Quality of life perception of basketball master athletes: association with physical activity level and sports injuries

This study aimed to verify the prevalence and characteristics of sports injuries (SI) and determine the association between the physical activity level (PA) and SI with perception of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in Brazilian basketball master athletes. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 410 male master athletes, between 35 and 85 years of age (mean 52.26, SD ±11.83). The HRQoL was assessed using the Medical Outcomes Study – Short Form-36. The PA was evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Information regarding SI was collected using the Reported Morbidity Survey. Poisson regression, as estimated by the prevalence ratio (PR), was used as a measure of the association of PA and SI with HRQoL. The majority of athletes showed a high SI prevalence (58.3%) and reported one injury (67.8%) that occurred during training (61.1%) and primarily affected a lower limb (74.6%). The adjusted regression models showed a positive association of PA with the Functional Capacity (PR = 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12–1.90) and Physical Component (PR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.03–1.70) of HRQoL. Furthermore, the SI were negatively associated with HRQoL in Functional Capacity (PR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.51–2.27), Physical Aspects (PR = 3.99, 95% CI = 3.08–5.18), Pain (PR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.26–2.16), Social Functioning (PR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.41–2.27), Emotional Aspects (PR = 4.40, 95% CI = 3.35–5.78), Mental Health domains (PR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.06–1.68), Physical Component (PR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.90–2.90) and Mental Component (PR = 2.65, 95% CI = 2.14–3.29). These results highlighted that master athletes showed a high SI prevalence, primarily in the lower limbs. PA positively correlates with the physical HRQoL domain, whereas SI may decrease the HRQoL levels of both physical and mental domains.     

Sleep of professional athletes: Underexploited potential to improve health and performance

Sleep disorders have become increasingly prevalent affecting health and working ability. Restorative sleep may be considered important for athletes’ successful recovery and performance. However, some athletes seem to experience major problems in sleeping. Thus far, there is limited scientific information about their sleep. This study aimed to evaluate the quality of sleep and the prevalence of sleep disorders as well as the impact of a structured sleep counselling protocol in professional athletes. A total of 107 professional ice hockey players participated in the study. The exploratory observational 1-year follow-up study consisted of questionnaire-based sleep assessment followed by general sleep counselling and, when needed, polysomnography and an individual treatment plan. One in every four players was found to have a significant problem in sleeping. All athletes considered sleep essential for their health and three in every four players considered that counselling would improve their performance. Counselling and individual treatment were found to improve significantly the quality of sleep with the mean alteration of 0.6 (95% CI 0.2–1.0, P = 0.004) in a scale from 0 to 10. Our results support that sleep problems are common in professional athletes. However, systematic examination, counselling and individual treatment planning can improve the quality of their sleep.     

Sport,women, and leadership: Results of a project on executives in German sports organizations

Abstract

Throughout the world, women are a small minority within the governing bodies of organized sport. This paper presents the results of three empirical studies that have been undertaken within a German research project. The representative survey of all male and female executives in German sports federations (N=697) included questions concerning their socio-demography, their careers as executive members of sports organizations, as well as their careers in sport and their chosen occupation. The survey reveals significant gender differences in terms of, for example, age, family situation, responsibilities in the executive committees, duration of office, and career barriers. Furthermore, we conducted 23 in-depth, semi-structured interviews with women in leadership positions to explore the women's individual perspectives. The aim of a second interview study (“drop-out” study) was to identify barriers in the voluntary careers of seven male and nine female leaders who left office prematurely (i.e. earlier than they had originally planned). These informants can be seen as experts who have an excellent insight into their organizations and who have also experienced barriers that caused them to “drop out”. The respondents’ statements showed similarities with regard to socio-economic background but considerable differences in terms of gender-specific experiences, attitudes, and evaluations. The demands placed on the sports leaders were much more in line with the biographies of the men interviewed than with the personal circumstances of the women.     

对我国优秀女子100m栏运动员运动成绩的全运会年特征及其训练学成因的研究

本文主要采用文献资料法、个别访谈法、问卷调查法、数理统计法，对我国优秀女子100m栏运动员运动成绩的全运会年特征及其训练学成因进行研究，分析我国优秀女子100m栏运动员运动成绩的表现规律，并与美国优秀运动员相比较，找出二者存在的差异，并对差异原因进行训练学方面的探讨，对我国在该项目的理论研究和训练实践上均具有指导意义。     

刍议美国职业体育的关系传播、营销与管理——兼谈对中国体育组织公共关系的启示

关系传播、关系营销、关系管理是当前国际社会科学领域的热门概念。当前，美国职业联盟的各俱乐部高度重视公共关系的传播、营销与管理，设立了大量的相关部门与岗位。在中国，北京奥运会引发的大型体育赛事与城市、体育组织、赞助企业形象传播的关系，职业体育俱乐部体制的完善所需要的关系营销，各级各类体育组织的发展所需要的特殊事件的公关管理，支持和谐体育发展的社会环境，对于关系传播的要求，都对今后中国体育领域的关系传播、营销与管理提出了新的研究课题。     

内涵、领域和特征:体育价值观研究进展

体育价值观与体育本质、功能、目的之间关系密切,是以体育应然作为问题研究主线。目前我国体育价值观理论研究缺乏系统性梳理,故通过文献资料法,对体育价值观的内涵层次、领域体系、特征分析三大方面进行梳理。认为:(1)体育价值观内涵探讨主要围绕主体和主客体两个层面,从功能论角度定义体育价值观为一种社会效应或道德情感;(2)体育价值观的领域体系研究在宏观层面表现为"工具与手段"的理性探讨,在微观层面表现为体育价值观的多元与复合及多维与统合;(3)体育价值观特征具有选择性和导向性、相对稳定性和历史流变性、中西方体育价值观特征的个性和共性及逻辑系统性。     

Prevalence of urinary incontinence in high-impact sports athletes and their association with knowledge,attitude and practice about this dysfunction

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of urinary incontinence (UI) in female athletes practising high-impact sports and its association with knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP).

Design: Observational study.

Methods: A semi-structured evaluation form, KAP survey and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire – Short Form were used. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to verify the association of UI with KAP, sociodemographic, gynaecological and sports-related variables, with significant variables remaining in the model (p?Results: The prevalence of UI in 118 athletes was 82 (70%), of which 19 (23%) had pure stress UI, 19 (23%) had pure urgency UI and 44 (54%) had mixed UI; with 50 (61%) athletes losing urine during training and 37 (45%) during competitions. Regarding the KAP survey, 37 athletes (31%) demonstrated adequate knowledge, 63 (53%) adequate attitude and zero adequate practice. In the multivariate analysis, a sports practice time of over 8 years and dyspareunia presented significant values, with odds ratios (OR) of 2.66 and 2.99, respectively. Knowledge was significantly associated with UI (OR 0.43). UI had a slight impact on QOL.

Conclusions: There is a high prevalence of UI yet low levels of adequate knowledge and practice regarding the occurrence of UI in sports, with sports practice time over 8 years and dyspareunia factors predisposing female athletes to UI by 2.7 and 3 times, respectively. Athletes with adequate knowledge were 57% less likely to develop UI.     

When professional athletes change sports: Sport development,sanctity of contract,and restraint of trade in the NRL

This case study provides insight into a current issue faced by sporting leagues—the movement of professional players to different sports. As the case illustrates, the movement of professional players across sport codes can have a profound impact on the management of sport development, the management of player contracts, and legal issues in restraint of trade.     

对我国优秀长拳类项目运动员年龄、运动素质和损伤现状调查研究

运用文献资料、实地访问、数理统计等方法,对国家武术套路集训队备战2007年11月在中国北京举行的第九届世界武术锦标赛套路比赛和2008年北京奥运会武术比赛的优秀长拳类项目运动员年龄、运动素质和损伤现状调查研究,旨在为我国优秀长拳类运动员培养提供理论参考。     

Differences in self-regulatory skills among talented athletes: The significance of competitive level and type of sport

Abstract

Research has shown that talented athletes outscore their mainstream peers on the basis of self-regulation. Although valuable, this does not tell us more about the distinction between good athletes and the best, which is a prerequisite in talent development. Therefore, we examined the self-regulatory skills of 222 male and female talented athletes aged 12–16 years as a function of competitive sport level (junior international or junior national athletes) and type of sport (individual or team sports). Multivariate analyses of covariance in combination with a discriminant function analysis revealed that “reflection” distinguishes between athletes at the highest levels of excellence. Furthermore, athletes playing individual sports had higher scores on “planning” and “effort” than team sport athletes, highlighting the importance of differences between types of sport. In conclusion, we emphasize the importance of reflection as a self-regulatory skill. Reflection facilitates the development of sport-specific characteristics, which may vary by type of sport. This means that an advanced sense of reflection may help talented athletes to acquire desirable characteristics during their “talent” years to ultimately reach adult elite levels of competition.     

运动训练哲学研究的理论、热点及展望

对运动训练中哲学问题的探求是学科发展的内在需要。运动训练哲学整体形态中知识系统、概念内涵、思维范畴、价值取向、原理规律、经验审视和实践批判,都是哲学所关注的内容。运动训练是一个完整的实践过程,让人在运动中感知身体能力的极值和界限,并以生产成绩的方式证明生命形式的存在。运动训练中本体论、认识论、价值论和方法论等,是哲学研究的核心部分,也是学科体系建立的基石。     

Eating disorders in athletes: Overview of prevalence,risk factors and recommendations for prevention and treatment

Abstract

The prevalence of disordered eating and eating disorders vary from 0–19% in male athletes and 6–45% in female athletes. The objective of this paper is to present an overview of eating disorders in adolescent and adult athletes including: (1) prevalence data; (2) suggested sport- and gender-specific risk factors and (3) importance of early detection, management and prevention of eating disorders. Additionally, this paper presents suggestions for future research which includes: (1) the need for knowledge regarding possible gender-specific risk factors and sport- and gender-specific prevention programmes for eating disorders in sports; (2) suggestions for long-term follow-up for female and male athletes with eating disorders and (3) exploration of a possible male athlete triad.     

自我、体育与社会:论符号互动理论在体育研究中的应用

论述了符号互动理论的产生与演进及其对体育社会学研究的影响,对自我与身份认同、社会互动以及传媒领域中体育权力与斗争等问题进行了分析。结果表明,符号互动理论在体育社会学和心理学的研究中依旧发挥着重要作用。     

Do as I say: contradicting beliefs and attitudes towards sports concussion in Australia

The objective of this study was to explore beliefs and attitudes of students studying exercise science in Australia towards sports concussion. A secondary objective explored differences between gender and previous experience of concussion. A total of 312 participants (m = 217; f = 95) responded to a series of statements ranging across a number of areas including personal attitudes and beliefs towards concussion: if they would risk playing with a concussion; their views on elite/professional athletes who continue to play after a concussion; and attitudes towards rehabilitation. Overall, attitudes revealed that it was not safe to play with a concussion, and it was believed that those who have had repeated concussions would be likely to suffer problems later in life. However, responses also indicated that they would risk playing with a concussion, and admired elite athletes who continued to play. When controlling for gender and previous concussions, males and those who sustained a previous concussion/s were more likely to continue playing. Conversely, females were more likely to complete rehabilitation prior to returning to sport. This study demonstrates in an Australian student cohort studying for a career in exercise and sports science, disparity between beliefs and attitudes regarding sports concussion.     

武术与体育:相异、交叉与包含

武术是一个动态演化的概念,目前,武术"临近的属概念是体育"的观点受到越来越多学者的质疑.武术包括军事武术、传统武术和武术运动三个有机组成部分.军事武术和体育是相异的关系,传统武术和体育是交叉的关系,武术运动和体育是包含的关系.整体而言,武术和体育是交叉而非相属的关系.     

同一年龄不同骨龄的少年运动员身体形态、机能与运动能力差异的调查研究

研究同一年龄不同骨龄少年运动员的身体形态、机能、运动能力，从中找出它们之间的差异和变化规律。研究结果表明，同一年龄不同骨龄的少年运动员有不同的发育类型特征，其身体形态、机能、运动能力存在着明显差异。因此，以生活年龄和骨龄进行体质评价和竞赛分组肯定存在着一定的局限性、片面性和不合理性。在体质评价和运动竞赛时，应按同一生活年龄中不同发育类型来确定分组，在运动员选材中也要根据不同项目的要求按同一生活年龄中不同骨龄和发育类型来确定。     

The dual nature of perfectionism in sports: relationships with emotion,motivation, and performance

Perfectionism is a prevalent characteristic in athletes. Yet some researchers have argued that perfectionism in sports is maladaptive because it undermines athletes’ performance and stifles athletic development. This argument, however, neglects that perfectionism is a multidimensional characteristic and that only some dimensions of perfectionism are clearly maladaptive, whereas others are not. This review argues that perfectionism is comprised of two main dimensions – perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns (Stoeber & Otto, 2006) – that show different and unique patterns of relationships with athletes’ emotions, motivation, and performance. In support of this argument the review will present findings indicating that only perfectionistic concerns show unique positive relationships with competitive anxiety, fear of failure, and avoidance goal orientations. In contrast, perfectionistic strivings show unique positive relationships with self-confidence, hope of success, approach goal orientations, and performance in training and competitions. The findings suggest that only perfectionistic concerns are clearly maladaptive, whereas perfectionistic strivings may form part of a healthy striving for excellence. Implications for applied sport psychology are discussed as are open questions for future research.     

论大众体育运行的公共治理:内涵、基础及实现途径

大众体育公共治理的运行基础是建立有效的体育社会化的组织结构、运行机制和运行模式.研究认为：现阶段应优先确立政府的主导作用，积极拓展新型消费与消费服务的供给领域，积极培育大众体育市场，健全城镇社区的体育组织管理体系.当前体育社会化的发展要克服传统体育的运行模式，关键的问题是建立政府、社会、企业三位一体的社会体育治理结构.政府应该从管理经济、社会、环境领域的全部公共事务，转变为提供基础性的公共物品和服务，尽快发展一些功能健全的行业协会，使之成为承担政府下放的社会职能的载体.在此基础上提出了：强化政府公共职能，变革体育管理体制，优化社会体育资源配置;形成以社会大众为对象的多样化体育服务网络;调整体育产业结构，推动传统体育产业向服务业转移以及服务结构、服务项目及服务方式创新等构建内容，以进一步适应社会转型和体育体制的改革发展。     

饮食营养视角中的健康、运动与减肥--从女大学生食素谈起

采用文献资料和实证研究的方法,对女大学生的饮食习惯进行分析,发现女大学生绝对食素易导致身体出现亚健康状态;在机体承受较强运动负荷的状况下,食素者的心肺功能各项指标低于非食素者,运动能力降低;红肉是肉碱的主要食物来源,肉碱有利减肥;绝对食素不利健康。建议饮食荤素合理搭配,使体液呈弱碱性方能保持健康。     

Normative data for sweating rate,sweat sodium concentration,and sweat sodium loss in athletes: An update and analysis by sport

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study was to expand our previously published sweat normative data/analysis (n = 506) to establish sport-specific normative data for whole-body sweating rate (WBSR), sweat [Na⁺], and rate of sweat Na⁺ loss (RSSL). Data from 1303 athletes were compiled from observational testing (2000–2017) using a standardized absorbent sweat patch technique to determine local sweat [Na⁺] and normalized to whole-body sweat [Na⁺]. WBSR was determined from change in exercise body mass, corrected for food/fluid intake and urine/stool loss. RSSL was the product of sweat [Na⁺] and WBSR. There were significant differences between sports for WBSR, with highest losses in American football (1.51 ± 0.70 L/h), then endurance (1.28 ± 0.57 L/h), followed by basketball (0.95 ± 0.42 L/h), soccer (0.94 ± 0.38 L/h) and baseball (0.83 ± 0.34 L/h). For RSSL, American football (55.9 ± 36.8 mmol/h) and endurance (51.7 ± 27.8 mmol/h) were greater than soccer (34.6 ± 19.2 mmol/h), basketball (34.5 ± 21.2 mmol/h), and baseball (27.2 ± 14.7 mmol/h). After ANCOVA, significant between-sport differences in adjusted means for WBSR and RSSL remained. In summary, due to the significant sport-specific variation in WBSR and RSSL, American football and endurance have the greatest need for deliberate hydration strategies.

Abbreviations: WBSR: whole body sweating rate; SR: sweating rate; Na⁺: sodium; RSSL: rate of sweat sodium loss