Trait anxiety,experience, and the public speaking state responses of Finnish university students

This study focuses on the public speaking state responses among 47 Finnish subjects. Cognitive, behavioral, and physiological components of stale‐responses were investigated in relation to speakers’ trait communication anxiety and amount of previous experience speaking in public. Trait communication anxiety was found to correlate significantly with the cognitive aspect of state response, whereas amount of previous experience was found to be reflected in subjects’ heart rates. Characteristics of the Finnish speech culture and educational system are discussed when interpreting the results.     

The role of videotaped feedback in the instruction of public speaking: A quantitative synthesis of published empirical research

This article summarizes published experimental studies dealing with the use of video taping to provide feedback to students in public speaking courses. Meta‐analytic procedures were used to summarize twelve published studies. Results of the analysis indicate that the use of videotaping to provide feedback to students in public speaking courses results in better content of student speeches, greater acquisition of public speaking skills, better performance on objective tests, and more positive attitudes toward the course in public speaking. In addition to these positive effects, no statistically significant increase in anxiety is experienced by students when video technology is utilized in the classroom to provide feedback to students in public speaking courses.     

Disposition versus situation: Neurocommunlcology and the influence of trait apprehension versus situational factors on state public speaking anxiety

Research indicates that individuals with elevated levels of public speaking anxiety report significantly different mental representations of the public speaking context, when compared to individuals with lower levels of anxiety. To examine the effect of the differences in mental representations, narratives for three public speaking contexts were developed. Results indicated that disposition (i.e., trait apprehension) was a better predictor of state anxiety when giving an impromptu speech. Situational factors (i.e., importance, skills, impression), however, were better predictors of state anxiety when either giving a speech to a 5^th grade class or giving a speech to friends.     

Retest reliabilities of ten scales of public speaking performance

On two different occasions twelve judges rated each of 30 short filmed speeches on each of 10 scales of speaking performance. The retest reliability of each judge on each scale was calculated. Median retest reliability of the twelve judges was highly correlated with years of training and experience in the teaching of speech. There was a tendency for global characteristics to be rated more reliably than specific observable characteristics.     

A study of the characteristics of student raters of public speaking performances

Social psychologists generally have rejected the notion that leadership can be explained by divine inspiration, inherited characteristics, or by a fortuitous combination of personal traits. Some modern theorists have proposed instead a situational theory of leadership, arguing that persons who emerge as leaders do so because their special talents are essential to the group at the moment. The same person, therefore, is unlikely to persist in a position of leadership from one group setting to another unless the conditions are similar.

This study reports an attempt to measure the degree of consistency in leadership status of twenty‐five subjects who were randomly assigned to groups solving problems of a motor, artistic, mathematical, literary, social, and spatial character. At the conclusion of each stage of the experiment, nominations for group leaders were made for a second round of a similar activity. Status scores, based on perceived leadership adequacy, were then compared for the various group tasks, and correlation coefficients determined. On the whole, the results of the study tend to support the view that leadership is dependent upon situational variables, at least two of which seem to be changes in group tasks and membership.     

Body sensations of higher and lower anxiety sensitive speakers anticipating a public presentation

The purpose of this study was to determine if higher and lower anxiety sensitive speakers would exhibit differential levels of four types of body sensations (gastrointestinal, cardiopulmonary, disorientation, and numbness) while anticipating giving a public speech. The participants were eighty‐seven undergraduate students who gave five‐minute informative speeches. The Anxiety Sensitivity Index was used to measure anxiety sensitivity, and the Body Sensations Questionnaire was used to measure body sensations during the anticipatory period. The results showed a significant difference in body sensations between higher and lower anxiety sensitivity speakers for gastrointestinal, cardiopulmonary and numbness sensations. There were no significant differences found for disorientation between higher and lower anxiety sensitive speakers.     

Macaulay as a critic of parliamentary speaking

Macaulay combined historical‐normative and comparative approaches in his critical evaluations of British parliamentary speakers. His criticism, though lacking in subtlety and precision, was based upon wide knowledge and parliamentary experience, and constitutes an important body of criticism to the contemporary student.     

A selected, annotated list of materials that support the development of policies designed to reduce racial and ethnic health disparities.

Research documents the existence of racial and ethnic health disparities. As a result, policy makers are seeking to address these disparities. This list is a starting point for building or updating a collection that supports this policy development process. It is written for health policy librarians and researchers and includes annotated recommendations for books, periodicals, government publications, and Websites. Entries for print publications are primarily from 1998 to 2003.     

Educational videotape: a medium full of promise and riddled with pitfalls

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俄罗斯政府公共政策进入图书馆的两条途径

俄罗斯图书馆作为社会公共信息机构之一，在执行政府公共政策中发挥了重要作用。本文分析了政府公共政策进入图书馆的两条途径，原由以及作用等问题。     

E-government policy and practice: A theoretical and empirical exploration of public e-procurement

The purpose of this paper is to theoretically and empirically explore how public e-procurement policies are translated into practice. The theoretical argument draws on actor network theory (ANT), coupled with Colebatch’s [Colebatch, H. K. (2002). Policy (2nd ed.). Maidenhead, Open University Press.] social construct of policy, to analyze the actors, actions, and circumstances through which understanding of public e-procurement comes to stabilize (or not) into a coherent policy for action. Drawing on three case studies of central government agencies in Italy, Scotland, and Western Australia, we suggest new intellectual perspectives and methodological heuristics that may assist researchers and practitioners analytical efforts in examining sociotechnical change and the implications for policy development and implementation.     

Two approaches to the identification and measurement of public radio audiences: Locating unique subgroups

About children and television: Everyone has something to say and perhaps for good reason     

The effects of e-Government cloud assimilation on public value creation: An empirical study of China

Cloud computing applications have entered the stage of popularization and wide adoption as part of e-Government. Improving the implementation and assimilation of e-Government cloud applications (e-Gov cloud) to create public value has become an important issue. Based on theories of information technology (IT) assimilation, IT value, and organizational ambidexterity, this study develops a model of e-Gov cloud assimilation and explores the individual and joint effects of the depth and breadth dimensions of e-Gov cloud assimilation on public value. The model was tested with partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) using a survey of local government agencies in China. The empirical results show that the two dimensions of e-Gov cloud assimilation - depth and breadth - have significantly positive effects: (1) directly on operational public value and (2) indirectly on strategic public value through operational public value. Moreover, the complementary fit strategy of the depth and breadth of e-Gov cloud has a significantly positive effect on strategic public value, while the balanced fit strategy has no significant effect. These findings contribute to both academic research and practical implications, advancing our understandings of e-Government cloud assimilation on public value creation.     

Outreach to public health professionals: lessons learned from a collaborative Iowa public health project

In 1995, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) and the Public Health Service (PHS) recommended that special attention be given to the information needs of unaffiliated public health professionals. In response, the National Network of Libraries of Medicine (NN/LM) Greater Midwest Region initiated a collaborative outreach program for public health professionals working in rural east and central Iowa. Five public health agencies were provided equipment, training, and support for accessing the Internet. Key factors in the success of this project were: (1) the role of collaborating agencies in the implementation and ongoing success of information access outreach projects; (2) knowledge of the socio-cultural factors that influence the information-seeking habits of project participants (public health professionals); and (3) management of changing or varying technological infrastructures. Working with their funding, personnel from federal, state, and local governments enhanced the information-seeking skills of public health professionals in rural eastern and central Iowa communities.