论互联网对青少年品德形成的积极作用

青少年品德的形成不只是受外界因素的影响,同时也是个体与外界因素相互作用的过程。从心理学的视角看,互联网对青少年品德形成的作用有：1．互联网有助于青少年进行道德自我认知,形成道德自律;2．互联网有助于青少年拓宽道德视野,提高道德判断;3．有利于青少年亲社会行为的发展;4．互联网有助于青少年进行道德创新,建立自主型的新型道德;5．有利于培养青少年新的道德观念等。在此基础上,提出积极创造条件,发挥个体的能动性,学校、家庭和社会形成教育“共同体”,发挥互联网的积极作用,从而引导青少年的品德沿着正确的方向发展。     

青少年主体性道德教育与创造性培养

学校主体性道德教育的内容包括提高青少年的创新意识和自我意识,培养青少年的道德价值观,发展青少年的社会适应能力,塑造青少年的亲社会人格。创造性是主体性道德教育的核心。青少年团体活动是有效的学校主体性道德教育和创造性培养的方法。     

The effect of implicit theories on raters' inference in performance judgment: Consequences for the validity of student ratings of instruction

Performance judgment is a situation of incomplete information where raters' inference would play an important role. Consequently, the schematic nature of human cognition may introduce implicit personality theory bias in performance judgment. To demonstrate this, a causal model of performance rating judgment was framed from the theories of person perception and social cognition. The model yielded a good fit to the data obtained from a performance rating task where the availability of performance information was manipulated. The results supported the hypotheses that student raters' inferences are partly contaminated by their implicit theories of a good instructor. Student raters inferred traits and behaviors and provided ratings for corresponding items even when the instructor behavior was limited to a subset of performance data only. The findings imply that one aspect of invalidity in student ratings of instructors is the bias in human inference due to the implicit theories of effective instructional behavior.     

Moral reasoning and empathy in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: implications for moral education

A mixed methods approach was used to understand moral reasoning and empathy in 12- to 18-year-old adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder (HF-ASD) compared to same age typically developing (TD) youth. Adolescents completed measures assessing empathy (perspective-taking, personal distress, and empathic concern), and moral reasoning, as well as a qualitative interview asking them to discuss a challenging sociomoral situation and recount their moral competencies and strengths in difficult situations. For quantitative results, both groups demonstrated similar empathic concern, but adolescents with HF-ASD had significantly higher personal distress and lower moral reasoning than TD youth. Qualitative results suggest that adolescents with HF-ASD perceived themselves as having empathic concern but struggled to use these feelings to support their actions in spontaneous challenging sociomoral situations. Results suggest that teachers should be educated in providing specific guidance to adolescents with HF-ASD about how to express empathic concern in ways that promote mutually rewarding relationships.     

Moral judgment development of college students

In recent years, psychologists and educators have shown increased interest in the moral development of college students. Kohlberg and Rest discuss a six-stage model of moral judgment development that has generated considerable research. The findings have raised several issues regarding the relevance of attitudes, traits, and experiences in understanding the moral judgment development of students. This study examines the differential impact of (1) college experiences, (2) attribution beliefs and attitudes about punitiveness, (3) educational and academic characteristics, and (4) freshmen level of moral judgment development on the level of moral development of upper-division students, who as freshmen were classified as having either low or high levels of moral reasoning. For freshmen with low moral reasoning scores, their upper-division level of moral judgment development was significantly related to their causal attribution beliefs regarding personal responsibility. For those freshmen with high moral reasoning scores, their initial level of moral reasoning was the most significant factor related to their upper-division level of moral judgment development. For these students, participation in extracurricular activities was negatively related to upper-division moral reasoning scores. The more they had participated in extracurricular activities, the lower their upper-division moral reasoning scores.     

Moral Reasoning of Nigerian and Pakistani Muslim Adolescents

Abstract

Two studies were conducted to test the universality of Piaget's and Kohlberg's stages of the development of moral judgment in Nigerian and Pakistani cultures. For the first study, 120 Nigerian Muslim Hausa secondary school adolescents (60 boys and 60 girls), whose ages ranged between 14 and 16, were questioned individually about two of Piaget's moral judgment situations, representing two different moral attributes, clumsiness and equality. In the second study, 90 subjects (30 Nigerian Muslim Hausa, 30 Nigerian Muslim Yoruba, and 30 Pakistani Muslim Punjabi adolescents), whose ages ranged between 12 and 13, were questioned about one of Kohlberg's moral dilemmas. The nature of the subjects’ responses suggested that moral reasoning of Nigerian and Pakistani Muslim adolescents are greatly affected by their cultural values.     

大学生心理健康内隐观的现状及成因研究简

目的：探讨大学生心理健康内隐观的结构及不同维度上的差异。方法：采用社会效度方法对大学生的心理健康内隐观进行调查,对数据进行探索性因素分析及不同维度上的独立样本检验和方差分析。结果：1．描述统计显示,大学生的心理健康内隐观涉及的范围广泛,涵盖了认知、人格、道德等多个方面（M=4．66—3．41）;2．因子分析显示,大学生的心理健康内隐观可以概括为四个因子,分别是利他性、自主性、才情和适应性（累积解释率为49．42％）;3．独立样本t检验和方差分析显示,大学生心理健康内隐观在年级、学校性质、学校层次及是否掌握了心理健康知识等维度上差异显著（P〈0．05）。结论：大学生心理健康内隐观由四个因子构成,他们的形成不仅受到“心理健康”知识的影响,而且是生活、学习经历和环境共同作用的结果。     

内隐道德人格及其测量

道德人格是道德心理学研究的一个转向。基于内隐社会认知视角,内隐道德人格被理解为解释社会事件时道德图式的习惯可及性。对于道德人格的测量,研究者发展出一些测量内隐人格的方法,其一为测量道德习惯可及性的自发特质推理、词汇决策任务;其二为测量内隐道德人格的内隐联想测验。关于道德人格研究,研究者仍需进一步发展其理论依据,在测量方面应强调生态化和多元方法的交叉应用。     

Implicit Theories of Personality and Attributions of Hostile Intent: A Meta‐Analysis,an Experiment,and a Longitudinal Intervention

Past research has shown that hostile schemas and adverse experiences predict the hostile attributional bias. This research proposes that seemingly nonhostile beliefs (implicit theories about the malleability of personality) may also play a role in shaping it. Study 1 meta‐analytically summarized 11 original tests of this hypothesis (N = 1,659), and showed that among diverse adolescents aged 13–16 a fixed or entity theory about personality traits predicted greater hostile attributional biases, which mediated an effect on aggressive desires. Study 2 experimentally changed adolescents' implicit theories toward a malleable or incremental view and showed a reduction in hostile intent attributions. Study 3 delivered an incremental theory intervention that reduced hostile intent attributions and aggressive desires over an 8‐month period.     

Brazilian adolescents' prosocial moral judgment and behavior: relations to sympathy, perspective taking, gender-role orientation, and demographic characteristics

The goal of this study was to examine demographic and individual difference variables that predict level of prosocial moral judgment and self-reported prosocial behavior and to test mediating or moderating relations among predictors. The relations of prosocial moral reasoning and self-reported prosocial behavior to perspective taking, sympathy, age, sociometric status, and gender-role orientation were examined with a sample of 149 Brazilian adolescents who completed a series of questionnaire measures. Prosocial moral judgment was expected to be predicted by both sympathy and perspective taking, whereas sympathy or prosocial moral judgment was expected to mediate the relations of femininity and perspective taking to prosocial behavior. Self-reported perspective taking and sympathy interacted when predicting prosocial moral judgment; adolescents who were high in either sympathy or perspective taking (or both) scored high in prosocial moral reasoning. A feminine orientation predicted sympathy and perspective taking, perspective taking predicted prosocial moral reasoning and sympathy, and sympathy had both direct and indirect paths (through moral judgment) to prosocial behavior. The findings generally were consistent with the contention that both the tendency to take others' perspectives and to sympathize are related to level of prosocial moral reasoning, which in turn motivates prosocial behavior. Moreover, patterns of correlations among variables were similar to those found in the United States.     

基于性格解析的职业规划能力培养模式探索与实践

自我认识不清、未来规划不明是学生成长过程中的常见问题。探究科学有效的方法指导学生进行正确的职业生涯规划,对于青年人的培养具有重要意义。运用气质特质和性格特征进行职业生涯规划,经过多年的教学与实践表明,学生在客观认识自我后,可以根据自身的气质特质和性格特征清晰准确地认清自己的职业方向和目标,对于青少年学生在职业生涯规划过程中正确选择未来工作的地域、行业和企业,找到适合自己的工作和生活具有重要的指导意义。     

高校思想政治教育人本化研究——以晋中职业技术学院思想政治教育工作为例

教育的主体是人,教育的目的是人的健康成长。高校思想政治教育的宗旨和任务,不应约束人的发展、限制人的成长,而应以学生为本,创造条件发展人,着重培养大学生的意志力、创新力、辨别力、沟通力,为学生的健康成长成才打下稳定的心理与道德基础,使他们毕业后能顺利走向社会、适应工作岗位。因此,高校思想政治教育工作应以培养大学生的行为习惯养成和良好道德品质形成为己任,使大学生不断增强自律、自立和自省能力,使学生能够顺利完成由高职生到社会人的角色转变。晋中职业技术学院创新思想政治教育方法,针对本校学生特点编写了思想政治教育校本教材,在思政教育人本化方面作了有益探索。     

Measuring gifted adolescents' implicit theories of creativity

This paper examines the structure of implicit theories of creativity in a sample of gifted adolescents and describes the development and use of the Creative Self Checklist and the Creative Individual Checklist, adjective checklists designed to assess endorsement of creativity‐related personality and behavioral attributes. Findings indicate that the gifted rate aspects of risk‐taking and inquisitiveness as primary facets of their own creativity while defining artistic abilities and energy and motivation as important parts of creativity in others. This study also assessed the role that these implicit theories play in the display of creative behaviors with regard to both performance on creativity tests and participation in creative hobbies. Findings indicate that while performance on creativity measures is predictive of creative hobby participation, greater self‐endorsement of beliefs that are positively related to creativity also significantly predict creative behaviors.     

道德人格与道德共同体的培育

道德人格是个体在道德生活中表现出来的道德力量,体现出人格的整体和谐。道德人格的整体性体现为道德行为的整体性和道德环境整体性的统一。这种整体性表现为一种向道德共同体的回归,而道德共同体则为道德人格提供一种价值推力。要实现道德人格与道德共同体共荣互生,必须建立良性的道德环境机制和行为评价机制。     

The implications of teachers’ implicit theories for moral education: A case study from Finland

Implicit theories concerning the malleability of human qualities are known to have a powerful impact on motivation and learning, but their role in moral education is an under-researched topic. In this qualitative case study, we examined the impact of implicit theories on four Finnish teachers’ practices of teaching morally and in teaching morality. The data include preliminary and stimulated recall interviews (STR) as well as classroom observations. Our results demonstrate the multiple ways in which teachers’ implicit beliefs are communicated to students and influence teacher’s interpretations and endeavors to educate the ethical capabilities of students. The study provides evidence for the claim that implicit theories are an important construct which has been missing from the moral education literature. Directions for future research are suggested.     

Ethical professional identity and the development of moral exemplar collegiate coaches

Coaches have the potential to influence athletes’ moral development, especially at the collegiate level—a powerful period of growth in young adults’ lives. As central agents in athlete moral education, coaches’ moral development and understanding of professionalism is currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to increase understanding of the ethical professional identity development of sport coaches. In-depth interviews based on moral exemplar and moral identity development theories were conducted with NCAA Division-I collegiate head coaches (n = 12) in the United States who were peer nominated ‘moral exemplars’. Interviews elicited themes of moral exemplarity, professionalism, and above average ethical identity development. Results can inform and improve coach education for current and future members of the profession.     

Individual differences in the self-image of adolescents with learning disabilities: the roles of severity, time of diagnosis, and parental perceptions.

The self-images of 49 adolescents with learning disabilities (Grades 9 through 12, mean age = 15.9) and 49 normally achieving peers (Grades 9 through 12, mean age = 16.0) were compared using the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire (OSIQ). The group with LD scored significantly lower than the comparison group on 4 of the 10 OSIQ scales. Later-diagnosed adolescents with LD scored significantly higher than early-diagnosed adolescents on two of the scales. Severity of the learning disability was not found to be related to self-image scores. In a second study, parental perceptions of the self-images of 28 of the 49 students with LD were studied by administering the Offer Parent-Adolescent Questionnaire (OPAQ) and an informal questionnaire to their parents. On 6 of the 10 OPAQ scales, parents perceived their children as having a lower self-image than the adolescents themselves reported. Significant but moderate relationships were found between parents' perceptions and adolescent self-image scores. Results of the two studies are interpreted in terms of a multidimensional conception of self-image that considers factors inherent to the individual as well as interpersonal and institutional factors.     

道德判断与道德行为关系研究的进展分析

道德判断与道德行为之间的关系问题经历了哲学假设、经典心理学实验研究和当代心理学的深入研究。道德判断与道德行为关系研究的新进展体现在莱斯特的确定问题测验、林德的道德行为和道德发展的双面理论、布莱希的道德自我认同模式、沃克的道德人格等研究当中,这些研究克服了在道德判断过程中仅仅关注道德推理重要性的缺陷。     

Kohlberg's Theory Applied to the Moral and Sexual Development of Adults 1

Abstract

Previous research has shown that children and adolescents can progress in the stages of moral judgment. However, in the case of adults, Kohlberg (1973) suggested there might be crystallization after the age of 25.

The purpose of this study was to establish whether the structure of moral judgment of adults could be systematically encouraged toward change. Thirty‐six adults (three groups) enrolled in an adult sexology course were assessed to determine stage level at the beginning of the course, and post‐tested at the completion of the course. Four dilemmas were used: two for general moral judgment, and two for sexual moral judgment. During the 45‐hour course, subjects were systematically introduced to arguments of a higher stage, and discussions focused on the axiological aspects of the adults’ sexual life.

Results show that there was a significant increase in the scores at the post‐test, both in general and in sexual moral judgments; subjects over 25 also increased their scores, thus indicating that the structure of moral judgment is not crystallized after that age. The existence of a differential between general and sexual moral judgments was also corroborated.

Implications with regard to the use of the ‘+1 stage’ technique for adult education, and more particularly for adult sexual education, are discussed.