人工智能视野下的问题求解模式

科学发现中的内在机制一直是吸引科学哲学家的一个重要的领域,许多的科学哲学家对此寄予了极大的关注,无论是早期的哲学家休谟、波普尔、还是近代的西蒙、纽厄尔等人都着迷于科学发现的领域。从S-Q—S模型的提出到问题求解的启发式模型的提出,在科学发现的领域中引导人们逐渐步入了认识科学发现的殿堂。     

问题表征的支持系统设计

正确的问题表征也就意味着寻找到了正确的解决路径,因此外部表征对问题解决来说是特别重要的。帮助学习者能更清晰准确地识别表征问题,也就更好地支持了学习者的问题解决。文章从问题表征的心理学研究入手,分析了问题表征的信息来源和支持策略,并在此基础上设计了结合支持式表征和自主式表征两种支持模式的问题表征支持系统。     

Heuristic literacy development and its relation to mathematical achievements of middle school students

The relationships between heuristic literacy development and mathematical achievements of middle school students were explored during a 5-month classroom experiment in two 8th grade classes (N = 37). By heuristic literacy we refer to an individual’s capacity to use heuristic vocabulary in problem-solving discourse and to approach scholastic mathematical problems by using a variety of heuristics. During the experiment the heuristic constituent of curriculum-determined topics in algebra and geometry was gradually revealed and promoted by means of incorporating heuristic vocabulary in classroom discourse and seizing opportunities to use the same heuristics in different mathematical contexts. Students’ heuristic literacy development was indicated by means of individual thinking-aloud interviews and their mathematical achievements – by means of the Scholastic Aptitude Test. We found that heuristic literacy development and changes in mathematical achievements are correlated yet distributed unequally among the students. In particular, the same students, who progressed with respect to SAT scores, progressed also with respect to their heuristic literacy. Those students, who were weaker with respect to SAT scores at the beginning of the intervention, demonstrated more significant progress regarding both measures.     

浅谈中学数学解题转化思路

数学解题中的许多问题是通过转化而使问题得到解决的 .本文拟就从恒等变形转化、引进参数转化两方面来阐述转化思想的解题方法     

引入EXCEL编程的矩阵位移法教学探讨

用EXCEL实施结构力学矩阵位移法,所有步骤和计算结果均以常见表格方式清晰展示,核对各步骤数据简单方便,便于学生查找计算错误、理顺解题思路、巩固力学概念和原理、熟悉数据处理软件解决问题的思维、提高利用计算机软件编程解决实际问题的能力。     

可满足性问题的填充函数算法

可满足性问题是第一个被证明为NP-complete问题.首先给出两个解之间距离的概念,其次构造出一类单参数填充函数,该函数形式简洁,便于计算.然后,针对可满足性问题提出了一类填充函数算法,实验表明该算法是有效的.     

创设适宜创造力训练的物理问题情境

在界定创造性问题内涵的基础上 ,提出适宜“问题解决”模式应用的问题标准 ,列举了几种有代表性的物理问题类型 ,并阐述了设计创造性物理问题的基本理念     

正交缺陷分类的缺陷属性在缺陷管理中的应用

基于IBM研究中心提出的正交缺陷分类属性设计缺陷数据表格，并给出缺陷处理具体流程．     

从“猜测和检验”看中美中学数学教育观之差异

猜测和检验是美国数学教科书中采用的一种问题解决策略,具有重要的数学教育价值,而我国数学教科书中使用这种策略进行问题解决的教学内容很少,由此看出中美教学教育观的差异,美国猜测和检验的问题解决策略值得我国数学教育借鉴。     

Imitative problem solving: Why transfer of learning often fails to occur

The paper presents empirical evidence for imitativeproblem solving and the Interpretation Theorydescribed in Robertson and Kahney (1996). According tothe theory beginners use imitation as their primary problem solving method when learning about an unfamiliar domain. Imitative problem solving can explain much of the evidence that analogical transfereven within a domain is often hard to find. The paperpresents an analysis of algebra word problems topredict in detail exactly where solvers will havedifficulty in using a worked out example to solveeither a close or distant variant of the problem type.In a 2 × between-groups design, secondary schoolstudents were given an explanation of an algebra wordproblem taken from Reed et al. (1985)or an explanation of the problem that also includedinformation about how the solution could be adapted tosolve a distant variant. They were then given eithera close or distant variant to solve. Results were inline with the predictions derived from theInterpretation Theory analysis.     

Focus on the Representation of Problem Types in Intended Curriculum: A Comparison of Selected Mathematics Textbooks from Mainland China and the United States

This study compared how selected mathematics textbooks from Mainland China and the United States at the lower secondary grade level represent various types of problems for classroom teaching and learning. The examination of problems was carried out based on the classifications of problem types established in the study, including routine problems versus non-routine problems, open-ended problems versus close-ended problems, traditional problems versus non-traditional problems, and application problems versus non-application problems, among others. Both the similarities and differences in the representation of problems in the selected textbooks were analyzed. The results were used to explore the possible influences of those textbooks on students’ different performances in mathematics, as revealed in cross-national comparisons. Discussions about how to improve the representation of problems in mathematics textbooks were provided at the end of the study.     

Strategic transfer: A tool for academic problem solving

Within the context of classroom learning, strategic transfer can be viewed as a tool for academic problem solving. Strategic transfer is defined as the spontaneous access and retrieval (remembering) of previously learned formal procedures for the successful solution of a problem. The transfer-appropriate processing encoding model (Morris, Bransford, and Franks, 1977), and the transfer-appropriate procedures retrieval model (Roediger, Weldon, and Challis, 1989) are reviewed. An integration of the two models is proposed through the development of a training-for-transfer paradigm (Phye, 1990). By integrating encoding and retrieval processing in a single transfer paradigm the issue of accessing prior knowledge (Bransford, 1990) that is also referred to as the inert knowledge problem (Whitehead, 1929) can directly be addressed.     

增加样例有效性促进问题解决的研究综述

样例在数学、物理等学科领域有着广泛的应用,当前对样例学习的研究更多地集中在增强样例的有效性促进问题解决上。从精心设计样例的形式、提供系列样例两方面介绍国外在增加样例有效性方面的研究。     

中加数学教育的比较及启示

对中国与加拿大教材的编写思路，课堂教学设计思想以及对学生的评价方法进行了对比。通过对比提出，我国课程标准水平较高，课程的系统性完备，如能吸收国外一些有利于培养学生创新意识与实践能力的做法，会把数学教学改革推进一步。     

常用嵌入式高级编程语言比较

嵌入式系统开发过程中使用的语言种类很多 ,但仅有少数几种语言得到了比较广泛的应用。论文选择了Java、Ada、C/C + +、Modula -2作为讨论对象 ,对它们的发展过程、趋势和技术性能特点进行了比较。     

Tutor-student interaction in undergraduate chemistry: a case of learning to make relevant distinctions of molecular structures for determining oxidation states of atoms

ABSTRACT

In this study, we explore the issues and challenges involved in supporting students’ learning to discern relevant and critical aspects of determining oxidation states of atoms in complex molecules. We present a detailed case of an interaction between three students and a tutor during a problem-solving class, using the analytical tool of practical epistemology analysis (PEA). The results show that the ability to make relevant distinctions between the different parts of a molecule for solving the problem, even with the guidance of the tutor, seemed to be challenging for students. These shifts were connected to both purposes that were specific for solving the problem at hand, and additional purposes for general learning of the subject matter, in this case how to assign oxidation states in molecules. The students sometimes could not follow the additional purposes introduced by the tutor, which made the related distinctions more confusing. Our results indicate that in order to provide adequate support and guidance for students the tutor needs to consider how to sequence, move between, and productively connect the different purposes introduced in a tutor-student interaction. One way of doing that is by first pursuing the purposes for solving the problem and then successively introduce additional, more general purposes for developing students’ learning of the subject matter studied. Further recommendations drawn from this study are discussed as well.     

如何讲解计算机程序设计中的排序问题

排序是计算机程序设计中的一个重要内容。本文通过作者教学中的三个具体实例,详细介绍了如何讲解计算机程序设计中的排序问题。     

探讨高考中涉及二项式定理的试题的解法

针对高考涉及二项式定理的试题题型介绍了四种解题方法.     

自组织表征理论:一种物理问题解决的新理论

依据协同学理论,提出了问题解决的自组织表征理论,采用原始物理问题测验工具,研究了中学生解决原始问题的表征情况,发现得分直方图呈现双峰分布与双峰分布转移现象,通过协同学的唯象分析给出了理论解释。     

问题图式在物理问题解决教学中的应用

依据认知心理学研究中提出的问题图式及构成要素,阐述物理问题解决教学的目标、教学方案,并通过具体的教学实例呈现教学方案的实施。