The Link Between Middle School Mathematics Course Placement and Achievement

The proportion of eighth graders in United States public schools enrolled in algebra or a more advanced mathematics course doubled between 1990 and 2011. This article uses Early Childhood Longitudinal Study's Kindergarten Cohort data to consider the selection process into advanced middle school mathematics courses and estimate the effects of advanced courses on students’ mathematics achievement (n = 6,425; mean age at eighth grade = 13.7). Eighth‐grade algebra and geometry course placements are academically selective, but considerable between‐school variation exists in students’ odds of taking these advanced courses. While analyses indicate that advanced middle school mathematics courses boost student achievement, these effects are most pronounced in content areas closely related to class content and may be contingent on student academic readiness.     

Comprehensive School Reform in Middle Schools: The Effects of Different Ways of Knowing on Student Achievement in a Large Urban District

Comprehensive school reform (CSR), a federally funded program, is designed to raise student achievement via the implementation of whole school reforms. Unfortunately, although close to 400 CSR models have been adopted by schools nationally, there is relatively limited empirical evidence from rigorous research studies regarding the effectiveness of CSR in general or of specific models in particular. Of additional importance is the extent to which CSR models can demonstrate positive effects over time. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects on student achievement and attendance, in an urban school district in Kentucky, of the Year 3 implementation of the Different Ways of Knowing (DWoK) for the Middle Grades model. Results indicated that achievement results on both the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills and Kentucky Core Content Test were significantly superior for the DWoK schools relative to matched control schools; no positive impacts on student attendance occurred for Year 3. The implications of the study lies in revealing that learner-centered CSR models that integrate the arts with the core curriculum can produce observable achievement gains in both normed- and criterion-referenced tests.     

初一学生数学学业自尊、成就目标和成绩的相关性研究

研究初一学生数学学业自尊、成就目标和数学学习成绩关系。采用数学学业自尊量表和成就目标量表,调查成都和平学校268名初一学生数学学业自尊、成就目标。使男女生数学成绩无显著性差异;男生数学学业自尊显著高于女生;男生掌握趋近目标高于女生;女生成绩回避目标高于男生。数学掌握趋近目标、成绩趋近目标以及数学自尊和数学成绩呈正相关;掌握回避目标与数学自尊、掌握趋近以及数学成绩呈负相关。成绩回避和成绩趋近是影响数数学学业自尊和数学学习成绩主要因素。本研究对于促进初一学生数学学业自尊和学习成绩的教育实践具有理论指导意义。     

中学生学习压力、成就目标与学业成绩的关系研究

运用问卷对686名中学生进行调查，探索学习压力、成就目标与学业成绩的关系。结果发现：对于掌握目标组，掌握目标对学业成绩起正向直接作用，学习压力起负向直接作用，成绩目标通过学习压力对学业成绩起负向间接作用。对于成绩目标组，成绩目标通过学习压力对学业成绩存在间接消极作用，掌握目标通过学习压力对学业成绩存在间接积极作用。     

初中生认知灵活性与学习风格的关系及其对学业成绩的影响

采用《认知灵活性问卷》和《所罗门学习风格自测问卷》对273名初中生进行调查,考察认知灵活性、学习风格对学业成绩的影响,结果表明：（1）认知灵活性与学习风格关系密切,认知灵活性高的学生偏爱直觉型、沉思型的学习风格;（2）认知灵活性与语文、数学及各学科总成绩均呈显著正相关,并对语文、数学及各学科总成绩均具有显著的正向预测作用;（3）学习风格各维度中,信息输入对数学及各学科总成绩具有显著的正向预测作用,信息感知对数学成绩具有显著的正向预测作用。     

补习与中学生英语学业成绩的相关性研究

基于文献综述和问卷调查,本文就补习对中学生英语学业成绩的相关性进行了探讨。结果表明,补习与英语学业成绩的提高并没有必然关联,真正与学业成绩相关的因素是学习者可控因素——英语学习信念：高低分组在学习焦虑、信心、兴趣和态度方面表现出显著差异,高分组学生比低分组学生更积极。研究表明,对英语补习应持理性判断,更应谨慎行事。     

The Relationship Between School Composition,School Process and Mathematics Achievement in Secondary Education in Argentina

Using data from the 1998 High School National Census from the Ministry of Education and Culture of Argentina, the present study examines relationships between school composition, some characteristics of schooling (such as institutional culture and climate), and students’ achievement in Mathematics in the last year of high school. The study applies multilevel linear modeling on the levels of student, school and state. It finds a close relationship between achievement in Mathematics and the variables of school composition and schooling processes. It shows that when both variables act together, the effect of all other variables significantly decreases. The variables of schooling processes, however, even when diminished in influence, nonetheless notably continue to affect students’ achievements. The study also identifes a reference model for future studies evaluating other institutional factors of learning.     

The Relationship Between School Composition, School Process and Mathematics Achievement in Secondary Education in Argentina

Using data from the 1998 High School National Census from the Ministry of Education and Culture of Argentina, the present study examines relationships between school composition, some characteristics of schooling (such as institutional culture and climate), and students’ achievement in Mathematics in the last year of high school. The study applies multilevel linear modeling on the levels of student, school and state. It finds a close relationship between achievement in Mathematics and the variables of school composition and schooling processes. It shows that when both variables act together, the effect of all other variables significantly decreases. The variables of schooling processes, however, even when diminished in influence, nonetheless notably continue to affect students’ achievements. The study also identifes a reference model for future studies evaluating other institutional factors of learning.     

Students' Perception of School Violence and Math Achievement in Middle Schools of Southern Italy

This study aims at both investigating bullying episodes occurring at school across different grades (from 6 to 8) and evaluating whether educational achievement in math can be predicted on the ground of students' perception of school violence. The sample was composed of 11,064 students coming from middle schools of Southern Italy. Standardized tests were submitted to measure students' performance in mathematics. Background questionnaires were used to assess students' perception of school violence in relation to some bullying episodes occurring in the last month. Students' perception of school violence, which tends to decrease from Grade 6 to 8, can be considered a valid predictor of their math performance, also controlling for both individual and family background, school context, and geographical characteristics.     

浅谈初中英语语言与文化的关系

语言是文化的一部分，本文着重阐述英语与其社会文化之间的互相影响、互相作用；理解语言必须了解文化。理解文化必须了解语言。     

Roscoe Elementary School: Cultivating a Caring Community in an Urban Elementary School

The cultivation of a caring community within an urban neighborhood public elementary school is viewed by some educators as an impossibility, by others as being in conflict with academic effectiveness, and by still others as unnecessary for the successful achievement of students. Nevertheless, a significant group of educators advocates schools as caring communities, particularly in meeting the needs of low-income urban students of color. The research reported in this article is grounded in the assumption that there is a relationship between school culture and student achievement. An ethnographic case study of one urban public elementary school that exhibited both a strong caring community and a push toward academic excellence resulted in an analysis of the underlying characteristics that existed in the school. The findings suggest that a climate of mutual trust and respect, fluid boundaries centered around an ethic of caring, and a schoolwide sense of ownership and responsibility for students were central to the cultivation of the school' s caring community. Adapted school structures also fostered an ethos of community and ownership. In addition, the school expanded the definition of effectiveness beyond standardized test scores by focusing broadly on student learning, the link between the success of the individual and the success of the group, and the role of affect in promoting student achievement.     

The Influences of Family,Peers, School and Media in Children’sProsocial Behaviors

Children's skills of social interaction is a significant index of their following psychological development. Prosocial behaviors which influenced by many factors are fundamental representatives of social interaction. Present essay illustrates an indepth review of literature concerning the impacts of family,peers, school and media in Children's prosocial behaviors and also indicates the limitations of each research.     

Relationship Between Educational Resources and School Achievement: A Mixed Method Intra-District Analysis

This study examines the relationship between educational resources (fiscal, personnel and facilities) and school achievement within a large urban/suburban elementary school district. A sequential mixed methods approach reveals inequitable resource allocation trends and patterns between schools within a school district by producing different student outcomes. The educational resources positively correlated to higher school achievement are: higher teacher salaries, newer schools, more multi-purpose space per pupil and less portable classrooms. Without question, White students receive more of these resources than Latino students, low-income students and English Language learners. This study also conducts a multiple comparative case study analysis comparing between Title I and non-Title I schools, within Title I schools and within non-Title I schools. The study contains policy and practice implications to improve opportunity and school achievement in urban/suburban school districts.     

文艺繁荣与城市文化之关系

人类文明史上每一次艺术的黄金时代,都有一个城市作为背景与支撑,城市作为一种文化现象与艺术活动之间有内在的必然联系,并且对于艺术的繁荣来说起到了基础性的作用.这种作用首先是因为城市的功能内在地包含着对艺术活动的需要,为艺术活动提供了制度上的保证,而城市的文化特性为艺术活动的繁荣提供了对艺术的需要和投入,城市庇护着艺术活动,艺术的象征性、表现性与膜拜价值使得它成为了城市政治与宗教生活的不可缺少的部分.同时,城市人的生活只有在艺术活动中才得以维系下去并不断发展,艺术活动是城市这种特殊的生活形态的必要组成部分.城市的繁荣是文艺繁荣的基础,文艺繁荣是城市繁荣与发展的推动力.     

教师支持、学业自我效能感与中小学生学业成绩的关系：元分析结构方程模型

本研究利用元分析与结构方程模型相结合的方法,综合分析了教师支持、学业自我效能感与中小学生学业成绩的152项独立研究结果,随机效应模型结果表明:教师支持、学业自我效能感与学业成绩显著正相关,教师支持与学业自我效能感显著正相关。调节分析发现,城乡调节了教师支持、学业自我效能感与学业成绩的关系。元分析结构方程模型结果发现,教师支持不仅直接影响学业成绩,而且通过学业自我效能感产生间接影响。这一结果为教师支持和学业自我效能感能预测学业成绩提供了有力的证据,表明该理论模型在中小学生群体中的普遍适用性。     

中考改革与初中生物学教学

1 中考试题简析2 0 0 1年 ,全国各地认真贯彻教育部《关于初中毕业、升学考试改革的指导性意见》 ,体现了四个“有利于”的指导思想 ,即有利于贯彻国家的教育方针 ,推进素质教育的发展 ;有利于体现义务教育的性质 ,全面提高教育质量 ;有利于体现学生真实的学习水平 ;有利于培养     

Stability and Change in Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior Across the Transition to School: Teacher and Peer Perspectives

Research Findings: The transition to school is a major developmental milestone, and behavior tendencies already evident at the point of school entry can impact upon a child's subsequent social and academic adjustment. The current study aimed to investigate stability and change in the social behavior of girls and boys across the transition from day care to 1st grade. Teacher ratings and peer nominations for prosocial and antisocial behavior were obtained for 248 children belonging to 2 cohorts: school transitioning (n = 118) and day care remaining (n = 130). Data were gathered again from all children 1 year later, following the older group's entry into school. Teacher ratings of prosocial and antisocial behavior significantly predicted teacher ratings of the same behavior at Time 2 for both cohorts. Peer reports of antisocial behavior also showed significant stability, whereas stability of peer-reported prosocial behavior varied as a function of behavior type. Practice or Policy: The results contribute to understanding of trends in early childhood social behavior that potentially influence long-term developmental trajectories. Identification of some behaviors as more stable in early childhood than others, regardless of school entry, provides useful information for both the type and timing of early interventions.     

教师的假设:中小学学校文化的深层指令

教师的假设是教师文化乃至学校文化的深层指令,是教师一切行为与价值取向的源泉。教师行为背后的动机、方法的前提以及信仰系统都不同程度地存在问题,这些问题受制于教师思想中错误的假定。揭示这些假定是消除教师文化中消极因素的第一步。我们发现,教师思维中的错误假定不少,严重影响着教师的实践以及学校的变革与发展。     

初中生学业延迟满足与成就目标定向的关系研究

学业延迟满足是指学生在学习情境中甘愿为更有价值的长远结果而放弃即时满足的抉择倾向,以及在等待过程中展示出的自我控制和调节能力。通过调查分析,本研究探讨了初中生学业延迟满足与成就目标定向的关系。主要研究结果如下：不同学业延迟满足能力水平的初中生的成就目标存在显著差异;掌握接近目标和掌握回避目标对学业延迟满足有促进作用,而成绩回避目标对学业延迟满足有负向影响,其中掌握接近目标对学业延迟满足的正向预测作用最大。