on the importance of student voice in research on school integration. The research was carried out as a multiple case study. Nineteen classes with at least one student with disabilities were involved. The teachers filled in a questionnaire with closed questions about school integration, later compared with the students’ answers to the same questionnaire. A structured observation offered the opportunity to triangulate data thus adding new information on the reliability of the two points of view. The main results show that in all the classes there was at least one question with a significant difference between the students’ and the teachers’ answers; the triangulation of data through observation suggested that the students’ perception was as close to observation as their teachers.     

新课程背景下的班级管理方式变革对策研究

班级管理与课程文化有着密切的联系,不同的课程标准下有不同的班级管理方式。论文通过分析,认为建立与新课程相适应的班级管理方式是必然的,也是必要的。认为作为班级管理主体的班主任要牢固树立新课程改革的理念,自觉进行教师专业化的培训,提升自己的专业素质和管理水平;在管理的过程中,要突出学生的主体性地位;在班级管理的制度建设和班级活动开展方面,拓展班级管理的内容,建立新的班级管理机制;强调师生的平等参与和对话;注重文化在课程改革和班级管理方式变革中的重要作用。关心班级文化的建设,这对班级管理有着极为重要的作用。     

Does Empathy Predict Instructional Assignment-Related Stress? A Study in Special and General Education Teachers

The role of empathy in the teaching profession has been vastly investigated in relation to its effect on students, but research on how teachers’ empathy affects their own well-being at work is limited. This study investigated empathy and instructional assignment-related stress factors of primary school teachers serving in general or special education; moreover, it investigated if empathy predicted instructional assignment-related stress. Data were collected from 190 primary school teachers using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and the Inventory of Job-related Stress Factors. Teachers reported moderately high levels of perspective-taking and empathic concern and lower levels of fantasising and personal distress. Also, they reported moderate to low levels of stress regarding instructional assignment-related factors. General and special education teachers did not differ in their reported scores on empathy or stress-related factors. Finally, it was found that instructional assignment-related stress factors can be predicted by personal distress and fantasising; however, the core empathy skills (empathic concern and perspective taking) were not found to be strong predictors of the stress factors tested.     

Variables affecting physics achievement

Much research has focused on student views about physics concepts, with an emphasis on the identification of alternative conceptions, and how curricula and professional development may ameliorate the situation. However, there has been little work on determining the extent of, and in separating, the student and teacher/classroom level variables that may impact student physics achievement. This study examined the effect of different student and teacher/classroom level variables on student understanding of physics concepts using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), a regression based technique. The data were collected from 68 different teachers and 3,119 students who were using a reform curriculum, Active Physics. Teachers and students completed surveys asking about their beliefs, their classes and their personal characteristics. Students also completed a physics achievement test. The data show that students of teachers who used Active Physics for a greater portion of the year scored higher on the achievement test than did students of teachers who did not use the curriculum as much. Furthermore, the data show that the achievement gap was narrowed between boys and girls and between students with different attitudes toward physics. Additionally teachers who received inservice instruction on how to implement Active Physics narrowed the gap between students with different views of their classroom involvement. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 961–976, 2009     

毕业生就业压力与择业效能感探析——以沧州师范学院为例

目的：了解专科毕业生的就业压力与择业效能感的状况及其关系.方法：采用《毕业生就业压力问卷》和《择业效能感问卷》对沧州师范学院465名2011届专科毕业生进行测试.结果：（1）专科毕业生的就业压力较大;不同性别、来源的专科毕业生的就业压力存在显著差异.（2）专科毕业生的择业效能感较高;不同性别、来源、师范生与非师范生的择业效能感存在显著差异.（3）专科毕业生的择业效能感与就业压力呈显著负相关,择业效能感对就业压力具有显著负向预测作用.结论：可以通过调整专科毕业生的择业效能感来缓解其就业压力.     

The Influence of Students’ and Teachers’ Thinking Styles on Student Course Satisfaction and on Their Learning Process

The main purpose of this study was to examine the effect of teachers’ and students’ thinking styles on students’ satisfaction with the course followed and on their learning process. The sample was made up of 102 instructional psychology college students who responded to two administrations of the Thinking Style Inventory, one about their teacher and one about themselves, to a satisfaction scale referring to the instructional process, and finally to a scale designed to measure the time and effort they devoted to the learning process. Multivariate regression analyses were carried out. Results reveal that both teachers’ and students’ thinking styles are good predictors of students’ satisfaction and their involvement in the learning process.     

Reducing disruptive behaviours and improving learning climates with class-wide positive behaviour support in middle schools

Disruptive behaviours in classrooms pose a significant challenge for learning in schools and are, at the same time, a risk factor for students’ academic achievement and a major source for work-related stress among teachers. Earlier research suggests that clarifying the classroom rules and behavioural expectations, monitoring students’ adherence to them and using behaviour-specific praise are simple and effective practices to reduce disruptive behaviour. Most of the interventions have been developed for elementary schools, although behaviour problems tend to be more common in middle schools. This two-month pilot study using a pre–post design evaluated the effects of a class-wide intervention on learning climate and disruptive behaviour (evaluated by students and teachers); on teacher-experienced stress; and on the time needed to maintain the positive learning climate in middle school. The classes were nominated for the intervention by their teachers on the basis of poor learning climates. The intervention was based on clear behavioural expectations for the students, positive behaviour support and, if needed, rapid actions in response to high rates of disruptive behaviour. The intervention was carried out by teachers, supported by monthly counselling meetings. The results indicated a large reduction in disruptive behaviour, in the time needed to maintain positive learning climate and in strain experienced by teachers while teaching the classes. The intervention was highly accepted by teachers, principals and (although to lesser degree) students. Although the lack of a control group in the design limits conclusions regarding the amount of change attributable to the intervention, the results suggest that an easily applicable and trainable intervention, which requires very little external support, may produce significant improvements in learning climates in middle schools.     

和谐师生关系的构建:基于大学生教师观的视角

师生关系中蕴含着教学价值观,师生关系是教育功能实现的基石。教师如何研究学生,如何从学生的教师观了解学生对教师的角色期待,是构建和谐师生关系的出发点。通过问卷,调查了学生心目中喜欢和不喜欢的教师品质,并以大学生教师观的视角归纳了蕴含其中的教师在构建和谐师生关系中的要点。     

“皮格马利翁效应”在“对抗式”教学法中的价值实现

面对十几年政策性扩招带来的大学生"数量上去""质量下滑"的现状,"对抗式"教学法困境重重。笔者将以皮格马利翁效应在我国的发展现状及"对抗式"教学法的困境为切入点,从当今大学生的思维特征和学习动机出发,从"以教师为主导,建立新型的师生关系"和"以学生为主体,营造良好的学习氛围"两个方面论证"皮格马利翁效应"在"对抗式"教学法中的价值实现。     

用建构主义理论革新教学观

学习并非是学生对教师所授知识的被动接受,而是一个以其已有的知识和经验为基础的主动建构过程,并且建构活动要在一定的社会环境中进行,具有社会性。知识的自我建构是建构主义理论的灵魂,学生是学习的主体和责任人。     

Former teachers’ and pupils’ autobiographical accounts of punishment in Italian rural primary schools during Fascism

Despite the prohibition on punishment in the form of emotional, psychological and physical abuse under the Fascist school regulations, it was common – particularly in Italian rural classrooms – for the purpose of managing and disciplining students. Sticks, ‘chickpeas’ or ‘donkey desks’ represent just a few examples of the methods frequently used by teachers to control unruly pupils. These punishments are often recalled by teachers and students in several published and unpublished discourses. This essay, by viewing such memoirs retrospectively, aims to provide a new understanding of the disciplinary practices carried out during 1920–1940 within Fascist Italian schools located in two different rural areas and to investigate the ways in which teachers and pupils look back on this particular aspect of their past.