Access to what? Mission differentiation and academic stratification in U.S. public higher education

Academic policy initiatives have long been apowerful lever for mission differentiationwithin U.S. public higher education. Althoughthe higher education literature has examinedbasic issues in the design of public systems,the tension between access and differentiationhas not been explored. Drawing uponcomparative case studies of public highereducation in Massachusetts and New York, thisarticle examines recent policy initiatives toterminate academic programs, eliminate remedialeducation, and promote honors colleges withineach state system. The analysis depicts howthese policies contribute to increasedstratification of programs and students withina state system as well as within particularcampuses in a system. The authors argue thatpolicy analysis in higher education shoulddevelop a more refined conceptualization ofaccess that examines the cumulative impact ofcontemporary policies on the stratification ofstudent opportunity.     

Converge or not converge: the European Union and higher education policies in the Netherlands,Belgium/Flanders and Germany

This article examines the impact of European integration on higher education policies of the Netherlands, Belgium/Flanders and Germany. The analysis of higher education policies in the three countries is part of a broader project, which focuses on a majority of E.U. member states. The selection of the three countries for this paper is not based on any methodological considerations. The question addressed is if higher education policies of member states are converging, diverging or not changing at all, and whether such developments are a consequence of the policies of the European Union (E.U.) or of other factors (e.g., the globalization of the market or of institutions imitating each other). A preliminary assessment leads to the conclusion that a number of important indications of convergence are present in national policy arrangements in the field of higher education (in particular student mobility and quality assurance, but less in the structure of higher education systems My attention will be focused on the structure of higher education systems, on quality assurance and on student and teacher mobility. These domains appear to cover most relevant issues pertaining to higher education policies in the European Union member states (funding of higher education is sometimes considered as a separate domain, but it can also be regarded as an element of the structure of higher education systems, while it is also related to the issue of quality assurance).). The European Union, however, does not have much legal authority in the policy sector in question. Thus, an explanation for converging national policies may lie elsewhere, in part in the concept of “institutional isomorphism”.     

中美高校教育制度比较三题

知识经济是当今世界经济发展的主题,创新力则是其中最为关键的一环。决定创新力的重要因素在于高等教育制度,而我国的相关政策在激励创新方面效果并不理想。通过对中美学术成果产业化、交叉学科及研究型大学的制度建设进行比照和探讨,在展示了美国高等教育对学生创新能力的激励的同时,指出了我国高等教育在培养学生创新能力方面存在的缺陷,为我国高等教育制度的改革提供一些借鉴。     

Private versus public financing of higher education: U.S. policy in comparative perspective

Funding policies for higher education differ greatly from nation to nation and one of the major debates concerns the private-public mix. Five principal patterns emerge from the following variables: whether the system is comprised of just one sector or dual private-public sectors, the size of each sector (if there are dual sectors), the contribution of private funds to each sector, and the contribution of public funds to each sector. Beyond their defining empirical characteristics, each pattern is based on distinctive historical and normative rationales. Each therefore faces different policy choices within the more general private-public debate, although certain basic value questions commonly arise. Seen in comparative perspective, the United States continues to stand out for its significant dependence on private finance. This is because, compared to other developed nations, the United States still has an exceptionally large private sector with relatively great private finance and because, compared to almost all countries, the U.S. public sector also attracts substantial private income. There is great variation, however, and individual U.S. state systems may find useful counterparts to their empirical realities and policy dilemmas in certain foreign (national) systems.     

美国高等教育后大众化及对我国高等教育发展政策的启示

美国高等教育后大众化与大众化几乎是同步推进的,政府政策导向在其中起到了关键作用。这一特点对于我们重新审视我国高等教育大众化政策,并从美国高等教育后大众化过程中吸取经验,推进我国高等教育向后大众化方向转变具有重要的启示意义。     

中美师范教育比较与思考

本文比较分析了中美师范教育“中央集权”与“地方分权”、“公立”与“私立”、“定向”与“非定向”等办学体制和模式的优点及问题，提出适合中国国情的高等教育化、开放化、终身化、一体化和教师专业化等改革的建议和对策。     

An Examination of Integrated Marketing Communication in U.S. Public Institutions of Higher Education

This research examined the strategic process of integrated marketing communication and its application in U.S. public institutions of higher education. A quantitative survey analyzed 42 leading U.S. public colleges and universities as ranked by U.S. News & World Report. To further examine the findings of the survey, qualitative interviews were conducted with nine of the survey respondents. A four stage integrated marketing communication framework, based on studies of the American Productivity and Quality Center, served as the foundation for the research. The findings revealed the importance of leadership and formal communication mechanisms and demonstrated that integrated marketing communication strengthens branding.     

美国联邦政府的高等教育政策

美国宪法并未赋予联邦政府任何教育责任或义务，但联邦政府对美国高等教育的影响却从未中断过。从19世纪作为赠地大学的赞助者，联邦政府赠予大量国家土地资助高等教育的发展，到20世纪通过发放学生助学金，为大学提供科研经费等高等教育办学资金，通过联邦政府税收政策影响高等教育，国会及政府的各种管理机构制定各种各样的规章制度影响高等教育事业，联邦政府一直活跃地参与到高等教育事务中。支持高等教育的发展，使高等教育为国家的各种目标的实现服务。     

Governing Boards in Public Higher Education Institutions: A perspective from the United States

Governing boards have a long tradition and prominent role in U.S. higher education. The diversity of institutional types, and thus governing boards, represents a multifaceted tapestry of functions, roles, and responsibilities. This paper will attempt to define the parameters of public higher education governing boards in the USA and offer critical insights into their degree of effectiveness. It is the author’s position that both positive and negative lessons can be learned through an examination of these public governing boards in the USA. The recent emergence of university boards in Europe is examined and their characteristics are compared against the characteristics of public and private boards in the USA.     

CHANGING SOURCES AND PATTERNS OF FINANCE FOR HIGHER EDUCATION: A REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL TRENDS

The last decade has seen considerable changes in patterns of financing higher education in both industrialized and developing countries. Financial stringency affecting public budgets, rapid growth in student numbers, and concern for both efficiency and equity have resulted in changes both in systems of financial support for students and mechanisms for funding higher education institutions. This article reviews recent changes in sources and methods of financing higher education in OECD countries, including Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It examines attempts to shift some of the financial burdens, for higher education from public to private sources, through the introduction of tuition fees and student loans, not only in industrialized countries, but also in developing ones in Africa and Asia.     

中国私立高等教育的发展思考——以美日私立高等教育的发展特色为启示

认识和了解美日两国私立高等教育的成功发展，结合中国私立高等教育的背景分析，为推动中国私立高等教育的健康发展提供积极的启示。     

中美高等教育大众化的比较及启示

美、中两国的高等教育大众化之路在进程、资金来源、承担主体和立法上各有特点.作为先行者,美国的高等教育大众化给中国以宝贵的经验与借鉴.本文认为今后我国高等教育的重点是:建立以政府办学为主体的多元化办学体制;优化高等教育层次结构,大力发展专科层次的社区学院;实行多样化的入学途径和方式;建立以政府为主的多元教育投资体制;大力发展现代远程教育.     

Governing Boards in Public Higher Education Institutions: A perspective from the United States

Governing boards have a long tradition and prominent role in U.S. higher education. The diversity of institutional types, and thus governing boards, represents a multifaceted tapestry of functions, roles, and responsibilities. This paper will attempt to define the parameters of public higher education governing boards in the USA and offer critical insights into their degree of effectiveness. It is the author’s position that both positive and negative lessons can be learned through an examination of these public governing boards in the USA. The recent emergence of university boards in Europe is examined and their characteristics are compared against the characteristics of public and private boards in the USA.

     

美国营利性高等学校兴起的动因——对于挑战的回应

美国整个高等教育领域面对诸多的挑战,财政压力、身份定位、效率低下、社会公益和多样化、学术和商业平衡.在这个大环境背景下,分析营利性高等学校对于这些挑战的独特回应,从而理解营利性高等学校兴起的动因和营利性高等学校的重要性.     

Competition and regulation in higher education: a comparison of the Netherlands and the United States

This paper compares and contrasts the higher education systems of the Netherlands and the United States in an effort to highlight issues in the competition vs. regulation debate. Based on these illustrative cases, an array of policy options to inject competitive dynamics into a highly regulated system are presented and evaluated. These include both demand-oriented policies such as price changes and enrollment limits as well as supply-oriented policies such as increased institutional autonomy in generating revenues, more flexible input policies, and incentive-based budgetary reforms. This paper is based on research conducted while the author was a visiting scholar and participant in the project on Higher Education Financing Systems, directed by Professor Jo Ritzen, at the Department of Economics at Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The views expressed in this paper do not necessarily reflect those of anyone other than the author.     

责任与自治:美国公立高校和政府的关系

在美国的公立高等教育系统中 ,州政府对高等教育的效用和责任的需求 ,与高等学校对学术自由和学校自治的需要 ,导致了各种矛盾 ,使双方经常处于紧张关系之中。要平衡高校自治与政府要求履行的责任之间的关系 ,双方都必须遵守一定的原则 ,建立共同合作的伙伴关系。     

美国公立高校高等教育成本分担解析

美国著名教育家和财政专家约翰斯通教授于20世纪80年代提出了著名的高等教育成本分担理论,认为高等教育的成本应由政府、学生及家长、高校和社会捐赠者来分担。近30年来,美国公立高校政府分担的高等教育成本持续下降,学生及家长分担的成本不断上升,这与世界各国高等教育发展规律是一致的。此外,高校与社会捐赠所占美国公立高校教育经费总投入的比重稳中有升,这是世界上多数发展中国家特别是中国所不具备的,足资我们借鉴。     

美国加州高等教育委员会职能探析

作为地方高等教育主管部门,美国加州高等教育管理委员会在对地方高等教育进行战略管理方面发挥着重要的职能,即制定加州高等教育发展规划,为高等教育提供财政支持,具有评估公立高校新专业设置的法定权力,开展高等教育绩效评估并为其提供信息服务。加州高等教育管理委员会职能的制度安排与实践对于我国省级地方政府进行高等教育战略管理具有重要启示意义。     

The higher education system in Malaysia: Metropolitan,cross-national,peripheral or national?

This article initially outlines Clark's overall theoretical formulation of viewing higher education institutions in terms of academic organization governed by elements which are unique to the system and a disciplinary logic. These unique attributes have, according to Clark, a cross-national convergence. The article then goes on to demonstrate through an analysis of the origin, growth and development of a study of the Malaysian higher education system that the overall theoretical formulation of Clark has an inherent weakness, as it under-plays the role national policies and environmental imperatives play in determining national higher educational systems. However, Clark's theoretical framework, barring these limitations, does provide a useful tool to systematically study how higher education systems are organized and governed in different cultural milieux. In spite of their wider environmental constraints, specific higher education systems have evolved and retained certain basic features and elements which are cross-national in character.An earlier version of this article was presented at the Annual Conference of the Comparative and International Education Society, in Houston, Texas in March, 1984.I wish to thank Michael Olivas, Philip Altbach, Gail Kelly, S. Gopinathan, Peter Williams, Vimala Nambiar and Alec Ross for their comments on an earlier version of this article.