Reflections on the Merger of Royal Holloway and Bedford Colleges 1981–85

The paper discusses the factors which led to the merger of Royal Holloway and Bedford Colleges, University of London over the period 1981–85 and which resulted in the formation of Royal Holloway and Bedford New College in 1985. The merger was the first step in a radical reorganisation of the nonmedical Schools of London University. The paper examines the internal and external decision making processes involved, as well as the academic and financial planning. It suggests some lessons which might be drawn from the experience, which include the problems of estimating costs and benefits; whether or not there is an optimal minimum size for a university institution even when part of a Federal University; and the problems of reconciling strong creative leadership to deal with a continually changing external environment, with the traditions of participation and collegiality which are thought to have characterised the academic environment.     

The Victorian College of Pharmacy: a case study of amalgamation failure and success in Australian higher education

Small specialist higher education institutions often face challenges when negotiating with larger partners. In 1988, John Dawkins, Australia’s federal Minister for Education, introduced sweeping reforms to create a Unified National System of higher education. Dawkins’ criteria for funding necessitated mergers for many smaller providers. The Victorian College of Pharmacy in Melbourne, Victoria, presents a case study of how one institution negotiated this policy and asserted its interests to achieve an optimal outcome. It rejected amalgamation with the University of Melbourne, reaching a superior arrangement with Monash University despite state and federal opposition. This article combines archival research from Melbourne and Monash Universities and the state government with interviews of key players. It examines the importance of institutional identity and how small institutions can navigate government policies of consolidation. It also focuses on the deleterious effects of inflexible government policy and how the College successfully overcame these challenges to complete its desired merger.     

我国民营企业并购上市公司偏好诱因与并购风险分析

企业并购是现代市场经济的一个重要的现象和发展趋势。民营企业并购上市公司行为在我国企业并购市场中异军突起。本文从宏观和微观两个方面分析了我国民营企业并购上市公司的动因,从外部和内部两个方面分析了不同动因下上市公司并购过程中存在的风险,最后从并购目标的选择、并购方案的制定、并购关系的协调、中介机构的选择和整合措施的制定等几个方面找出规避风险的有效措施和方法。     

20世纪末以来韩国私立大学的重组改革

韩国高等教育规模的持续扩张引发了教育质量的下降,尤其是近年来随着适龄入学人口的下降,使主要经费来源依赖于学生学费的私立大学开始面临财政危机,它们不得不通过合并与兼并等重组的方式以增强生存能力.政府也通过立法或制定政策促使大学,尤其是私立大学进行重组改革,以提高其竞争优势.     

INTRODUCTION TO SPECIAL ISSUE

The annual Community College Futures Assembly is an edutaining experience. This special issue highlights the lessons learned from the institutions that were competitively selected to present at the 2001 Assembly. The theme of the 2001 Assembly was the merger of education, entertainment, and information as driven by digital technologies. Educating attendees was the major purpose of the keynote address and the presentations of the Bellwether Award finalists. Entertainment was available throughout the Assembly through stimulating presentations, enthusiastic camaraderie, and great meals. Information was conveyed to all attendees to spread throughout their home institutions and communities. This introduction focuses on the experience of attending the 2001 Community College Futures Assembly. Over 250 community college trustees, presidents, vice presidents, deans, faculty members, and other decision makers representing 31 states and Canada attended the Assembly, which was held in Orlando, Florida. The Assembly is sponsored annually by the Institute of Higher Education (IHE) of the University of Florida (UF) and cosponsored by numerous organizations identified in this article. The Assembly has provided quality learning experiences since 1995, and it is proud to be an independent national policy forum recognized by the Association of Community College Trustees for its Trustee Education Recognition Program.     

‘The problem of Trinity College Dublin’: a historical perspective on rationalisation in higher education in Ireland

This paper offers a historical perspective on government policies for the rationalisation of higher education (HE) in Ireland through a critical re-appraisal of the initiative for ‘merger’ of Trinity College and University College Dublin. The initiative launched by Donogh O'Malley in 1967 was the first significant attempt by an Irish government to transform the institutional architecture of HE. This study sheds new light on the rationale for merger. A key motivation for the merger was to overcome ‘the problem of Trinity College Dublin’: policy-makers sought to integrate Trinity College, long regarded as a Protestant ‘enclave’ in a predominantly Catholic society, within the Irish HE system. O'Malley's initiative sought to bring Trinity College Dublin (TCD) firmly under the control of the state and transcend traditional religious divisions, by circumventing the ‘ban’ on the attendance of Catholics at TCD imposed by the Catholic bishops. This paper also explores the emergence of proactive, interventionist approaches by Irish ministers and officials to policy formulation and implementation in HE.     

美国企业合并制度的研究与借鉴

美国作为一个反垄断法非常发达的国家，其用于阻止经济力量集中的企业合并制度，对许多国家的反垄断立法产生重要影响，对世界各国企业合并的控制普遍具有指导意义。在我国反垄断立法的推进过程中，研究美国企业合并制度及变化特点，借鉴其中的成功经验，对于合理构建和完善我国的企业合并制度具有重要意义。     

Crossing Ulster's Other Great Divide

Following the report of the Lock-wood Committee (196S), the Northern Ireland government greatly expanded its higher education provision by creating two new institutions, the New University of Ulster, modelled on the English 'whitebrick' foundations of the period, and a direct grant institution for advanced further education, Ulster College. The first part of the article describes the reaction of the century-old Queen's University, Belfast and the new creations to the challenges of the Seventies, including the Ulster 'troubles', and to changing student demands and community needs.
NUU soon began to experience difficulties in recruiting students, both in quality and quantity, whereas UC, which became a polytechnic in 1975, succeeded beyond expectations. In 1982, after a review by the Chilver Committee but against its recommendation, the Westminster government decided, as an alternative to closing NUU, to merge it with the polytechnic to form the University of Ulster. The article discusses the merger, and the alternatives to it, seeking to distinguish between that which was accidental to the Ulster situation and that which might have more general application. It considers the problems of co-ordination, before and after the merger, including that of 'complementarity' between QUB and the University of Ulster. Finally it outlines the objectives of UU and the considerable progress made towards achieving them but sounds a cautionary note with regard to the social context in which it operates.     

Strategies of alliance: Models and modes of post‐secondary‐university integration

Abstract

Late in 1996, Kalgoorlie College and the Western Australian School of Mines in Western Australia were merged to form an expanded campus of Curtin University, based in the state capital city of Perth. This paper uses a frame analytical approach to examining how differing and competing interpretations and commitments affected how the merger was played out. Three important frames, each of which had a major influence on the merger for periods of time are identified: one that emphasised regional social and economic development, another centred on education for industry and a third based on economic rationalism. This analysis connects changes in the direction of the merger to shifts in the way the merger was framed.     

中国民办高校财务运作与办学行为的实证研究

在经历了三十余年的快速发展之后,中国民办高等教育又重新站在了历史的重要转折点,面临严峻的生存危机。本研究从民办高校的财务分析入手,采用实证研究考察了民办高校办学模式中所存在的特质。研究发现:（1）我国民办高校在经费筹措方面高度依赖学费收入,尚未形成有效的多元化资金渠道;（2）政府高校评估与办学基准的调整,大幅增加了民办高校的基建支出压力,并由此导致教学运作直接成本的高度压缩;（3）民办高校主要通过学费标准优先策略、招生规模优先策略和提升院校的入学选拔性方式,扩大经费收入;（4）民办高校通过人员经费开支压缩     

A financial perspective: categories of higher education institutions

From a financial perspective, the criteria for category distinction of higher education institutions should be based on the ownership of institution property and income for recurrent expenditure. The development of modern higher education witnessed the period wherein higher education institutions have both private property and private payment for recurrent expenditure. The development also saw the period wherein all the institution properties were owned by the state and all the recurrent expenditure were paid by the government. Accordingly, universities could be divided into two categories of “public” and “private” institutions until the 1970s. However, things have been changing greatly over the past 20 years. Property ownership and payment for recurrent expenditure have been separated. The public institutions appeal to more and more individuals sharing recurrent expenditure, while private institutions ask for more and more public financial support. Therefore, some financially mixed institutions came into being and “three categories with sub-groups” has become a new phenomenon. __________ Translated from Peking University Education Review, 2004 (2)     

Horizontal Mathematics

The paper presents a study of tradition and change in Sweden's education of elementary school teachers since its origin in 1842. The dynamics of the curriculum content is assigned an essential role and the concept 'social field' is used as an analytic device. Twosubstantial periods of change have been identified one in the 1860s, and the other around the turn of the 20th century. Both these transformation periods coincided with marked alterations in the context of the institution of teacher training: in the relations between community and state networks, the interplay between public and private institutions, and power relations of the state bureaucracy. New ideas of the individual, nature, the child, science, and morality broke through.     

Bilingualism in a Canadian Context: The Case of the University of Ottawa

The University of Ottawa was created as a Roman Catholic, private, bilingual institution before Canada was born as a country. Courses were taught in French and English, both to francophone and to anglophone students, and with no duplication of programmes. The College of Bytown, as it was then known, was intended to create a learning milieu that would bring together English-speaking and French-speaking students and foster mutual respect and understanding. When the university was reorganized as a provincially assisted (i.e., subsidized) institution in 1965, its mandate as a bilingual university was reaffirmed, together with its special mission of preserving and developing French culture in Ontario. Over the years, the university has moved toward "institutional" bilingualism and has placed a strong emphasis on the parallel offering of programmes. It is the author's view that, on the whole, bilingualism at the University of Ottawa has delivered positive results. However, bilingualism is not viewed by everyone as a means for preserving the language and the culture of minorities, and some Franco-Ontarians would prefer a French-only institution.     

2008 Community College Futures Assembly Focus: Change Or Die—Keys to Enacting Change in the Community College

The Community College Futures Assembly has served as a national, independent policy thinktank since 1995. Its purpose is to articulate the critical issues facing American community colleges and recognize innovative programs. Convening annually in January in Orlando, Florida, the Assembly offers a learning environment where tough questions are raised, critical issues are discussed, and policy implications are vetted. The focus for the 2008 Community College Futures Assembly was change, a theme taken from the book, Change or Die. This special focus issue of the Community College Journal of Research and Practice highlights the best practices of 30 Bellwether trend-setting institutions.     

学券制:一种“民校公助”的制度选择

学券制思想渊源于美国,最早由米尔顿·弗里德曼于1955年提出。此后一直影响着美国的基础教育改革,并发展成为20世纪90年代所出现的“私校公助”现象的最主要形式。学券制是现阶段我国政府履行对承担基础教育任务的民办学校支助义务的可参考的制度安排。     

The future of diversity in a time of retrenchment

The development of higher education in the U.S. has been masked in recent years by a decline in the proportion of the whole provided by private institutions. Some of the less obvious and more speculative reasons for this decline are discussed and suggestions are made as to what kinds of private institution are likely to be more durable. The claim that the virtual disappearance of private colleges would be a calamity is examined. The notion of an Educational Opportunity Bank to provide student loans is discussed in the context of maintaining diversity, quality and freedom of student choice and movement in U.S. higher education.     

独立学院的制度化困境——多重逻辑下的政策变迁

独立学院是一种中国特有的高等教育组织形式。从政策变迁的角度看,它具有"先发展后规范"的特征。它在发展过程中形成了"公办型独立学院"和"民办型独立学院"两种基本类型,但中央政策一直试图将其作为民办教育的一种类型来进行规范管理,两者之间的逻辑差异致使独立学院一直未能成为一种稳定的制度模式。本文借助组织分析中的多重制度逻辑理论框架试图对此进行解释。本文认为,在社会转型的基本制度背景下,政府、市场、家庭和教育多重制度逻辑的动态变迁以及相互作用造成了独立学院的制度化困境,应从高等教育多样性的角度重新思考包括独立学院在内的高等教育制度变迁。     

Effects of key state policies on private colleges and universities: sustaining private-sector capacity in the face of the higher education access challenge

The relationship between key state policy variables — (1) relative (private–public) tuition prices, (2) state student-aid funding, and (3) public institution density — and the competitive position of private colleges and universities is examined. Elite private schools are found to be nearly impervious to state policy. Large and moderately selective private institutions are adversely affected by public institution density and low public prices. Such prices divert students who would otherwise prefer these private institutions to similar public schools. State student aid funding most affects the enrollment market shares of the small, low-selectivity private colleges enrolling the greatest proportions of minority and modest-income students. The findings suggest state policies in this era of strong demand for higher education and constrained public sector capacity should use price signals (student aid and public institution pricing) to encourage students to consider seriously whether private higher education might serve their needs as well as or better than public institutions.     

In-Course Instructor-Guided Service Learning in a Community College General Psychology Class

Institutional and student level data from the Florida Community Colleges were examined to explore the Retention Index of the Community College Survey of Student Engagement (CCSSE). A simple correlation and regression analysis was conducted to determine if the CCSSE Retention Index could be used to predict the institutional retention rate calculated for the state accountability measure. Student level data were used with a nested ANOVA to examine if there were mean differences in the CCSSE Retention Index scores of males and females of different racial groups when accounting for the potential influence of the institution attended. Mean differences were examined since differences in retention rates of these groups have been documented.     

The Growth of Private University Education in Kenya: The Promise and Challenge

The first step toward the introduction and development of university education in Kenya was taken in 1961, when the then Royal College, Nairobi, was elevated to university college status under a special arrangement with the University of London. However, it was not until 1970 that the University College of Nairobi attained university status. Although comparatively young, state universities in Kenya have accomplished a lot. They accomplished their initial mission of producing adequate human resources for the civil service, national corporations, and the private sector; graduated thousands of students; and helped foster an intellectual community in the country. In just 30 years, public higher education has expanded from a single university (the University of Nairobi) to the current 6 public universities: Nairobi, Moi, Kenyatta, Egerton, Jomo Kenyatta, and Maseno. In spite of this growth, public universities in Kenya have faced enrollments beyond their capacity to plan and finance, fiscal challenges beyond their control, a decline in quality beyond their anticipation, and weak management practices beyond their level of training. To help solve some of these problems, private universities have increasingly emerged and gained ground in the country as an alternative route to higher education provision. This article seeks to examine some of the trends, prospects, and challenges to the emergence and development of private university education in Kenya.