欧盟社会救助政策的演变及对我国的启示

自20世纪70年代以来欧盟社会救助政策历经了三个阶段,即从消除物质贫困到强调受助者的“权利”,再到反社会排斥。为了有效量化社会排斥,欧盟建立了衡量社会排斥的新指标体系,实施国内行动计划,促进社会融合。欧盟社会救助政策的转变对完善我国最低生活保障制度具有重要的启发意义。     

我国教育政策议程设置中社会排斥问题研究

由于体制封闭等因素的影响,我国教育政策议程的设置往往与其公共利益价值取向相背离,社会排斥问题显著。我国教育政策议程中的社会排斥主要表现为媒介排斥、制度排斥和自我排斥,这是由媒体自身话语系统的局限性、制度的封闭性以及公众自身等因素造成的。鉴于此,就需要强化媒体在教育政策议程设置中的公众性导向,逐步加大政府决策体制的开放性,不断提高社会公众参与的积极性,以消解或弱化政策议程设置中的社会排斥。     

Education,Epistemology and Critical Realism. By David Scott

ABSTRACT

There is an increasing emphasis internationally on better understanding the links between inequalities and processes within school systems. In England there has been a particular focus on rates of school exclusion because the national data has consistently highlighted troubling patterns of over-representation. This paper argues that a move away from recorded exclusion to other forms of sanction and provision makes more contextualised readings of these data key to better understanding their association with inequalities. It also explores the challenges faced by key stakeholders working to reduce inequalities within an increasingly marketised system. It concludes that embedding consistent good practice across the system remains a critical challenge.     

The shifting financial aid system in Spanish University: grant-recipients’ experiences and strategies

In 2012 Spain inaugurated a reform of its higher education financial aid system inspired by three principles: cost-sharing, increasing academic performance and school efficiency. This reform has shifted the aim of the system from equality of access to a type of meritocracy that can be defined as class-biased, as it is only applied to low-income students who require scholarships to fund their university education. After contextualizing this changing Spanish financial aid system, the life-experiences of grant-holders are discussed, based on in-depth interviews with scholarship recipients. Our analysis shows how the hardships and constraints that these low-income students endure during their university education have been toughened after the reform. The paper concludes that the reform increases and naturalizes the social inequalities that traditionally exist between youths of different social classes when planning, accessing and staying in university, as the critical sociology of education has shown recurrently.     

Whose public,which public? The challenge for public education

Contemporary campaigns for public education rest upon an assumption that public schools are fundamental to an equitable and inclusive society. In this paper, I reflect on this presumption by exploring the inherent tensions of the meaning and practice of ‘public’ education, especially when the ‘public’ in public schooling is linked to political contestation and change in relation to the nation state. In particular, this discussion considers the ways in which the contemporary heightened racial politics of fear of ‘Muslim radicalisation’ structures the ways in which the state creates boundaries surrounding ‘public’ schooling. Here, analysis of recent governmental attempts to addresses the concern of ‘radicalisation’ in schools reveals the difficulties the nation state faces in defining what exactly is the ‘public’, and demonstrates how the politics of race and fear become overarching logics in the constitution of the Australian ‘public’. These logics risk creating exclusions and boundaries in public schooling, which, I argue here, have repercussions for the defence and claim to public education more broadly.     

社会排斥与社会认同——农民工社会政策调整的影响研究

农民工受到社会排斥在转型期中国是一个较为普遍的非合理现象,作为为新一届政府追求社会公平正义的重大决策之一的农民工政策调整的社会实质就是在新的价值维度上重建一种新的社会认同。该研究从社会排斥和社会认同的角度研究分析了农民工社会政策调整的效果,并提出了具体的建议。     

当前我国教育领域中的社会排斥及其克服

社会排斥是社会学的一个重要概念。当前在我国教育领域中存在各种社会排斥现象。教育领域中的排斥本质上只不过是社会中的强势群体对弱势群体进行控制与“区隔”,以达到自我利益的维护与再生产的目的。要实现教育公平．就必须消除社会排斥。     

社会排斥视角下的城市贫困空间问题研究——以大连市低保家庭为例

本文以社会排斥理论为基础,以大连市低保家庭为例,从城市的贫困空间研究着手,就大连市低保群体的空间分布特征、个体生存状况,以及受到的包括经济、制度、社会关系和市场等方面的排斥进行系统分析,并在此基础上提出解决城市贫困的政策建议。     

Middle-class parents’ educational work in an academically selective public high school

This article reports the findings of a study on the nature of parent–school engagement at an academically selective public high school in New South Wales, Australia. Such research is pertinent given recent policies of ‘choice’ and decentralization, making a study of local stakeholders timely. The research comprised a set of interviews with parents and teachers (n = 15), through which parents – all members of the school’s Parents’ and Citizens’ group – theorized and explained their involvement with the school, and teachers spoke about their views on this involvement. Results are organized around three themes: ‘how parents worked to nurture their children’s schooling’, ‘reasons behind parents’ involvement with the school’, and ‘communication and use of parental resources by the school’. Overall it was found that while parents were making significant efforts to involve themselves in the education of their children and with the school more broadly, the reasons for their involvement were not always consistent, but instead revealed a range of motivations for and conceptions of parents’ roles within schools, which at times were at odds with the teachers’. Through this, the study contributes to our understanding of middle-class parent engagement at an unusual and particular type of school.     

Capitalizing on crisis: venture philanthropy’s colonial project to remake urban education

This article focuses on the increased power of venture philanthropy to shape education in urban communities of color in the USA. The author situates venture philanthropy’s expanded influence in urban school districts in the nexus of urban disinvestment, neoliberal governance, wealth concentration, and economic crisis. The author argues that billionaire philanthropists are using the fiscal crisis of the state to shape education policy and governance, operating as part of the ‘shadow state’. Capitalizing on austerity politics and their philanthropies’ embeddedness in the state and advocacy organizations, venture capitalists deploy their enormous wealth and political influence to restructure urban school districts that predominantly serve low-income African American, Latino, and other students of color. The goal of their neoliberal agenda is to restructure education to serve economic competitiveness and to open up the public education sector to capital accumulation. The fusion of the state and capital, through the interrelation of venture philanthropy and government at all scales, to impose policies of disenfranchisement, public school closings, privatization, and appropriation of Black urban space, constitutes a new colonialism. The article illustrates this dynamic through case studies of Detroit, Philadelphia, and Chicago.     

The Australian middle class and education: a small-scale study of the school choice experience as framed by ‘My School’ within inner city families

With the launch of the ‘My School’ website in 2010, Australia became a relative latecomer to the publication of national school performance comparisons. This paper primarily seeks to explore the school choice experience as framed by ‘My School’ website, for participating middle-class families. We will draw on Bourdieusian theory of cultural capital and relationship networks and Australian-based school choice research in order to contribute to understandings regarding the application of ‘My School’ data within participating families. Data collection consisted of qualitative, semi-structured, in-depth interviews with five families, each based within inner-city suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria. The findings of this small-scale study indicate that participating middle-class families possessed highly developed strategies for locating and achieving enrolment in school-of-choice and therefore did not seek to apply available data on ‘My School’ to decision-making, despite each participant reviewing the available data.     

社区教育:解决农民工社会排斥问题的有效途径

随着社会的发展、城市化进程的加速、社会流动的加剧,大批农民流入城市,而这些外来人员的生存和发展,以及伴随的社会问题更发人深思。可以从社会排斥的视角来看当今农民工的生存现状,包括经济排斥、政治排斥、社会关系排斥、文化排斥、社会保障排斥和教育排斥,而开展针对农民工的社区教育是解决农民工社会排斥问题的有效途径。     

Basic skills provision for the have‐nots: a rights hoax? Re‐examining international standards on the right to education

In the present era of accelerating globalisation of the labour market and education, access to knowledge of value has become increasingly complicated. This study enquired into the rights to post‐compulsory basic education by analysing the contemporary standard‐setting instruments of the United Nations, the Council of Europe and the European Community. An analytical scheme was developed that suggested four interconnected areas of education legislation, disregard of which cumulatively maintains exclusion of educationally disadvantaged individuals from knowledge and skills with proper value in the job market. The four thematic aspects identified were rights, recognition, resources and representation. Findings indicate that the international regimes examined are not unequivocal and thereby leave room for manoeuvre. The study concluded that legal strategies for the abolishment of skills deficiency traps should be rethought. Instead of relying on rights‐talk, we should increasingly move to the recognition of functional skills deficiency and its reduction.     

Educating for a high skills society? The landscape of federal employment,training and lifelong learning policy in Canada

Government reports and documents claim that building a knowledge economy and innovative society are key goals in Canada. In this paper, we draw on critical policy analysis to examine 10 Canadian federal government training and employment policies in relation to the government's espoused priorities of innovation and developing a high skills society and economy. Our findings highlight three areas of contradiction: a tension between high skills and low skills policy, a contradictory focus on the socially and economically excluded and included, and the paradox of both an active and passive federal government. Drawing on state theories such as inclusive liberalism and the social investment state, we argue that while a ‘highly skilled knowledge economy’ may form part of the overall skills discourse, these contradictions raise doubts that it is to become a reality in Canada in the near future.     

早期美国的社会贫困和社会救济政策

虽然美国经过独立战争走上了独立发展的道路,但美国的社会贫困现象依然普遍存在。如何解决贫困问题,采取什么样的救济政策更为适宜,这与当时人们的的思想观念密切相关。而人们的观念又受到各方面因素的作用,如宗教因素、自由放任主义、美国人的传统价值观念等。在当时社会观念的影响下,美国政府采取了各种形式救济政策,并对其弊端进行改革。