The Metropolitan Museum of Art as an Adjunct of Factory: Richard F. Bach and the Resolution Between Gilman’s Temple and Dana’s Department Store

Abstract This article examines the metaphors used by museum leaders in the early twentieth century. Richard F. Bach’s metaphor for the Metropolitan Museum of Art as an adjunct of factory is positioned as a philosophical resolution between those of two prominent contemporaries: Benjamin Ives Gilman’s metaphor of the art museum as a temple and John Cotton Dana’s metaphor of the museum as a department store, which are often viewed by historians in a dichotomy of unresolved tension. While examining differences in institutional agendas suggested by these metaphors, this article illuminates the common goal among them: Museums explicitly saw themselves as serving an essential role in American society to refine public taste and the aesthetic sophistication of their audiences. A close analysis of the metaphors reveals three historical models that offered varying visitor experiences for exercising good taste.     

Are we “out of the box” yet? A case study and critique of managerial metaphors of change

A cultural‐critical approach is used to explore dominant and alternative ideologies of change reflected in the metaphors of a retail‐based management staff. The case study reveals the managers as change agents were well versed in the corporate call to “get out of the box, “yet reflected a less transformational vision of change in their own discourse. Traveling metaphors used by the store‐level managers indicated a process orientation to change, but one that severely limited discussion about other possible routes toward the desired end. Suppressed alternative metaphors speaking to the personal losses and frustrations associated with change are exposed and validated in this analysis. Implications for research and practice are discussed.     

Current interest topics discussed in the lyceums, 1832–1837

In the fall of 1974 President Ford consistently employed the metaphor of war to direct public attention to inflation. The metaphor failed to cross because it was not consistent with Ford's political commitments, because it was mis‐managed, and because rival metaphors diminished its potency and integrity.     

The Effects of Metaphor Use and Message Format on Cognitive Processing and Persuasive Outcomes of Condom Promotion Messages

The potential of pictorial and verbal metaphors to gain attention and enhance persuasion is considerable. Few scholars, however, have investigated the persuasive effects of metaphor in health messages. We applied a 2 × 2 factorial experiment to examine the effects of metaphor use (metaphor/literal) and message format (verbal/pictorial) on cognitive processing and persuasive outcomes of condom promotion messages. Results showed no significant differences in cognitive processing according to metaphor or format, but there were differences in attitudes and behavioral intentions according to metaphor and format, with literal and verbal messages performing best. Potential explanations for findings and implications for future research and health message design are discussed.     

科学隐喻推动公众理解科学:以人工智能隐喻为例

科学领域的拓展创新需要构筑联结新旧思维的桥梁,而科学隐喻就是人们借用始源域的相似性来诠释新目标域的迁移载体,可以推动新学科体系概念的创建和推理、提升科学共同体内部沟通以及公众理解科学的效率。本文阐述了科学隐喻的缘起与发展脉络、梳理了其科学创造与传播的功能及支撑这些功能的心理机制,辅之以案例进行论证说明,并对科学隐喻当前的研究和发展做了总结和展望。最后以人工智能作为案例进行深度解析,揭晓该领域基础隐喻和子隐喻在推动公众理解人工智能的关键作用,从而帮助大众真正理解隐喻的认知工具性作用,以及潜移默化中对大众思维和理解科学所产生的深刻影响。通过理论的梳理和案例的实证分析,揭示认知在传播中所起到的重要作用,从而论证隐喻在科学理论中存在的必要性和前瞻性。     

基于隐喻视角的信息可视化系统比较研究

隐喻在信息可视化系统中有着普遍和广泛的应用。从隐喻视角设计出可视化系统的三个特征维：隐喻喻体、隐喻本体和可视化变量,并对1995-2008年出现的13个典型的信息可视化系统从三个维度进行比较分析。认为从可视化技术发展的长远看,仍然会以文本可视化、社会可视化为主。时间隐喻和空间隐喻是可视化隐喻中最常见、最基本的两类。选取合适的源域和喻体表示时间和空间概念,能创造最佳的可视和交互效果。构建隐喻模型能辅助系统设计和实施,也能引导用户在熟悉的认知环境下理解和使用系统。     

Managerial rhetoric as the metaphor for the World Wide Web

–This article explains how metaphors influence how we experience events, and how the Web, viewed through a different metaphor or lens, currently appears a little less valuable as a tool of education or democracy. Although the Web constitutes a new communication milieu, possessing the potential to revolutionize communication in the next millennium, its rhetoric is currently one of consumerism and capitalism–economic not political ideologies pertain. This article conducts a metaphorical analysis of the World Wide Web positing that the Web might be understood best through a managerial metaphor rather than the current spatial/relational metaphor. Using Sproule's 1988 categories of managerial rhetoric, this article critiques contemporary Web practices in an effort to better understand the Web and its communicative potential.     

Metaphors for learning: A cognitive exercise for students

The challenge of teaching first-year students basic library skills is to make the process interesting and relevant. In this collaborative project between professor and librarian, metaphors in everyday life were used as a springboard for library research. Through the metaphor project, Honors students learned how to approach a topic, break down its parts, brainstorm searchable words, and make assumptions about ways to research. Most importantly, they learned to evaluate the results of their research to ensure that, in the materials located, they had actually found a real life application of their metaphor.     

Stamm,Sound Business: Newspapers,Radio, and The Politics of New Media

The competition and conflict existing between newspapers and radio is one of the organizing images of Pre‐World War II journalism in America. Although there was some animosity, competition and conflict between these media, this study argues that the metaphor of “war”; overstates and distorts the early as well as on‐going approach the managers of these media took toward each other. Examination of the minutes, proceedings, and publications of the American Society of Newspaper Editors, as well as secondary sources, indicates that editors followed a much more consensual and cooperative model, rather than one characterized by conflict Rather than being adversarial, the documents of ASNE indicate that the editors were trying to achieve shared economic objectives with the competitive medium of radio.     

Thinking About Reference Service Paradigms and Metaphors

Abstract

A critical but overlooked aspect of reference service is thinking about paradigms and metaphors. These are subconscious imageries that define how we think about our work-and how our clients think about us. Limitations of the current paradigms affecting reference services are: (1) social-class assumptions about the nature of the library and its clientele; (2) classification systems based on obsolete ideas that subject categories are mutually exclusive; (3) the fortress metaphor implied in physical organization; and (4) failure to capture statistical data that measure contemporary aspects of user service.

New ways of thinking about reference service with new paradigms and metaphors are suggested. Critical elements in a new paradigm are: (1) envisioning the library as portal, both for on-line and in-library service; (2) accepting the fact that knowledge is an open system, not conducive to our closed-system classification systems; (3) breaching our metaphorical fortress to provide more personal reference service; and (4) updating our statistical measures to match quantitative measures with actual quality of service.     

Management view,power use,and affinity‐seeking: Effects on college student employee identification

This study investigated the effects of management view, power use, and affinity‐seeking on employee organizational identification in organizations that hire part‐time college students. Most managers were identified as manifesting a Theory Y view of management. Manager coercive and expert power were significantly related to employee organizational identification. Results indicated that manager view and affinity‐seeking were significantly related to employee organizational identification. Significant differences in affinity‐seeking and in employee organizational identification were found for Theory X and Theory Y managers.     

John Morley and the Irish question: Chart‐prayer‐dream

Attempts to circumscribe “the Burkean method” of rhetorical criticism can be frustrating. Critics more profitably might use Burke as an example and a prod, appropriating—as was done in this study—whichever of Burke's concepts, methods, and metaphors seem applicable to a given rhetorical event. Burke's “chart‐prayer‐dream” trilogy, together with his understanding of “strategies,” was employed to examine Morley's “Home Rule” speech before the Oxford Union in 1888. Morley's reply to Randolph Churchill abandoned propositional argument in favor of reviv‐alistic‐exhortation early in the speech; his strategies of form, argument, labelling, style, and mimesis are best understood as those of the High Priest seeking a confessional and an act of expiation from his auditors.     

The Good Working Mother: Managerial Women’s Sensemaking and Feelings About Work–Family Issues

We use a sensemaking lens to explore how women managers experience and articulate work–life concerns upon their return to paid work following maternity leaves. We focus on 11 women who held different types of managerial positions, including vice presidents, circulation managers, and human resources experts. We found that our participants re‐framed the good mother image into a good working mother role that fit their lifestyles and interests. To accomplish this reframing, participants engaged in three thematic processes supportive of the good working mother image: (a) good working mothers arrange quality child care; (b) good working mothers are (un)equal partners; and (c) good working mothers feel pleasure in their working mother role. These themes and image were both ironic and fragile constructions of working motherhood. Because these themes and images enable participants to make sense of and establish the worth of working motherhood to family members, friends, acquaintances, organizational members, and community members, they provide a reason why middle‐ or upper‐class working and stay‐at‐home mothers may be in conflict about work and family choices.     

Mentoring GenX for Leadership in the Public Library

SUMMARY

Mentoring relationships have typically reflected the hierarchical world of which they were a part. Now the metaphor of the web, with its connections and decentralization of power, has blurred the lines between managers and workers. Mentorship within a web-like structure of connections can help to ensure that the public library evolves and thrives in a world that is flatter, looser, and fond of multi-tasking.     

互联网产品中隐喻表达的设计研究

利用规范分析的方法,把互联网产品中的隐喻分为操作型隐喻和展示型隐喻两种。融合视觉设计、文学修辞等领域的经典方法,归纳出5种具体的隐喻设计方法。提出互联网隐喻设计过程要经过本体分析、喻体设计两个阶段,其中喻体设计包括积累喻体(产生)、甄选喻体(评估)和再创造喻体(开发)三个步骤。最后利用一个实例说明如何使用这些方法和步骤来完成一个隐喻作品的设计。     

Political advertising in Taiwan and the US: Across‐cultural comparison of the 1996 presidential election campaigns

This study applies Hall's (1977) culture‐context theory and Hofstede's (1991) individualistic/collectivistic aspects of cultural differences to understand how content and appeals of political advertising in Taiwan and the US differ. The aspects examined included the presence of direct and indirect attacks, the presentation of issues, types of settings, and the use of metaphors, symbols, and songs. Analyses showed that most of the findings were consistent with cultural expectations.     

The scholar's journey; transforming the maze into the labyrinth

By exploring the labyrinth as a metaphor for a student's shift from information consumer to knowledge creator, an approach to library design emerges in which the whole library facilitates that transformative journey. Approaching this idea from multiple perspectives, the author joins ideas from education, architecture, environmental psychology, and retail shopping to build a case for the use of the labyrinth as a metaphor for both the student's learning journey and library design, and offers the beginnings of how such a library might work.     

天堂抑或墓地——图书馆隐喻随感

隐喻既是修辞手段也是认识方式,甚至还是创意思维。有关图书馆的隐喻很多,有赞誉性的正隐喻,也有诋毁性的负隐喻。无论图书馆在隐喻中作"本体"或"喻体",其积极作用都是不可忽略的。好的隐喻,体现出了思想技师们高超的想象力与审美境界。数不清的图书馆隐喻就是丰姿多彩的人生万花筒。