Environmental control of morphine tolerance in the hamster

Tolerance to morphine-induced hypoactivity in hamsters was investigated under conditions designed to test a Pavlovian conditioning model of morphine tolerance. One group of animals received i.p. injections of morphine (50 mg/kg) in the test environment and saline in the home cage; a second group received saline in the test environment and morphine in the home cage; a third group received saline in both environments. A subsequent morphine challenge in the test environment gave evidence of both associative and nonassociative tolerance. Associative tolerance was detectable 1 week later during a second morphine challenge. Compensatory hyperactivity, however, was not observed during a saline challenge in the presence of morphine-associated cues. Following the acquisition of tolerance, nonreinforced exposure to morphine-associated cues produced an attenuation of morphine tolerance (i.e., extinction of tolerance). The results are interpreted as providing partial support for the Pavlovian model and are discussed in terms of alternative associative models of tolerance.     

Chronic morphine drinking establishes morphine tolerance, but not addiction in Wistar rats

Objective： Some animal models apply morphine in the drinking water to generate addiction, but related reports are not free of conflicting results. Accordingly, this study aimed to figure out if chronic consumption of morphine in the drinking water can induce morphine addiction in Wistar rats. Methods： For 3 weeks, the animals received a daily morphine dose of 35 mg/kg by offering a calculated volume of sugar water （5% sucrose） with morphine （0. l mg/ml） to each rat; animals receiving just sugar water served as controls. Immediately after the treatment phase, the tail immersion test was used to check for morphine tolerance, and all animals were then kept on tap water for one week （withdrawal phase）. Afterwards, all rats were allowed to choose their drinking source by offering two bottles, containing sugar water without and with morphine, simultaneously for two days （preference phase）. Results： While the chronic consumption of morphine led to a reduction in body weight and to morphine tolerance, the morphine-treated Wistar rats did not show any preference for the opiate-containing sugar water. Conclusion： Body weight loss and tolerance do not reveal a condition of drug craving, and current animal models should be re-evaluated regarding their potential to establish morphine addicted animals.     

吗啡耐受过程中大鼠脑内P物质的变化

研究P物质在大鼠吗啡耐药之前后脑内的变化.在未用吗啡的大鼠侧脑室内注射5 nmol P物质和在吗啡耐受后的大鼠侧脑室内注射5nmol P物质都能产生止痛效应,但在同样的剂量下,止痛作用比对未用吗啡耐受性的大鼠要小得多.用免疫组织化学法测试,下丘脑和伏核中P物质免疫反应呈顺调节(下调节),而中脑导管(PAG)周围呈逆调节(上调节).研究表明,具吗啡耐受大鼠脑中P物质诱导的止痛作用相似的免疫反应说明P物质起着重要作用.     

Different effects of L-arginine on morphine tolerance in sham and ovariectomized female mice

Objective  

The roles of gonadal hormones and nitric oxide (NO) on the analgesic effects of morphine, tolerance to morphine, and their interactions have been widely investigated. In the present study, the effect of l-arginine (an NO precursor) on morphine tolerance in sham and ovariectomized (OVX) female mice was investigated.     

瞬时受体电位通道TRPV1、TRPA1和TRPM8拮抗剂在小鼠神经源性和神经病理性疼痛模型中的镇痛作用(英文)

目的:评价瞬时受体电位通道(TRP通道)TRPV1、TRPA1和TRPM8拮抗剂在小鼠神经源性、持续性和神经病理性疼痛模型中的作用。方法:通过辣椒素实验、异硫氰酸烯丙酯(AITC)实验和福尔马林实验,评估TRP通道拮抗剂在小鼠神经源性疼痛模型中的镇痛作用;通过建立紫杉醇诱导的小鼠神经病理性疼痛模型,对TRP通道拮抗剂的抗痛觉(冷、热、触觉)过敏效应进行评估;通过旋转法实验对小鼠的运动协调性进行评估。结论:TRP通道家族包含了不同的小鼠疼痛模型。TRP通道拮抗剂能减轻神经源性、持续性和神经病理性疼痛,但是其镇痛效果与疼痛模型有关。     

Basophils as a potential therapeutic target in cancer

Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B - Basophils, which are considered as redundant relatives of mast cells and the rarest granulocytes in peripheral circulation, have been neglected by...     

LG-ESSs and HG-ESSs: underlying molecular alterations and potential therapeutic strategies

Endometrial stromal tumors(ESTs) include endometrial stromal nodule(ESN), low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma(LG-ESS), high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma(HG-ESS), and undifferentiated uterine sarcoma(UUS). Since these are rare tumor types, there is an unmet clinical need for the systematic therapy of advanced LG-ESS or HG-ESS. Cytogenetic and molecular advances in ESTs have shown that multiple recurrent gene fusions are present in a large proportion of LG-ESSs, and HG-ESSs are identified by the tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein epsilon(YWHAE)-family with sequence similarity 22(FAM22) fusion. Recently, a group of ESSs harboring both zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein7 B(ZC3H7B)-B-cell lymphoma 6 corepressor(BCOR) fusion and internal tandem duplication(ITD) of the BCOR gene have been provisionally classified as HG-ESSs. In this review, we firstly describe current knowledge about the molecular characteristics of recurrent aberrant proteins and their roles in the tumorigenesis of LG-ESSs and HG-ESSs. Next, we summarize the possibly shared signal pathways in the tumorigenesis of LG-ESSs and HG-ESSs, and list potentially actionable targets. Finally, based on the above discussion, we propose a few promising therapeutic strategies for LG-ESSs and HG-ESSs with recurrent gene alterations.     

Aluminium tolerance in barley （Hordeum vulgare L.）： physiological mechanisms, genetics and screening methods

Aluminium （Al） toxicity is one of the major limiting factors for barley production on acid soils. It inhibits root cell division and elongation, thus reducing water and nutrient uptake, consequently resulting in poor plant growth and yield. Plants tolerate Al either through external resistance mechanisms, by which Al is excluded from plant tissues or internal tolerance mechanisms, conferring the ability of plants to tolerate Al ion in the plant symplasm where Al that has permeated the plas- malemma is sequestered or converted into an innocuous form. Barley is considered to be most sensitive to Al toxicity among cereal species. Al tolerance in barley has been assessed by several methods, such as nutrient solution culture, soil bioassay and field screening. Genetic and molecular mapping research has shown that Al tolerance in barley is controlled by a single locus which is located on chromosome 4H. Molecular markers linked with Al tolerance loci have been identified and validated in a range of diverse populations. This paper reviews the （1） screening methods for evaluating Al tolerance, （2） genetics and （3） mechanisms underlying Al tolerance in barley.     

Effects of electroacupuncture at 2 and 100 Hz on rat type 2 diabetic neuropathic pain and hyperalgesia-related protein expression in the dorsal root ganglion

Objective

To investigate the analgesic effects of electroacupuncture (EA) at 2 and 100 Hz on type 2 diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) and on the expressions of the P2X3 receptor and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG).

Methods

Rat type 2 DNP was induced by a high calorie and high sugar diet fed for 7 weeks, plus a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) after 5 weeks. EA at 2 and 100 Hz was carried out once every day after 7 weeks for 7 consecutive days. Body weight, serum fasting insulin (FINS), fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin sensitivity index (ISI), and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) were measured. The expressions of L4–L6 DRG P2X3 receptors and CGRP were assessed by immunofluorescence.

Results

Type 2 DNP was successfully induced as shown by the increased body weight, FINS, and FBG, as well as the reduced ISI and PWL. Expressions of P2X3 receptors and CGRP in L4–L6 DRGs increased. EA at both 2 and 100 Hz relieved type 2 DNP, but the analgesic effect of EA was stronger at 2 Hz. P2X3 receptor expression decreased in L4–L6 DRGs following EA at 2 Hz and in L5 and L6 DRGs following EA at 100 Hz. EA at both 2 and 100 Hz down-regulated CGRP overexpression in L4–L6 DRGs.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that EA at 2 Hz is a good option for the management of type 2 DNP. The EA effect may be related to its down-regulation of the overexpressions of the DRG P2X3 receptors and CGRP in this condition.

     

Pain tolerance,pain sensitivity,and accessibility of aggression-related schemata in parents at-risk for child physical abuse

This study examined whether parents with varying degrees of child physical abuse (CPA) risk differed in pain tolerance, pain sensitivity, and accessibility of aggression-related schemata. Participants included 91 (51 low CPA risk and 40 high CPA risk) general population parents. Participants were randomly assigned to complete either an easy or a difficult anagram task. Pain tolerance and pain sensitivity were assessed using a cold pressor task. Accessibility of aggression-related schemata was assessed at the outset of the data collection session and at the end of the session using a word completion task. Parents’ self-reported negative affect was assessed three times over the course of the study: baseline, after the anagram task, and after the cold pressor task. As expected, high-risk (compared to low-risk) parents reported higher levels of negative affect at each time point. Moreover, after completing the difficult anagram task, high-risk (compared to low-risk) parents exhibited higher pain sensitivity during the cold pressor task. Following completion of the cold pressor task, high-risk (compared to low-risk) parents exhibited greater accessibility of aggression-related schemata. Collectively, these findings indicate that under certain conditions, high-risk parents experience a confluence of aggression-related risk factors (i.e., negative affect, pain sensitivity, and aggression-related information processes) that may predispose them to aggressive behavior.     

Developing faculty data bases and institutional research studies as advanced planning mechanisms for potential litigation

The purpose of this paper is to familiarize higher education administrators and support personnel with the types and number of faculty cases litigated and reported at state and federal levels for the 1982 calendar year. Each case was reviewed for the basic facts, the underlying legal rationale, the data requirements, and the decision of the court. Categories of cases and the associated data needs were developed. From these categorical data summaries, suggested institutional research data bases and studies were formulated as advanced planning mechanisms for potential litigation or, hopefully, litigation avoidance. This is an update of research reported in part at the 1983 AIR Forum.Presented at the 24th Annual Forum of the Association for Institutional Research, Fort Worth, Tex., May 1984.     

Regulatory Evolution and Theoretical Arguments in Evolutionary Biology

The cis-regulatory hypothesis is one of the most important claims of evolutionary developmental biology. In this paper I examine the theoretical argument for cis-regulatory evolution and its role within evolutionary theorizing. I show that, although the argument has some weaknesses, it acts as a useful example for the importance of current scientific debates for science education.     

泽泻醇在小胶质细胞中对基质金属蛋白酶3与一氧化氮的抑制作用

利用脂多糖(LPS)刺激小鼠小胶质细胞BV2,研究泽泻醇对炎症相关分子的抑制及机制.Griess法测定一氧化氮(NO)浓度,RT-PCR和Western blot法检测细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)、p38、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)、蛋白激酶B(Akt)、基质金属蛋白酶3(MMP3)的变化.研究结果表明,泽泻醇不仅对LPS刺激小胶质细胞产生的NO有明显抑制作用,还能在mRNA与蛋白质水平抑制MMP3的表达,这种抑制与其对PI3K/Akt通路的干预相关.阐述了泽泻醇对小胶质细胞的抑制与PI3K/Akt通路的相关机制.     

美国大学伦理审查委员会的运作及其制度基础

美国大学伦理审查委员会是各大学对本校研究人员在从事以有生命的个体为受试者进行生物医学、社会学和行为研究时进行审查、监督的机构,其目的是保护那些作为研究对象的受试者的权利和福祉。《纽伦堡法典》、《赫尔辛基宣言》和《贝尔蒙特报告》是其运作的伦理基础,联邦和州的法规法令是其运作的法制基础,学校的科研管理制度是其具体操作的依据。     

福建省民间借贷监管困局及其破解

长期以来,福建省的民间借贷游离于正规金融体制之外,得不到官方的重视,加之民间借贷具有自发性,一旦出现违约或资金链断裂,往往会引发连锁不良反应,严重时会危害社会安定。但另一方面,民间借贷对民营中小企业的成长和发展、对农户的生产经营确实起到相当大的促进作用。正确对待民间借贷并将其纳入监管范围,完善监管法律,明确监管主体,改进监管方式,健全风险监控机制以及打击民间借贷背后的官商勾结,更好地实现对民间借贷的依法监管和保护,是当前稳定金融秩序,促进福建经济健康发展的重要保证。     

地方环境监管部门不作为现象及其治理对策

地方环境监管部门负有监督企业的环境利用行为、制裁其环境违法行为、保证本区域环境质量的重要职责。环境监管不作为其实质在于行政主体消极行使行政权力,是被动姿态上的滥用权力,是另一种形式的行政腐败,相比于环境事故的直接造成者,实施不作为行为的环境监管部门责任甚至更重。文章研究了地方环境监管部门在环境政策的制定、执行、监督以及调整中的不作为现象,分析其背后的原因,给出了相应的治理对策。     

民事虚假诉讼现状及其规制

虚假诉讼案件的频发对现有的诉讼法律制度产生了消极影响。从虚假诉讼的本质及表现形式出发,通过对虚假诉讼产生的原因即社会诚信体系缺失,成本收益失衡,审判机制的内在缺陷及制裁措施乏力等方面的分析,运用比较法学和实证分析法学方法构建对虚假诉讼的防治体系,其中内涵国民诚信意识建立及司法,立法体制改革。     

链霉菌次生代谢和形态分化调控研究进展

综述了链霉菌次生代谢、形态分化调控的研究近况,介绍了灰色链霉菌、天蓝色链霉菌、阿维链霉菌等几种常见链霉菌抗生素合成的途径专一性调控和全局性调控、菌丝分化和产孢等形态分化的调控等,包括A因子级联、BldA、双组分系统、sigma因子等参与的次生代谢和形态分化调控。