ACED IT: A tool for improved ethical and moral decision-making

Numerous examples of unethical organizational decision-making highlighted in the media have led many to question the general moral perception and ethical judgments of individuals. The present study examined two forms of a straightforward ethical decision-making (EDM) tool (ACED IT cognitive map) that could be a relatively simple instrument for organizations to improve the moral and EDM of its members. Results revealed that participants utilizing either form of ACED IT were more likely to identify a moral dilemma than were control participants. Additionally, participants in the modified condition responded differently to the situation. Implications and other findings are discussed.     

优化高校评职工作程序的思考

从系统论的基本观声、出发，我们认为高校评职。作程序是由“鉴”与“定”两个子系统组成的系统，“鉴”与“定”是相互联系、相互制约的，根据近儿年高校评职工作的实践，在评审程序中应加大“鉴”对“定”的有效约束，要有科学量化的指标体系进入“鉴’冲。     

Using Argumentation to Investigate Science Teachers' Teaching Practices: The Perspective of Instructional Decisions and Justifications

Adopting the concept that “decisions can be seen as argument-driven actions,” the purpose of this study was to apply the argumentation structure raised by Stephen Toulmin (1958) to capture two science teachers' instructional decision-making mechanisms in their teaching practices. The two case teachers were chosen because of their close estimations of their students' achievement outcomes and both were in their transition stages from competent teachers to proficient ones. A science teaching observation coding schedule (STOCS) was designed to be used in classroom observations, and all these quantitative data were collected to be converted into four issues for the two teachers to justify their ways of teaching. A semi-structure interview was conducted to analyze why and how these two case teachers made their instructional decisions. The results indicate that although they knew that their students could not fully understand what they taught in the class, their teaching strategies were still teacher-dominated modes. What really influenced their instructional decisions included external context factors (e.g., examination pressure, subject contents, limited time and classroom management) and internal experiential factors (e.g., personal educated experiences, beliefs and understandings of constructivism and inquiry). Finally, the authors suggest that science teachers' instructional decision making mechanisms can be appropriately represented by case teachers' argumentations structure.     

职业决策自我效能研究综述

自我效能感是指人们对自己实现特定领域行为目标所需能力的信心或信念，不同领域的自我效能感是有所差异的。在个体求职过程中，职业决策是一个关键的步骤，而对职业决策起决定作用的是个体的自我效能感。     

足球运动员战术意识研究综述

通过对足球运动员的战术意识的特征、规律、影响因素、训练方法等问题的研究综述,为全面认识足球运动员的战术意识、建立评价体系和进行科学训练等提供参考.     

Implementation of a collaborative data use model in a United States context

Collaborative data use requires educator capacity in moving data to action to address root causes of student underperformance. Implementation of the model used in the present study has proved promising in European countries for building educator capacity and addressing problems-of-practice, but this model has not been studied in the United States (US), where structural issues and accountability factors present different challenges. In the present study, we explored enabling and hindering factors of the implementation in an elementary school in the US to better understand how differences in policy and practice contexts influence collaborative data use. Organizational structures and some policies in the US hindered implementation. Drawing on our findings, we suggest shifting thinking around data use to accommodate for both short cycles of data use (for straightforward problems) and intentionally slow cycles for stickier problems; furthermore, nesting collaborative data use within high-priority initiatives may help mitigate barriers to future implementations.     

决策分析在区域农作物适宜性研究中的应用

以福建省浦城且为例,对全县46年来15种主要作物的产量趋势和稳定性进行决策分析,为生产决策提供科学依据。     

政治决策中的性别意识

随着社会生活一体化的发展,两性问题已从社会的边缘进入社会的主流.因此,仅从阶级性、权威性的角度来观察社会政治生活,进行政治决策已远远不够.本文从性别意识的一般性含义及政治决策的现实情况出发,提出将性别意识纳入政治决策,进而成为政治决策中的性别意识,以促进现代政治决策向民主化、科学化发展.     

Understanding and Improving Teachers' Classroom Assessment Decision Making: Implications for Theory and Practice

Teacher assessment decision making is described as a process that may be important in developing a measurement theory for classroom assessment. Teacher beliefs and values about what and how to assess often conflict with the pressures of external demands, especially recent high-stakes large-scale testing. With this sense of tension, teachers make assessment decisions that will engage and motivate students and enhance learning. Implications for a measurement theory of classroom assessment, as well as teacher preservice and inservice, are explored. The article suggests that measurement specialists need to adapt technical testing principles to be more relevant to the nature of classroom assessment decision making.     

Diversity in school performance feedback systems

As data-based decision making is receiving increased attention in education, more and more school performance feedback systems (SPFSs) are being developed and used worldwide. These systems provide schools with data on their functioning. However, little research is available on the characteristics of the different SPFSs. Therefore, this study reflects on the characteristics of SPFSs to provide feedback designers and users arguments for making sound choices in selecting SPFSs with particular characteristics. The results of our study show that the 5 SPFSs selected for the purpose of comparison differ with respect to features related to data gathering and data analysis processes, the content, and the numerical measures and representation modes used. A wide variety can be detected in terms of the complexity and accuracy of data modeling. Users need to be properly informed about the underlying rationale for the features of each SPFS, and on the limitations and strengths of the performance indicators used.     

The complexity of data-based decision making: An introduction to the special issue

This special issue explores the complexity and interconnectedness of the many components of data-based decision making. The selection of papers represents many countries (i.e., Belgium, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, and the United States), theories, methods, and foci. All the papers seek to explicate how data are used at the different level of the system, ranging from students, teachers, schools, and districts. Together these papers offer a view of the current data-based decision making landscape, including in- and pre-service professional development, district and school organizational capacity, the data use process (from goal setting to collaborative instructional decision making), and effects on student achievement. The intent of the special issue is to stimulate future work in terms of impact on research, theory, policy, and practice.     

Differences Between Patient and Provider Perceptions of Informed Decision Making About Epidural Analgesia Use During Childbirth

The objective of this study was to determine whether differences exist between patient and provider perceptions regarding the decision-making process around use of epidural analgesia during childbirth. The dyadic patient–provider Decisional Conflict Scale was modified to measure first-time mother (n = 35) and maternity care provider (n = 52) perceptions. Providers perceived a greater degree of informed decision making than patients (84.97 vs. 79.41, p = .04) and were more likely to recall they upheld patients’ rights to make informed choices than patients were to perceive their rights had been upheld (85.95 vs. 71.73, p < .01). This incongruity highlights the need to align legal principles with practice to create mutual agreement between stakeholder perceptions of informed decision making.     

A Collaborative Process Model for Promoting Successful Referrals in College Counseling

The need to refer students to off‐campus mental health providers is common in college counseling. Such referrals can be challenging for college counselors who strive to meet students' counseling needs while adhering to ethical and center policy guidelines. In this article, the authors explore the nature and challenges of referral in college counseling settings and introduce a collaborative process model to enhance the likelihood of successful referrals. A case study is provided to illustrate the model.     

Bayes公式及应用

对Bayes公式的证明作了研究 ,对其应用作了归纳 ,对其在经济上决策方面的应用作了讨论 .     

层次分析法在家庭理财中的应用

通过建立递阶层次结构和判断矩阵,并结合定性评价和定量评价,对几种家庭理财中常见的投资项目进行评价和排序,进而做出合理的投资决策。此方法在家庭理财中是一种实用、有效的方法,有较好的应用价值。     

Innovations in Career Counseling

The work world is now full of uncertainty and change as a result of forces such as globalization, downsizing, advancing technology, and increased diversity in the work force. Further, people cannot count on maintaining a job with one company, or even one career, throughout their work lives. In order to meet clients' needs, career counselors must utilize approaches that are compatible with these realities. We review a set of approaches for career counseling that should be effective for clients now and into the future. Specifically, we argue for a holistic approach to career counseling, use of the Personal Career Theory as a client-centered approach to counseling sessions, incorporating creative interventions that draw upon chance events and flexible decision-making, and an emphasis on building interpersonal skills and relationships. We conclude with a summary of recommendations for career counseling practice.     

关于教育决策的思考

不仅由于教育决策的特点所致 ,也由于教育决策背景的转变 ,教育决策的科学性应当不断提高 ,教育决策的机制也应与时俱进。教育决策过程与教育研究过程应当适当分开 ,政府教育行政部门的决策与研究者的参与应当在新的形式中互动起来     

推进行政决策科学化的几点思考

目前政府决策在集体决策制度化、专家咨询质量、群众参与度、决策后评价和责任追究、基础保障等方面还存在一些带普遍性的问题。要推进行政决策科学化,必须提高思想认识,加强制度建设,加强民主监督,加强人员、经费和技术等基础保障。     

城市化进程中的村治变迁:社区自主性成长--以武汉市徐东村为个案

本文通过个案分析发现 :起自 2 0世纪 70年代末期的中国国家放权行为对城市化并伴随再集体化的村庄而言 ,意味着社区权力的增强。此类社区利用优越的地理位置和国家赋予农村基层组织管理乡镇企业的权力 ,再创集体经济 ,在经济地位上升的同时 ,政治、社会地位均得以上升 ,使社会影响国家成为可能。作者因此认为 :此类社区已经有了一定程度的发育 ,但从社区自主的核心是精英自主看 ,社区发育仍处于初始阶段