欧盟社会救助政策的演变及对我国的启示

自20世纪70年代以来欧盟社会救助政策历经了三个阶段，即从消除物质贫困到强调受助者的“权利”，再到反社会排斥。为了有效量化社会排斥，欧盟建立了衡量社会排斥的新指标体系，实施国内行动计划，促进社会融合。欧盟社会救助政策的转变对完善我国最低生活保障制度具有重要的启发意义。     

Review and Analysis of the EU Teacher-related Policies and Activities

This article aims at raising awareness of the key role the EU already plays in matters of teacher policy. It takes stock of European teacher policy related documents and activities, such as relevant strategies, presidency priorities, Council Conclusions, Commission working documents, the activities of thematic working groups, of networks, of data gathering and research, and the available supports of the Lifelong Learning Programme and of the European Social Fund. Based on this, the article provides a clear picture of the labour market need-driven, pragmatic context of teacher policies and also the main shared European teacher policy concepts, such as teacher competence profiles, the continuum of professional development and the support of teacher educators. These fundamental concepts were shared, developed and fine tuned in the process of Member States peer learning, a crucial and highly effective method of cooperation, which is also presented in the article. The article concludes by identifying both sides of the two-way interaction process of Europeanisation taking place between Member States and the EU in teacher policy development.     

社会政策与反贫困:国际经验与中国实践

改革开放以来,我国的反贫困社会政策建设取得了值得肯定的进展,但对照当今国际反贫困社会政策出现的新趋势、新特点,我国的反贫困社会政策尚存在着重点转移滞后、政策主体单一、对象参与缺乏、开放程度不足、实施手段传统等种种缺陷.借鉴国际反贫困社会政策建设的经验,推动我国反贫困社会政策的改革与创新,应是当务之急.     

早期美国的社会贫困和社会救济政策

虽然美国经过独立战争走上了独立发展的道路,但美国的社会贫困现象依然普遍存在。如何解决贫困问题,采取什么样的救济政策更为适宜,这与当时人们的的思想观念密切相关。而人们的观念又受到各方面因素的作用,如宗教因素、自由放任主义、美国人的传统价值观念等。在当时社会观念的影响下,美国政府采取了各种形式救济政策,并对其弊端进行改革。     

Policy learning and governance of education policy in the EU

Open methods for coordinating (OMC) education policies in the EU rely on a number of techniques, one of which is policy learning. This article examines how policy learning and governance transform each other. More specifically, policy‐learning in the education OMC becomes differentiated into four distinct learning styles: mutual, competitive, surface and imperialistic learning. While they overlap with some forms of policy learning discussed in the literature, they are also different by focusing upon interactions and political dynamics between the European Commission and the member states. In seeking to understand how governing through learning occurs, we argue that any ‘impact’ of EU‐level policy‐learning is co‐constructed by both the European Commission and the member states. The analysis of this article is grounded in a discourse analytical and institutionalist perspective. It draws on qualitative data derived from semi‐structured interviews with officials from the Directorate General for Education and Culture in the European Commission and on EU documents generated during policy‐learning activities.     

Social exclusion in EU lifelong learning policies: prevalence and definitions

ABSTRACT

The aim of the article is to analyse the concept of social exclusion in EU lifelong learning policies: how the concept has evolved from the 1990s in terms of meaning, definitions and closely connected concepts, what are the implications of this evolution, and whether there is coherence between the conceptual evolution and lifelong learning policy. Using a qualitative methodology, this article focuses on policy documents that form the European Union’s legal and political framework of reference in the lifelong learning area in the last two and a half decades. A total of 59 documents issued between 1992 and 2017 have been analysed using content analysis. The analysis of the documents has been complemented by 6 semi-structured interviews with EU lifelong learning experts. The results show that the concept is narrowly defined in terms of specific groups at risk of being socially excluded and in terms of employability, thus individualising the problem of exclusion and distracting attention from structural factors.     

发展型社会政策视角下的社会工作介入

米奇利和吉登斯两位学者关于发展型社会政策的理论观点认为,经济发展和社会政策是相互融合的,它的最大意义在于它使传统的社会政策对民众福利的保护方式从被动型、事后补救型、消费型向积极干预型、促进型和投资型转变。因此,笔者认为,在发展型社会政策视角下,社会工作者也要根据这一创新型政策,通过介入个人、社区和政府层面,来提供适当的服务。     

Social justice intents in policy: an analysis of capability for and through education

Primarily developed as an alternative to narrow measures of well-being such as utility and resources, Amartya Sen’s capability approach places strong emphasis on people’s substantive opportunities. As a broad normative framework, the capability approach has become a valuable tool for understanding and evaluating social arrangements (e.g. education policies and development programmes) in terms of individuals’ effective freedoms to achieve valuable beings and doings. This paper explores the recent emergence of ‘capability’ in Australian education policy, specifically in the Australia in the Asian Century White Paper. We explore capability as a framing device and reveal how its various meanings are at odds with the scholarly literature, specifically Sen’s conception of capability and its implications for social justice in and through education. The analysis shows that the social justice intent of a capability approach appears to be overtaken in the White Paper by an emphasis on outcomes, performance and functionings that seek to serve the nation’s economic interests more than the interests of students, especially the disadvantaged.     

论社会政策与社会和谐

社会政策以克服贫困和消除社会排斥为基本目标,在维护社会公正、促进社会民主、调整社会结构、增进社会团结等方面发挥着独特的功能。社会政策在中国的发展,源于解决社会变迁中出现的现实问题的强烈需求。为此,需要从科学执政的高度重视社会政策,确立“关注民生”的社会政策目标,积极扩大社会政策覆盖面,并逐步实行社会政策的城乡整合,促进社会整体和谐。     

高等教育与社会就业——一种公共政策的分析

高等教育与社会就业的关系极其复杂,一些研究发现了"就业"与"就学"的相互替代、高等教育发展与经济发展的"反周期"、高等教育调节分割的劳动力就业市场供需关系等现象,这些发现已经具有了公共政策的意义。事实上,很多国家在运用高等教育调节社会就业中取得成功。本文研究了高等教育调节社会就业的理论基础和主要经验,提出了我国现阶段运用高等教育作为公共政策工具调节社会就业的四个方面的政策选择。     

试论高等教育成本分担与社会公平

从理论上分析了高等教育成本分担政策对社会公平的促进作用，指出实行高等教育成本分担政策可以促进社会在公共教育资源、收入分配和高等教育机会方面的公平。论述了高等教育成本分担政策在现实中表现出来的局限性，并根据具体情况提出了相关的政策建议。     

弱势儿童的社会保护：社会政策的视角

在市场经济条件下,社会政策在弱势儿童的社会保护中发挥着不可替代的独特作用。我国在相关社会政策建设方面取得的成就应当肯定,但就现实而言,此类社会政策尚存在体系不健全、城乡差别大、执行主体缺乏协调、与其他社会政策不配套等等缺陷。今后在相关社会政策的建设中,应当采取切实措施克服上述缺陷;同时探索建立政策实施中的统一协调(整合)机制与适合国情的实施模式,以强化相关社会政策的实施效果。     

Individualisation and social exclusion: the case of young people not in education,employment or training

The characteristics, experiences and long-term prospects of young people outside the labour market and education have attracted widespread international attention in recent decades, and the specific category of young people not in education, employment or training (NEET) has been a policy concern for the UK Government since 1997. This paper examines the analytical and empirical basis of our knowledge of NEET young people, in the light of more general conceptualisations of social exclusion and the individualisation of social risk. It relates the NEET category to a conception of social exclusion in which the central policy focus is on moving young people across a boundary between participation and non-participation, and inequalities within education and employment receive less attention. This focus, allied with discourses of individualisation, obscures the structural basis of inequality in education and training. However, the paper argues that the research evidence shows that individualised approaches based on personal and cultural characteristics of NEET young people are inadequate to understand this group and frame policy. The paper proposes that stronger versions of social exclusion need to be used in constructing solutions which acknowledge the basis of NEET issues in wider social inequalities.     

Education and anti-poverty: Policy theory and strategy of poverty alleviation through education in China

Countries around the world have adopted different policies to address the global issue of poverty, though their poverty line varies. China has achieved remarkable results in poverty alleviation through education. Aware that poverty eradication must rely on intellectual support, the country has shifted its anti-poverty theory and policy actions from a passive, one-off poverty reduction mode based on ‘blood transfusion’ to an active and sustainable mode aimed at improving the ‘blood making’ capacity of the poor population, namely the Chinese mode. Education is the fundamental way of such a mode. China has always focused on nine-year compulsory education in implementing anti-poverty policies; conducted classified and tiered efforts in education against poverty and made policies more targeted; adopted diverse policy instruments and shifted the focus from subsidy to educational capacity building; developed quantified poverty alleviation indexes to set standards for policy evaluation; and included education against poverty into the national anti-poverty strategic plan. China will further advance poverty alleviation through education, and form a unique and effective anti-poverty mode, so as to contribute to the building of a community of shared future for all humankind.     

Critical Thought within the Social Welfare Policy Course

Critical thought is a necessary element for proficient practice in social work at both the micro and macro levels. For this reason, social work educators must seek to integrate critical thought in BSW and MSW curricula. This article provides a method for achieving this integration in the social welfare policy course. The method includes the four following phases: instruction regarding logical errors, presentation of logical errors in contemporary political debate, demonstration of critical thought in policy position analysis, and self-assessment of one's own logic. The implications of this method for practice in a values-based context are discussed.     

Feminist Policy Analysis: Expanding Traditional Social Work Methods

In an effort to move the methodology of policy analysis beyond the traditional and artificial position of being objective and value-free, this article is a call to those working and teaching in social work to consider a feminist policy analysis lens. A review of standard policy analysis models is presented alongside feminist models. Such a comparison should help practitioners and educators work and train students to advance understandings of society beyond the androcentric norms. Of significance is how the inclusion of feminist policy analysis in social work curricula can assist with program accreditation.     

The neoliberal regime in English higher education: charters,consumers and the erosion of the public good

The restructuring of higher education (HE) according to neoliberal market principles has constructed the student consumer as a social category, thereby altering the nature, purpose and values of HE. In England, a key government attempt to champion the rights of the student consumer has taken the form of institutional charters which indicate the level of services students can expect to receive and what they will be expected to do in return. Pierre Bourdieu’s conceptual framework is applied to analyse the dynamics of practice in the context of the intensification of marketisation in English universities. The impact on student identities and learning processes, on the curriculum and on the academic practices of faculty is explored. By studying the production of institutional information related to charters, a particular image of the ‘good’ student is promoted to prospective students, which simultaneously regulates current student expectations. We argue that the marketisation of learning may result in passive and instrumental learners, a reduction in the range of disciplinary knowledge and a deterrence of innovation in teaching practices, all of which impact on the public good functions of universities.     

缩小差距--中国教育政策的重大命题

教育差距的存在和持续拉大是我国当前教育发展的严峻现实,这种差距表现在城乡、地区、阶层、类别四个方面。如果从居民人均消费水平和人均教育支出、人均财政支出和生均预算内教育经费支出两组经济发展指标和教育投入指标来考察东部和西部地区的城乡经济和教育发展,就会发现教育差距比经济差距拉得更大更快。由于教育是经济和社会发展的基础,这种差距将会影响到建设小康社会和贯彻科学发展观、促进社会和谐发展的现实需要。导致差距的原因固然很多,但公共政策是最主要的。因此,消除教育贫困,缩小教育差距的责任主要在政府,政府应该通过调整和制定公共政策确保所有人都能公平地享受公共教育资源,这就要求公共教育政策领域必须逐步实现从精英教育向大众教育的转型。     

民族贫困地区基础教育经济政策的价值分析

分析民族贫困地区基础教育经费投入政策的价值取向,提出民族贫困地区基础教育经济政策应树立公共财政理念,应体现教育机会均等理念,应强调弱势补偿理念。     

教育政策空间：必要性、产生根源与社会诉求

从教育事业发展、教育政策学科发展和教育政策制订本身出发,对教育政策空间的理论研究是非常必要的;教育政策空间产生的原因是由于教育政策价值取向多元性、不确定性和外溢性所决定的。教育政策空间要求教育政策的主体必须做到有效的政策知识学习和抓住教育政策的有效时机。