Students in Higher Education Governance: The Portuguese case

This article aims at analysing and discussing student participation in Portuguese higher education institutions and, specifically, in university governance. In a first moment, it describes this participation under both the previous (1988–2007) and the new legal frameworks (since 2007). A discussion of the changes introduced by this last framework and the extent to which it has contributed to the erosion of student participation in governance is undertaken. Next, the article deals with the ways students are involved in quality assessment at both its systemic and institutional levels. The case of a specific Portuguese university is used as an example of how this involvement takes place. The article concludes with a discussion on the main features of Portuguese student participation in governance, focusing on its effectiveness and suggesting measures for improvement.

     

以IT治理推动大学信息化建设——以加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校为例

IT治理是当前世界大学信息化体制建设的核心议题。作者考察和分析了美国加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校IT治理改革历程,指出提升大学核心活动价值,以信息化促进大学战略使命实现是信息化发展目标;实现IT管理与IT服务相分离,以对IT项目与预算的决策、监管为主线,构建多群体参与的IT权责框架是IT治理改革的核心;通过IT规划与自我IT治理审查认清问题,在校长直接推动下,以校领导换届为契机,广泛发动校内外多群体推行IT治理改革。实践表明,IT治理改革是校内外相关群体利益的再次分配,是关乎大学文化的一场变革,是推动大学治理改革的切入点。     

大学治理的制度逻辑:融通 “大学之制”与“大学之治”

从大学治理的制度逻辑看,大学制度与治理是相互作用的,制度对于治理体系构建和治理实践起着指导和约束作用,治理实践和治理体系有助于制度的完善。大学制度是在长期的历史过程中形成的,是在治理实践中不断丰富发展完善的,是治理主体与制度实践互动的结果。在治理实践中形成的制度既包括正式制度,也包括非正式规则和习惯等。因此,制度逻辑不是说要去主观建构制度,而是说在制度认知、制度构成、制度运行与制度行为、制度评价的互动中实现大学治理体系和治理能力现代化。在制度完善、治理体系建设和治理能力发展中,人的因素起着关键作用,要充分注重和发挥人的因素特别是治理主体的作用与价值。大学治理的制度逻辑的关键在于通过融通“大学之制”与“大学之治”,使得大学制度通过体制机制建设转化为治理体系,并使得制度优势转化为治理效能,同时在治理实践中,补齐制度短板,完善制度建设,强化制度执行力,从而使制度逐步成熟定型,推动大学治理现代化的实现。     

Governance of higher education - implementation of project governance

This article focuses on coordination between governance actors in higher education. The object of the study is a department at a public university, seen as a multi-project environment. The purpose of this article is to illustrate and analyze project governance as a tool that allows departmental management to coordinate with the authorities, the board and the management at different levels at the university. The importance of project governance as a coordination tool relates to the expected function of project governance to coordinate with governance actors and to project governance implementation, which affects relationships between actors. Another finding of the case study is the importance of accountability both for functionality and for the implementation of project governance, and, by extension, for coordination with governance actors.     

高校教代会中教师代表参与的张力及其限度——以某地方综合性大学为例

教代会是高校教职工参与大学民主管理的重要形式,教代会制度也是现代大学治理制度的重要内容。以地方综合性大学A大学为例,从教代会教师参与的广度、深度和范围3个方面揭示了大学教代会制度中存在的张力,并从冲突理论的视角进行了分析。     

Governing University Strategy: Perceptions and practice of governance and management roles

Intertwined trends of massification, internationalisation and marketisation constitute and drive change in higher education at all levels. Consequences at the institutional level include: increased competition, adoption of corporate management forms, accrual of power to executive management, and greater emphasis on strategy. As Government policy focuses on accountability and a stronger role for university governing bodies, some new interfaces and tensions between governance and management roles have emerged, particularly in relation to strategic direction‐setting and planning. This article reports on results from an empirical, theory‐building study of role construction in university governance, arguing that cultural norms in conjunction with members’ attributions based on social identity are key influences on members’ perceptions of management and governance roles in relation to strategic processes.     

大学校规与依法治校

大学校规在依法治校中具有特殊的地位和作用,但由于相当多的校规内容的本身存在严重的缺陷和问题,导致大学生与学校之间的冲突频频发生,大学校规面临前所未有的挑战。因此,应采取积极的措施改革完善大学校规,努力实现高校学生管理工作的规范化和法治化。     

How Government Policy Is Implemented in the Private University: A Case Study from China

This article is based on original research into institutional governance in private universities. It provides an in-depth qualitative study of how the private university in China has responded in practice to government policies. The analysis focuses on three dimensions: the roles of the university council, the president, and the university constitution. The study adopted two methods of data collection: 31 separate semi-structured interviews with 21 informants as well as extensive documentary analysis. Findings revealed that while external policies provide an impetus for change for each university, how key actors in institutional governance understand these policies has a significant effect on how the policies are implemented. This can result in change that can be viewed as either symbolic alteration or as operational change. This study provides insights from an empirical investigation by way of a case study on private university governance in China, and also a referential perspective on the governance of private universities in general for policy makers, senior managers, and academics.     

中国高校战略成本管理:一个亟待开拓的新领域

战略成本管理是近十年来现代企业管理中刚刚兴起的一种成本管理理论。高校战略成本是指高校组织为了增强或保持办学的竞争优势地位,在学校战略的选择、制定、实施、控制以及评价过程中所发生的有形教育资源或无形教育资源的总和,其内容涵盖很广,几乎全部表现在高校组织价值链的整体成本结构上,是相对高校战术成本或日常教育成本而言的。高校战略成本管理超越了一般的高校教育成本管理和一般的高校战略管理,它是一种新的管理模式,是在一个较长的战略期内对战略成本进行动态管理,也是通过高校年度日常教育成本来实现的,高校年度日常教育成本又是高校战略成本的细化和基础。高校战略成本管理的核心是解决高校发展战略与成本投入不匹配的矛盾及问题,增强高校办学实力和竞争优势。目前,在深化教育领域综合改革,加快推进教育治理体系与治理能力现代化过程中,高校管理急需制度创新、方法创新、观念创新,将企业战略成本管理理论与方法引入高校组织,构建中国高校战略成本管理体系,实施战略成本管理有利于高校的持续健康发展和竞争优势的提升。中国高校战略成本管理的基本方法途径主要包括高校战略成本分析(高校价值链分析、高校战略定位分析、高校战略成本动因分析)、高校成本管理战略的实施、高校战略成本管理的绩效评价、高校战略成本管理保障对策等四个方面。     

论大学治理的理论基础——国际视野中的多学科观点

任何一种大学治理理念和治理结构的形成都是建立在不同的理论基础之上的.根据大学理念理论,大学治理强调大学自治、学术自由和教授治校;根据利益相关者理论,大学治理主张利益相关者共同治理;根据委托代理理论,大学治理重视形成有效的制衡机制;根据管家理论,大学治理应当创设一种授权和参与的环境,最大限度地发挥管理者的潜能.在大学治理实践中,应当汲取各派理论中的合理成分.     

Changes in organising and managing research in universities: Reconstruction or rediscovery

Abstract

The ways in which research production is organised in contemporary universities are different both from the often commonly expressed view of the individual researcher discovering new knowledge working alone, and from the traditional professor‐assistants organisation as the basic research production unit. This article presents ‐ on the basis of an empirical study of social science research organising in four different universities ‐ a number of characteristics of how basic research organisation takes place. The most are described common features of such organisation models described. The factors constructing new more dynamic and integrated models in practice are analysed. And the demands for efficient university governance structures, to ensure the development of basic organisations which can produce short‐ and long‐term high quality and successful research, are discussed.     

从蔡元培北大改革看大学学术权力的制度构建——基于组织新制度主义的视角

蔡元培先生在北大推行的改革,从制度层面正式确立了以教授治校为具体形式的大学学术权力制度,进而开启了中国大学的现代化进程.从此次北大改革实践来看,大学学术权力的制度构建有必要在积极营造良性制度环境的条件下,从确立学者主导、民主管理的规则与规范体系,培植“学术为本”的大学文化—认知,建立独立、权威的学术权力机构,到建构学术主导型的资源配置机制和组织行动逻辑等方面协同行动,需要通过专家型大学校长和学者群体等关键制度性能动者的共同努力来实现学术权力从观念形态向制度实践的升华.     

大学管理文化的反思与创新

在理性主义哲学思潮的影响下,“经济人”和“工作组织”的假设、“效率”和“科学”的管理制度与行为规范、以工作为中心和独断型的管理方式分别成为大学管理文化的本质层、规范层和现象层的映射和反映。大学自治、学术自由、教授治校、民主管理、以人为中心的民主、“无为而治”的大学管理方式则是人本主义的大学管理理念、制度和现象。21世纪的大学管理文化应是以东方人本主义的和谐观念和集体价值观为主流,以“观念人”假设和“生活组织”假设为理论支点,借鉴西方理性主义和人本主义管理文化的合理成分的创新型管理文化。     

从管理走向经营: 建立现代大学制度的必然选择简

制度作为协调相关者权力和利益的规则与体系,要求系统内各利益主体遵循自身发展的本质规律。作为研究高深学问、培养高级人才的学术组织的现代大学,应建立与之相适应的制度。现代大学制度的建立,需要以大学管理体制的改革为突破口,实现从管理走向经营模式的转变,实现大学从被动发展向主动发展的转变。其核心问题是完善大学法人制度、建立大学法人治理结构、建立行之有效的大学运行机制以及改革大学的管理体制。经营理念及模式的提出,为大学管理体制改革的进行提供了新的思路与方法。     

Turning collegial governance on its head: symbolic violence,hegemony and the academic board

This article draws on Bourdieu’s theorisation of domination and Gramsci’s notions of hegemony within the context of a larger empirical study of Australian university academic governance, and of academic boards (also known as academic senates or faculty senates) in particular. Reporting data that suggest a continued but radically altered form of collegial governance in which hegemony is exercised by management rather than by the professor, it theorises the domination of academic boards within western democratic universities. However, traditional collegial governance is also dependent upon a community of scholars, a role historically played by the academic board. In view of the suggested transition in collegial governance and the resultant convergence of academic work and management, the article concludes with questions about whether academic boards can continue to serve as communities of scholars in future.     

大学治理:张力与融合——试论澳大利亚公立大学治理的ABC模式

受到新公共管理浪潮的影响,大学治理与模式的转型被置于"新自由主义"的卵翼之下,其市场价值和社会目标之间的冲突导致治理分支之间的张力。在这种背景下,澳大利亚公立大学在私有领域"共享治理"的基础上,创造性的提出大学治理ABC模式,试图融合学术治理、商业治理和企业治理三大治理结构之间的冲突,完成对大学传统"竖井式"治理模式的超越。     

Towards a micro foundation of leadership,governance, and management in universities

Leadership, governance, and management are frequently conceptualized as conflictory institutional logics. The recent shift to a ‘new managerialism’ in universities, for example, clearly favors business-like leadership and management styles over collegial governance practices. This article provides a micro foundation of leadership, governance, and management in universities based on the underlying communication of strategic issues among governing bodies. Reporting on a longitudinal case study of a comprehensive reorganization of a German university, it illustrates how institutional logics translate into micro patterns of communication. The findings suggest that leadership, governance, and management are not necessarily conflictory but reflect in four complementary micro patterns. Rather than ‘managerialism’ replacing ‘collegialism,’ organizational change unfolds in oscillating sequences of these four micro patterns. The findings furthermore indicate that the strategic issues of research and teaching at the university’s core remain largely autonomous, despite their increasing managerial regulation.     

大学内部治理的学术理性探索

大学治理,理念先行。大学治理理念与大学的精神品质、学术理性价值、治理模式以及治理绩效密切相关。学术自由、大学自治是大学本质的核心属性,从而决定了大学内部治理的学术理性选择。探索实践大学内部治理的学术理性,一是要提升大学内部治理的学术活动,二是要增强大学内部治理的学术效应,三是要塑造大学内部治理的学术环境。     

构筑人类命运共同体:大学治理全球化的中国逻辑

大学治理离不开全球治理的国际政治环境,西方"逆全球化"动向与中国人类命运共同体战略形成价值张力,大学治理模式出现新的可能性。人类命运共同体是中国全球化战略的理论和实践支点,为讨论大学治理全球化提供了思想资源。理论上的大学治理全球化存在统一模式,但不是当前模式的任何一种。中国大学治理模式"强政府"的制度特征和兼容并蓄的文化基因为全球大学治理提供了更多可能性。人类命运共同体是中国大学治理全球化的实践逻辑,为大学治理全球化提供了在组织、国家和全球层面的治理框架:构筑以信任为特征的大学内部治理,构筑以提升大学治理能力为核心的大学外部治理,构筑以人类命运为支点的大学治理全球化。     

综合性大学新办专业的满意度实证研究——以西部某高校为例

以西部一所综合性大学本科生大样本作为研究对象,通过对4个新办专业学生进行问卷调查,从该校新办专业的学生满意度评价描述性和实证研究中,寻找到此类高校新办专业的建设现状、新办专业管理中存在的问题,并从教师队伍建设、实践实训课程建设、教学环节或过程管理、学生就业服务能力培养等方面提出可行的对策建议,以期对该类高校新办专业管理中有所启发。