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科学发现中的内在机制一直是吸引科学哲学家的一个重要的领域,许多的科学哲学家对此寄予了极大的关注,无论是早期的哲学家休谟、波普尔、还是近代的西蒙、纽厄尔等人都着迷于科学发现的领域。从S-Q—S模型的提出到问题求解的启发式模型的提出,在科学发现的领域中引导人们逐渐步入了认识科学发现的殿堂。 相似文献
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作为数学教育任务的数学解题 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
作为数学教育任务的数学解题与数学家的解题既有联系又有区别.它触及数学教育的3个基本矛盾,需要回答两个基本问题:怎样解题?怎样学会解题?解题理论建设成为一个独立分支有3个标志.解题研究已初步积累有题、解题、解题过程、解题程序、解题力量、解题方法、解题策略、数学问题解决的基本框架等成果.学会解题需要经历4个阶段:简单模仿、变式练习、自发领悟和自觉分析. 相似文献
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张侨平 《课程.教材.教法》2018,(1):97-102
学生在解决常规的数学题时,常常会运用各种数学技巧,得到教师期望的解答。然而,这并非数学问题解决真正的目的所在。借助数学活动题,可以帮助学生在探索尝试中寻找规律,在思维障碍中动用数学知识和技巧,也能令问题解决由一般性的策略转向数学的问题解决策略,达到多种方法的汇通。数学活动题对于进行问题解决的教学和培养学生问题解决能力也有不少启示。 相似文献
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The relationships between heuristic literacy development and mathematical achievements of middle school students were explored
during a 5-month classroom experiment in two 8th grade classes (N = 37). By heuristic literacy we refer to an individual’s capacity to use heuristic vocabulary in problem-solving discourse
and to approach scholastic mathematical problems by using a variety of heuristics. During the experiment the heuristic constituent
of curriculum-determined topics in algebra and geometry was gradually revealed and promoted by means of incorporating heuristic
vocabulary in classroom discourse and seizing opportunities to use the same heuristics in different mathematical contexts.
Students’ heuristic literacy development was indicated by means of individual thinking-aloud interviews and their mathematical
achievements – by means of the Scholastic Aptitude Test. We found that heuristic literacy development and changes in mathematical
achievements are correlated yet distributed unequally among the students. In particular, the same students, who progressed
with respect to SAT scores, progressed also with respect to their heuristic literacy. Those students, who were weaker with
respect to SAT scores at the beginning of the intervention, demonstrated more significant progress regarding both measures. 相似文献
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梁晶 《沈阳教育学院学报》2002,4(3):123-124
将“问题解决”(problem solving)这一新的教育理念,引入到生物学课堂中,对其可行性进行初步探讨,优化生物学教学,培养学生分析问题,解决问题的能力。 相似文献
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一次小学数学"情境-问题"毕业测查引发的思考 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
在小学数学教学中实施“数学情境-提出问题”教学其突破口之一是教学评价的改革,“提出和解决生活中的数学问题”这一新形式的命题,要求学生根据卷面提供的数学情境,提出和解决若干数学问题,重视对学生运用所学知识和技能,分析,解决问题能力的考察,对促进学生发展具有极其重要的意义。 相似文献
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数学学习困难及其心理分析 总被引:8,自引:2,他引:8
数学学习困难是学校教育中普遍存在的现象。本文在阐述数学学习困难的概念及其相关研究的基础上 ,从学习动机、问题表征能力、解题策略以及元认知技能等方面分析了学生数学困难形成的原因 ,为学校进行补偿教育提供理论依据。 相似文献
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马晓丹 《天津市教科院学报》2021,(1):75-82
在过去的70年里,问题解决一直是我国数学教育领域的研究热点,其成果不仅影响着学生高层次思维的发展,还促进了积极的学习态度。基于问题解决的数学教育研究历程可分为三个阶段:初兴阶段、发展阶段和深化阶段。问题解决在不同阶段的名称反映了不同时期的价值追求。认知结构研究的抽象化、过程模型研究的多元化、策略研究的高度概括以及元认知研究的外显是数学问题解决研究的趋势。展望未来,关注同一情境中的不同结构、同一结构在不同情境间的迁移,为知识、技能向问题解决能力的转化匹配学习条件,加强数学问题解决的表现性评价研究是今后的研究方向。 相似文献
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数学解题的有意义学习 总被引:17,自引:5,他引:17
解决数学问题的学习是寻求解决数学问题方法的一种心理活动,是一种高级形式的学习活动,数学解题学习是有意义发现学习的数学解题认识观,数学的解题认知结构由解题知识结构,思维结构和解题元认知结构组成,“理解题意和解题回顾”是数学解题有意义学习的最重要环节。 相似文献
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Goals and plans organize much of complex problem solving behavior and are often inferable from action sequences. This paper addresses the strengths and limitations of inferring goals and plans from information that can be derived from computer traces of software used to solve mathematics problems. We examined mathematics problem solving activity about distance, rate, time relationships in a computer software environment designed to support understanding of functional relationships among these variables (e.g., distance =rate × time; time=distance/rate) using graphical representations of the results of simulations. Ten adolescent-aged students used the software to solve two distance, rate, time problems, and provided think-aloud protocols. To determine the inferability of understanding from the action traces, coders analyzed students' understanding from the computer traces alone (Trace-only raters) and compared these to analyses based on the traces plus the verbal protocols (Traceplus raters). Inferability of understanding from the action traces was related to level of student understanding how they used the graphing tool. When students had a good understanding of distance, rate, time relationships, it could be accurately inferred from the computer traces if they used the simulation tool in conjunction with the graphing tool. When students had a weak understanding, the verbal protocols were necessary to make accurate inferences about what was and was not understood. The computer trace also failed to capture dynamic exploration of the visual environment so students who relied on the graphing tool were inaccurately characterized by the Trace-only coders. Discussion concerns types of scaffolds that would be helpful learning environment for complex problems, the kind of information that is needed to adequately track student understanding in this content domain, and instructional models for integrating learning environments like these into classrooms.Members of the Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt who have contributed to this project are (in alphabetical order) Helen Bateman, John Bransford, Thaddeus Crews, Allison Moore, Mitchell Nathan, and Stephen Owens. The research was supported, in part, by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF-MDR-9252990) but no official endorsement of the ideas expressed herein should be inferred. 相似文献
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培养学生解决问题 ,尤其是创造性地解决问题的能力是当前中小学数学教育的一个重要目标 ,但目前在解决问题的教学上还远远未取得它应该取得的效果。为此 ,本文试图从方法论的角度对解决问题的教学加以探讨 ,以寻求建立一个促进学生主动参与、探索式地解决问题的教学环境。 相似文献
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In two experiments, differential performance onchemistry problems was obtained for twotraining strategies: text editing andconventional problem solving. Text editingrequires students to scan the text of problemstatements and specify whether it providessufficient, missing or irrelevant informationfor solution. It was hypothesized that textediting, which emphasizes gaining familiaritywith schematic knowledge, would lead to higherachievement than conventional problem solving.Experiment one indicated that text editing wassuperior to conventional problem solving inlearning to solve molarity and dilutionproblems. In particular, students who weretrained in text editing skipped someintermediate steps while solving molarityproblems. In contrast, using stoichiometryproblems, experiment two showed that students whowere trained in text editing performed worsethan students given conventional problems tosolve. An error analysis suggested that becauseof its failure to direct students' attention tothe coherent problem structure in the firstinstance, text editing has no advantage overconventional problem solving in the domain ofstoichiometry problems. It was concluded thatthe suitability of a text editing trainingstrategy depends on the learning materials. 相似文献
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问题表征与学科问题解决的研究现状及启示 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
问题表征的过程是将外部刺激转化成内部的心理符号,从而有助于问题解决。学科问题表征体现出明显的层次性和动态性。目前,学科问题解决主要关注问题表征的影响因素、问题表征的方式与策略的关系以及表征的发展性研究等几方面。在教学中,要重视专门知识的作用,启发学生运用多样化的表征方式以促进学生对问题的理解与解决。 相似文献
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问题表征是问题在学习者头脑中的呈现方式.数学问题解决的前提条件是学习者能够对数学问题进行准确的表征.准确表征的外在表现即学习者在对数学问题的本质进行深入挖掘的基础上,能正确把握信息、深度提炼信息、用不同的方式整合并提取信息,以确定解决问题可能用到的方法.在课堂教学中注重对学习者数学问题表征能力的培养是完善和发展学生认知... 相似文献
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The paper presents empirical evidence for imitativeproblem solving and the Interpretation Theorydescribed in Robertson and Kahney (1996). According tothe theory beginners use imitation as their primary problem solving method when learning about an unfamiliar domain. Imitative problem solving can explain much of the evidence that analogical transfereven within a domain is often hard to find. The paperpresents an analysis of algebra word problems topredict in detail exactly where solvers will havedifficulty in using a worked out example to solveeither a close or distant variant of the problem type.In a 2 × between-groups design, secondary schoolstudents were given an explanation of an algebra wordproblem taken from Reed et al. (1985)or an explanation of the problem that also includedinformation about how the solution could be adapted tosolve a distant variant. They were then given eithera close or distant variant to solve. Results were inline with the predictions derived from theInterpretation Theory analysis. 相似文献
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问题性教学是解决传统教学观念占据统治地位与任职教育教学实践需求之间矛盾的最适宜的教学方式。本文剖析了问题性教学的理论基础,分析了影响问题性教学实施的主要因素,提出了构建任职教育院校开展问题性教学的思路。 相似文献