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Foreword The Ill-Structured Problem of College Student Departure Overview of the Volume Intended Audience Tinto's Interactionalist Theory Tinto's Interactionalist Theory An Empirical Assessment of Tinto Propositions Receiving Strong Support Explanations for Unanticipated Academic Integration Findings Tinto's Theory: Revise or Abandon? Toward a Revision of Tinto's Theory for Residential Colleges and Universities Influences on Social Integration Underlying Conceptual Orientation of the Six Influences Tinto's Theory Revisited in Residential Colleges and Universities Implications for Racial or Ethnic Minority Students Student Departure in Commuter Colleges and Universities Sixteen Propositions: Elements of a Theory of Student Departure in Commuter Institutions Formulating a Theory of Student Departure in Commuter Colleges and Universities Exemplary Student Retention Programs Sources of Retention Programs Selecting Exemplary Retention Programs Nine Exemplary Retention Programs Reducing Institutional Rates of Departure An Overarching Recommendation Powerful Institutional Levers of Action Residential Colleges and Universities Commuter Colleges and Universities Reducing the Departure of Racial or Ethnic Minority Students Conclusions and Recommendations for Scholarship Conclusions Recommendations for Further Scholarship Closing Thoughts References Name Index Subject Index     

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Introduction Postsecondary Attainment Economic Implications of Low Educational Attainment Organization of This Monograph Demographic, Social, and Cultural Background A Demographic Dividend? Ethnic Subgroups Cultural and Social Influences Summary Classic and Contemporary Theories of Latino Identity Development Ethnic and Racial Identity Development in College Students Supporting Latino Students in Identity Development Summary Challenges to Latino Student Success Casting Success Within a Broader Societal Context Role of Resources Summary Mainstream Approaches to Latino Student Success Academic Capital Financial Capital Cultural Capital Social Capital Summary Culturally Responsive Approaches to Latino Student Success Family Concerns Assumptions About Latinos' Background and Potential Campus Racial/Ethnic Climate Conclusion The Role of Hispanic-Serving Institutions in Access and Equity Historical Background and Funding of HSIs Students in HSIs Faculty and Administrators at HSIs Emerging Hispanic-Serving Institutions Challenges for HSIs Summary Conclusion and Implications Role of Demographics and Social and Cultural Factors Developing Culturally Responsive Research, Policy, and Practice Institutionalizing Strategies to Serve Latino Students Teaching and Learning in the Classroom Role of Finances Collaborative Research Role of State Legislators and Policymakers Role of Federal Representatives and Agencies Final Thoughts References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

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Why Should Higher Education Be Concerned with the Identity Development of Diverse Students? Development of Identity Definitions Organization Theoretical Frameworks of Identity Development Theory: Foundational Theories Foundational Theories of Identity Development Evaluation of Foundational Theories Dominant Cultures, Oppression, and Other Societal Issues Affecting the Identity Development of Diverse Populations Cultural and Societal Issues That Impact Identity Development Theory of Oppression The Social Oppression Matrix Social Identity Development Theory How Oppression Impacts Privileged Groups White Identity Theories Conclusion Theoretical Frameworks of Diverse Identity Development Theories: A View Through a Different Lens Multigroup Ethnic and Racial Identity Models Racial and Ethnic Identity Theories Pertaining to African American Students Racial and Ethnic Identity Theories Pertaining to Native American Students Acculturation to the Majority Culture Racial and Ethnic Identity Theories Pertaining to Latino and Latina Students Racial and Ethnic Identity Theories Pertaining to Asian American Students Multiracial Identity Conclusion Multiple Identities: Acknowledging the Interrelationship Among Roles Integrating Multiple Layers of Identity Development Sexual Orientation Identity Formation Women and Gender Identity Implications Integration of Identity Development Theory into Practice Campus Culture Implications for Administrators Implications for Faculty Members Conclusions and Future Implications Appendix A. Case Study: Defining Academic Diversity at Reflective College Considerations in Addressing This Issue References Index     

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Postsecondary Opportunity The Growing Importance of a College Degree Moving from Access to Success Diagnosis by the Numbers: The Education Pipeline for Racial and Ethnic Minorities Diversity 101: Affirmative Action in America Why Students Leave College Models of Student Progression Factors Related to Retention A Framework for Retention A New Perspective on Student Integration Three Forces Affecting Student Persistence and Achievement The Model in Practice Practical Implications of the Geometric Model A Framework for Student Retention Monitoring Students' Progress Implementation and Leadership Important Organizational Considerations in Developing an Institution-Wide Retention Program Implementing Campus-Wide Programs The Importance of Leadership on Student Retention Final Thoughts Appendix A: Promising College Student Retention Programs Appendix B: Annotated Bibliography References Name Index Subject Index     

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Executive Summary Foreword Acknowledgments Dedications Introduction, Context, and Overview The Importance of Workforce Diversity in Higher and Postsecondary Education Literature and the Integrated Review Chapter Overviews Status of Ethnic and Racial Diversity in College and University Administration Academic Leaders Student Affairs Administrators Conclusion Barriers Encountered by Administrators of Color in Higher and Postsecondary Education Legal and Conceptual Frameworks Established Barriers for Administrators of Color The “Double Burden”: A Barrier Specific to Women of Color Conclusion Factors Influencing Engagement, Retention, and Advancement for Administrators of Color Employment Challenges Success in Corporate America: Lessons for Higher Education Role of Leadership Programs The Importance of Mentoring What Universities Can Do What Individual Administrators Can Do An Emerging Model Conclusion Concluding Remarks Regarding the Importance of a Racially Diverse Administrative Workforce Emergent and Aggregate Challenges for Administrators of Color Directions for Future Research Implications for Practice Conclusion Notes References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

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Considering the Third Sector: The New Prominence of For-Profit Higher Education Why Now? Taking Aim The Target Organization of the Volume From the Beginning: Development of For-Profit Higher Education in the United States Eras of For-Profit Higher Education The For-Profit Sector Today Institutional Diversity: Classification of the For-Profit Sector A New Classification Elements of the Classification Types of For-Profit Institutions Continuing Difficulties with Classification Shareholder Owners: Defining an Era History of Shareholder Institutions Current Owners Implications of the Wall Street Era Measure of Success: Students in the For-Profit Sector Historical Perspectives National Datasets Current Trends Student Outcomes Student Motivation, Experiences, and Campus Life Remaining Questions The Academic Mission: Teaching and Learning in the For-Profit Sector Curriculum Faculty Do Students Learn? External Approval: Accrediting the For-Profit Sector Background on Accreditation History Regional Accreditation For-Profit Accrediting Agencies Regional Accreditation of National Institutions Creating the Playing Field: State and Federal Regulation State Oversight Federal Oversight Diploma Mills Current Regulatory Issues Reflections and Future Direction Research Agenda Conclusion Notes References Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

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Executive Summary Foreword Entrepreneurship in the Contemporary Academy Defining Academic Entrepreneurialism Whence Academic Entrepreneurialism? Overview of the Volume Theoretical Traditions of Entrepreneurship Theorizing Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship, Individuals, and the Environment Summary The New Economy and the Entrepreneurial Academy An Overview of the Entrepreneurial Economy Higher Education in the New Economy Academic Capitalism and Entrepreneurship Critiques of Entrepreneurship in Higher Education Summary Contemporary Issues in the Entrepreneurial Academy Resource Constraints and Dependencies: Research Universities Beyond Research Universities Beyond Profit Seeking: Social Entrepreneurship Beyond Research: Entrepreneurship and the Teaching Mission Summary Entrepreneurship Education The Emergence and Expansion of Entrepreneurship Education Activities and Outcomes of Entrepreneurship Education Summary Professional Implications and Future Research Directions Public Policymakers Institutional Administrators Faculty Students References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

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Executive Summary Foreword Acknowledgments The Development of Doctoral Students: Phases of Challenge and Support Why Do We Need to Understand Doctoral Students' Development? Why Have Doctoral Students Been Forgotten? How Do Doctoral Students Develop? A Model of Doctoral Student Development Organization of the Monograph Student Development Theory: A Primer Defining Student Development Psychosocial Development Social Identity Development Racial Identity Development Cognitive Development Conclusion Understanding Doctoral Education Doctoral Degrees and Their Purposes The Structure of the Doctoral Program Today's Doctoral Students Key Constituencies in the Doctoral Program Phase I: Entry Challenge: The Initial Transition Support: Orientation Challenge: Coursework Challenge: Changes in Thinking Challenge: The Transition from Undergraduate to Graduate School Expectations Support: Initial Relationships with Peers and Faculty Student Departure in Phase I Conclusion Phase II: Integration Challenge: Coursework Support: Peer Relationships Support: Advisor Relationship Challenge: Examinations Challenge: Changing Role Student Departure in Phase II Conclusion Phase III: Candidacy Challenge: Transition to Candidacy Challenge: The Dissertation Experience Challenge: Isolation Support: The Dissertation Advisor Challenge: The Job Search Challenge: Transition to Professional Role Student Departure in Phase III Conclusion Summary and Recommendations Implications for Phase I Implications for Phase II Implications for Phase III Implications for Future Research Conclusion Appendix: Details of Research Conducted to Construct the Model References Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

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Introduction and Overview Who Are BGLT College Students? A Historical Overview BGLT Student History Pre-Stonewall: What Do We Know? Stonewall Approaches: BGLT Visibility and Marginality in the Twentieth Century Stonewall and Its Aftermath: The Birth of the Homophile Movement Transgender Lives and Stonewall BGLT Rights on the College Campus: The Student Homophile Movement Student Movement Snapshots: BGLT Student Activism at Three Institutions Queer Student Activism Today Conclusion: BGLT Student Visibility and Activism After Stonewall Bisexual, Gay, and Lesbian Student Development Since Stonewall Bisexual, Gay, and Lesbian Identity Development Beyond the Monolithic Queer: Developmental Theory in Twenty-First-Century Context Students of Color and Bisexual, Gay, and Lesbian Identity Development Intersectionality and Identity Development Impediments to BGL Student Development in College Conclusion Transgender Student Issues and Development After Stonewall Who Are Transgender College Students? Transgender Students at Women's Colleges Transgender Student Development The Challenge of Transphobia on Campus The Resilience of Transgender Students Transgender Students' Needs and Services Conclusion The BGLT Campus Resource Center The First BGLT Campus Resource Centers: Their Founding and Purposes BGLT Centers Today: Their Purposes and Roles BGLT Students and Campus Climate Assessment Center Leadership: A “New Profession” in Higher Education The Politics of BGLT Campus Resource Centers: Contested Territory Higher Education Student Affairs and BGLT Issues BGLT Issues in Professional Preparation of Student Affairs Practitioners Conclusion Identity and Solidarity: The Next Steps in BGLT Student Inclusion and Equity Collaborative Transformation Conclusion References Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

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Defining Institutional Diversity Aspects of Institutional Diversity Diversity Versus Diversification Versus Differentiation Interactions With the Environment Overview of the Monograph Historical Context of Institutional Diversity Growth During the Colonial Period Establishing American Higher Education Failure of the National University Idea Institution Building The Changing Curriculum Rise of the Research University Transition From Elite to Mass Higher Education The Postwar Period Conclusion Theoretical Contexts Population Ecology Resource Dependency Theory Institutional Theory Conclusion Benefits of Institutional Diversity Meeting the Needs of All Types of Students Increased Institutional Effectiveness Provide Models Support Reform Through Competition Serve the Political Needs of Interest Groups Protecting Academic Freedom and Autonomy Support Elite and Mass Higher Education Improve Social Mobility Minority-Serving Institutions Conclusion Causes of Homogenization Academic Drift Prestige-Maximizing Activities Statewide Coordination Conclusion The Future of Institutional Diversity Research and Practice Market Smart and Mission Centered Policymakers Campus Leaders and Administrators Faculty Students Conclusion References Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

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Introduction, Context, and Overview Why Focus on Immigrants? Immigrant as a Conceptual Term Definitions of Key Terms Limitations of the Monograph Organization of the Monograph A Context for Immigration in the United States Theoretical Foundation: Immigrant Student College Transition and Persistence Neo-Racism Social-Ecological Model Acculturation and Assimilation Theories Social Capital Theory Conclusion Access to Higher Education for Immigrant Students Generational Status Socioeconomic Status English Language Proficiency Parental Involvement and Expectations Financial Aid Conclusion Collegiate Experience of Immigrant Students College Adjustment and Persistence Psychological Development and Acculturation Social Identity Development Career Aspirations and Development Conclusion Undocumented Students and Higher Education Background on Undocumented Immigrants Federal Legislation and Undocumented Students State Approaches to Undocumented Students and Higher Education Opposition to In-state Tuition Rates for Undocumented Students Conclusion Immigrant Students and Community Colleges Relevant Research on Immigrants at Community Colleges Issues Related to Immigrant Students in Community Colleges Innovative Programs for Educating Immigrants Conclusion Concluding Thoughts Suggestions for Future Research Implications for Policy and Practice Conclusion Notes Appendix References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

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Executive Summary Foreword Overview Defining Interdisciplinarity The Disciplines, Interdisciplinarity, and the University Interdisciplinarity, Learning, and Cognition Interdisciplinarity and the Practice of Research Faculty and Institutional Structure: The Conflict of Interdisciplinarity Best Practices Related to Interdisciplinary Education Implications for Practice and the Future of Interdisciplinarity Defining Interdisciplinarity Conceptualizing the Disciplines Conceptualizing Interdisciplinary Knowledge Conclusion The Disciplines, Interdisciplinarity, and the University The Historical Influence of the Disciplines on Teaching and Learning Interdisciplinary Initiatives in Twentieth-Century American Higher Education Conclusion Interdisciplinarity, Learning, and Cognition The Disciplinary Basis of College Student Learning Defining Interdisciplinary Curricula in Higher Education Conclusion Interdisciplinarity and the Practice of Research Challenges to the Practice of Interdisciplinary Research Facilitating Interdisciplinary Research in Higher Education Conclusion Faculty and Institutional Structure: The Conflict of Interdisciplinarity Interdisciplinarity, Faculty, and Change in Higher Education Achieving Institutional Goals and Interdisciplinary Faculty Engagement Fostering Faculty Connections Across Institutional Boundaries Modifying Activity Systems to Encourage Interdisciplinarity Conclusion Best Practices Related to Interdisciplinary Education Dedicated Organizational and Physical Space Student-Centered Pedagogy Focus on Problem- or Theme-Based Learning Curriculum Shaped Through a Variety of Interdisciplinary Learning Experiences Culminating Capstone Project or Student Portfolio Focus on Collaborative Learning Rather Than Mastery of a Particular Content Use of Independent Study, Internships, and Experiential Learning Goal of Preparing Students for a Complex, Modern Interdisciplinary Future Conclusion References Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

京族独弦琴文化及教育价值

独弦琴是京族特有的民族乐器,喻神、娱（育）人、寓意——独弦琴构筑了一种民族文化形态,是自然与人文共生的缩影。独弦琴文化是具有本土性、民族性的重要教育资源,其价值主要体现在民族认同、艺术教育和学校教育等方面。     

普通高校民族教育实现跨越式发展之路径思考

章结合青海师大民族教育的教学实践，从化的多元性角度，讨论了普通高校民族教育的两种教学模式(共容模式和分离模式)，提出了两种模式协调发展的思路及实现跨越式发展的思考和建议。     

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The Explosion of Distance Education Recent Growth of Distance Education The Digital Explosion Political Initiatives The Changing Marketplace Who Is Interested? Impact on Discussions of Quality What Is Ahead The Significance of “No Significance” State of the Art Recent Criticism of the Research The Critics Criticized What the Critics Reveal Summary Research Basics Source of Studies Absolutes Definitional Dragons Complexity of Research on Learning Theoretical Approaches Summary Research on Technology and Students The Role of Technology The Role of the Learner Summary Research on Faculty and Institutions The Role of Faculty The Role of Institutions Summary The Pursuit of Guidelines Using the Research You Have More Traditional Views The Latest Thinking in Accrediting Distance Education Comparing the Guidelines Faculty Tips and Guidelines Guidelines for Students Growing Acceptance and Criticism Summary Advice to the Confused New Quality Measures Other Models of Quality Attitudes About Quality Empowering the Consumer Using the Guidelines Responsibility for Quality Quality Education Conclusions     

试论民族院校预科汉语教学的特点及对策

改革开放、西部大开发和边疆地区经济建设的飞速发展,对加快培养少数民族人才都提出了更高的要求,教育部颁布全日制民族中小学汉语教学大纲,并提出少数民族预科生结业汉语能力达标要求,以及MHK（少数民族汉语水平考试）的推行,都给预科汉语教学带来新的挑战和机遇。针对此问题,预科汉语教学应采取相应的措施和具体办法。     

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Overview A Profile of Community College Faculty Full-Time Faculty Part-Time Faculty Conclusion Faculty Work in the Context of the Community College The Community College's Missions and Students Role Expectations for Full-Time Faculty Members Role Expectations for Part-Time Faculty In-Service Training and Professional Development Job Satisfaction Conclusion Dimensions of the Community College Faculty Career Preparation to Become a Community College Faculty Member Entry Requirements The Search Process Career Stages Conclusion Institutional Factors Affecting Community College Faculty Work Life Background Collective Bargaining Faculty Involvement in Shared Governance Other Institutional Factors Extrainstitutional Factors Affecting Work Life: Legislative Actions Conclusion Looking to the Future: The Status of Community College Teaching as a Profession Characteristics of a Profession and Professionalization Is Community College Teaching a Profession? Possible Future Influences on Faculty Professionalization Conclusion A Fresh Look at Community College Faculty Challenges in Understanding Community College Faculty Conclusions Note References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

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Grading Problems in Higher Education Assessment of College Student Learning Purpose Overview and Scope Correlates of College Grades Students Faculty Courses Discipline Institution Reframing the College Grading Problem Guiding Conceptual Framework Consequences of College Grading Problems Reexamining the Empirical Evidence Grade Increase Grade Inflation Grade Compression Grading Disparity Uncovering the Roots Influences on Grade Change Causes of Grading Disparity Causes of Grade Inflation Incentive Matters Searching for Cures Emerging Practices Strategies and Innovations A Shared Responsibility Policy Instruments as a Guide for Policy Design Conclusions and Implications Implications for Research Implications for Practice Diagnostic Method for Grading Problems Appendix: Grading Proposals at Princeton University References Name Index Subject Index About the Author     

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Introduction and Overview The Problem in Decision Making Related to Athletics Interpretations of the Problems Theoretical Context Structure of the Monograph Significance to Higher Education Study and Practice The Athletics System in Higher Education Contemporary Governing Organizations Historical Context: Men, Women, Football, and University Growth Dilemmas and Tensions Revealed by a Structural View The Legal and Regulatory Context Origins and Impact of Rules Title IX: Prohibiting Gender Discrimination in Education Summary and Implications The Social and Cultural Context Gender, Power, Privilege, and Intercollegiate Sports The Gendering of Intercollegiate Athletics Homophobia and Masculinity Race and Intercollegiate Athletics: Opportunity or Exploitation? Sports and Academic Culture Sports and the American Psyche Conclusion: Social and Cultural Shaping of Decision Making in Intercollegiate Athletics Economics and the Athletics System Commercialization of Intercollegiate Athletics and the Entrepreneurial University Summarizing the Impact of the Economics of Intercollegiate Athletics Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations The Athletics System and Intersecting Environmental Forces Observations, Themes, and Recommendations Conclusion References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors     

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Introduction, Context, and Overview Definitions and Conceptual Framework Major Theoretical Perspectives on Student Success in College Sociological Perspectives Organizational Perspectives Psychological Perspectives Cultural Perspectives Economic Perspectives Summary The Foundation for Student Success: Student Background Characteristics, Precollege Experiences, and Enrollment Patterns Student Demographics Family and Peer Support Academic Preparation and Motivation to Learn Enrollment Choices and Patterns Summary Student Behaviors, Activities, and Experiences Associated with Student Success College Activities A Closer Look at Engagement in Effective Educational Practices Student Characteristics Summary Notes Institutional Conditions Associated with Student Success Structural and Organizational Characteristics Programs and Practices Summary Propositions and Recommendations for Student Success in Postsecondary Education Propositions and Recommendations Needed Research A Final Word Appendix A: Note on Research Methods Appendix B: Indicators of Student Success in Postsecondary Education References Name Index Subject Index About the Authors