Leveraging Globalization as a Policy Paradigm for Higher Education

While globalization poses challenges, it also offers powerful opportunities for the higher education community to play a key role in shaping the future. This article explores globalization as a policy paradigm, both from international and local (Australian) perspectives. It first looks broadly at various strands of globalization - economic, political, cultural, technological - and suggests how each may relate to higher education. The specific example of Australia is then used to illustrate how one government is currently addressing globalization issues of particular concern to it: the promotion, protection, and quality assurance of education as an international enterprise. The government has used concerns about globalization as a "lever" to introduce new legislation extending control over the higher education sector. The author concludes by arguing that, like governments and other bodies, the higher education community can "leverage" globalization to judiciously move debate and shape future policy directions.     

江苏高职院校来华留学生教育现状与展望

江苏高职院校一直是中国高职的排头兵,以“一带一路”倡议为契机,江苏高职院校主动服务国家战略,来华留学生教育快速发展,国际影响力日益增强,国际化办学水平不断提高。然而,当前江苏省高职院校来华留学生教育也面临一些现实困境。要从重构全球高等教育布局的角度,充分认识江苏高职院校招收来华留学生的意义;从培养“中国好故事讲述者”的角度,系统谋划来华留学生教育;从服务“走出去”中资企业的角度,建立政府、行业企业和高职院校多元利益主体协同的人才培养机制;从树立中国高职教育品牌的角度,切实把好来华留学生教育的质量关。     

Social Class Barriers of the Massification of Higher Education in Taiwan

In recent years, the rapid growth of higher education in Taiwan has led to an essential shift from education for the elite to the massification of higher education. Although this massification is making higher education more accessible, one of the main concerns is whether opportunities for higher education are the same among all social classes in Taiwan. The focus of this article is therefore on social class barriers to higher education in Taiwan. In the article, secondary data analysis is employed. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that the current dual policy of tuition fees has resulted in a situation in which social class barriers still remain, although the massification of higher education has provided more opportunities for students from families with different levels of income.     

From elitism to mass higher education in Taiwan: The problems faced

The transition from an elitisthigher education system to mass education hascreated a number of concerns in this sector.Among these are fears for the quality of theprovision; the rise in the unemployment rate ofgraduate university leavers; and the increasedfinancial burden on the government.This paper examines the transition periodover the last fifty years in Taiwan, in orderto promote an understanding of the problemscurrently being faced, and to give an insightinto the political and cultural background inwhich they have arisen. The USA and Japan arecompared, as these countries are seen to beadvanced in the provision of mass education.The paper has three main objectives. Firstly todetermine whether or not Taiwan can be said tohave developed a mass higher education systemby international comparison. Secondly, todetermine which factors have influencedgovernment policy to achieve mass highereducation, and thirdly to identify the problemswhich remains as barriers to the success ofthis system.Conclusions are drawn relating to the aboveobjectives and it is noted that similarproblems to those experiences by Westerncountries can be identified.     

对来华留学政府奖学金政策的审思——基于来华留学研究生的学习经验感知

高等教育的国际化发展使中国人才流失的问题日益凸显。通过对来华留学政府奖学金生的学习经验感知进行探究发现,中国文化与汉语是吸引其前来的重要动力;尽管在学段和专业方面存在差异,但来华留学政府奖学金生学习过程的整体满意度较高,收获了预期的内容;毕业后的回流意向明确。从人才流动的视角反思来华留学政府奖学金政策得出,一方面,中国政府为世界人才的培育贡献了巨大力量,有力推动了世界人才环流。但同时此种借助资本换取人才的策略所产生的社会综合效益较低,政治和文化的外交意义仍是发展来华留学教育的轴心。因此提升来华留学教育质量及完善相关政策是吸引人才的重要途径。     

近十五年东盟国家来华留学生教育的变化趋势研究 ——基于1999~2013年相关统计数据的分析

近十五年来,总体上东盟国家来华留学生数量增长迅猛,层级分割显著;学历教育留学生数量日渐上升,但高层教育留学生持续偏少,奖学金留学生比例偏低.高等教育比较优势、教育合作政策构建、华裔的文化维系与追寻、全球留学教育发展和世界汉语热等因素共同推进了东盟来华留学教育的迅速发展.展望未来,我们务必警惕教育服务贸易的"比较优势陷阱",积极优化留学教育结构,同时继续扩大中国—东盟学历学位互认政策构建,并着力培育和打造若干个东盟留学集中区.     

促进学生国际流动的国家政策:何以可以与何以可为?

随着全球社会发展与国际教育相互关系变得广泛与深刻,国家已成为参与国际高等教育竞争有影响力的行动者.作为国际教育竞争的基石与国家经济竞争力领域的关键结构,学生国际流动被视为促进国家公共外交与培养全球竞争力人才的重要政策工具.全球范围促进学生国际流动的国家政策呈现既复杂又不平衡的特点.以国际教育战略与项目计划为发展先导、参...     

法国提升高等教育国际吸引力的政策措施及逻辑要义

面对欧洲高等教育一体化和全球高等教育的激烈竞争,法国围绕"欢迎来法国"战略,从优先促进科研国际化、变革高等教育组织、制定留学优惠政策、加强语言学习和使用的灵活性,以及完善接待能力认证机制五个方面增强高等教育国际吸引力。改革反映出法国在留学生教育"引进来"方面以巩固国际地位为战略引导、以促进经济收益为发展动力、以保证学术质量为核心旨归、以提高治理效率为路径支撑的价值逻辑。我国在某种程度上与法国面临相似的挑战,其经验对我国优化来华留学生教育有一定的启发意义。     

Returnees and Diaspora as Source of Innovation in Chinese Higher Education

This paper highlights how returnees and knowledge diaspora are important sources for China’s human resources development, identifying push and pull factors that also contribute significantly to innovation in the higher education sector. By outlining China’s key projects and schemes for recruiting international professional workers, the paper argues that bringing advanced knowledge and skills back to a country of origin through international education and experiences is neither new, nor limited to China. At the same time, the rise of a large, worldwide Chinese knowledge diaspora is now of global importance in promoting transnational scientific and business networks that underpin both research and development, and the quest for world-class universities. China’s size and weight, its determination to boost development and improve its higher education system, as well as the willingness of both diaspora and returnees to contribute, constitute its advantages. However, there remain limitations to its success, notably a lack of high-quality research, reservations regarding new ideas, low awareness of international collaborations, too much attention given to material rewards and quick results, corruption, and too many administrative controls and government regulations.     

二战至20世纪末美国国际学生政策变迁

本文对第二次世界大战结束至20世纪末期间美国的国际学生政策变迁进行了阐述和分析。《富布赖特法案》标志着美国政府开始长期资助各国学生赴美留学,之后,针对不同的学生类型设立了F、J和M三类学生签证,规范了国际学生签证的有效期,但对国际学生加强监控的政策却由于教育界的抵制而不了了之。在政策环境和主要行为主体的相互作用下,经过若干次调整和巩固,美国的国际学生政策体系逐渐健全起来。     

Can Hong Kong export its higher education services to the Asian markets?

Internationalization becomes increasingly important in higher education in a globalized world. Exporting higher education services by recruiting overseas students is an integral facet of internationalization of higher education. It not only helps develop the place as an education hub but also facilitate internationalized environment of higher education. Alongside this global trend, Singapore, Malaysia, and Hong Kong are of no exception and have embarked on the process of internationalizing their higher education campuses by recruiting more international students, striving for achieving the policy goal of developing themselves into regional education hubs. Hong Kong has no doubt had some comparative advantages over other Asian competitors in the region but there are several major hurdles it needs to overcome before it can successfully export its higher education services. This paper reports part of a territory wide study in order to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of exporting Hong Kong’s higher education to the Asian markets. In addition, to counteract the economic driven imperatives in restructuring higher education, the author would like to caution the importance of going beyond income generation and put forward a question of what the real aim and mission of internationalization of higher education are in the Asian region.     

Employability and mobility in the valorisation of higher education qualifications: the experiences and reflections of Chinese students and graduates

ABSTRACT

In the last two decades, we have witnessed a rapid expansion of higher education in Mainland China and Taiwan, recording a significant increase in higher education enrolments in these two Chinese societies. The massification of higher education in China and Taiwan has inevitably resulted in an oversupply of university graduates, with growing social concerns for skills mismatches being found in the labour market, stagnant graduate employment and social mobility. This article critically examines how university students and graduates in these two Chinese societies reflect upon their employment experiences. Human capital theory predicts that other things being equal, raising participation in higher education will initially increase inequality as rates of return rise, and then it will reduce inequality as expansion reaches mass levels and rates of return decline. If the output of graduates outpaces the demand for their skills, which appears to be the current case in many countries, then supply and demand pressures reduce the pay premium for degrees and lower income inequalities. However, this study clearly demonstrates that the massification and the universalisation of higher education in Mainland China and Taiwan, respectively, have actually intensified inequality.     

中国特殊教育发展面临的六大转变

中国特殊教育纵向比较确实取得了令人瞩目的成就,不仅接受义务教育的残疾儿童数量显著增加,残疾学生学前教育、高中教育、高等教育、职业教育等也都取得了很大的发展。但面对日益发展的中国经济、日益提升的中国国际地位、国际特殊教育发展的新趋势和国内残疾人日益多样化的特殊需求,中国特殊教育要想健康发展,须完成六大转变：（1）在政策层面由特殊教育条例向特殊教育法律法规的转变;（2）特殊教育由三类残疾儿童教育向特殊需要儿童教育的转变;（3）特殊教育投入由单纯重视硬件投入向满足残疾儿童需要的转变;（4）教育形式由特殊学校教育逐渐向随班就读学校教育的转变;（5）学校教育建设重心由东部发达地区向中西部地区的转变;（6）师资培训方式由单一的特殊高校师资培养向普通大学开设特教专业培养方式的转变。     

Assessing policies for attracting international students: case of Malaysia

While the world market for international students in higher education is dominated by traditional major players such as the US, UK and Australia, Malaysia has emerged as a recent contender with a market share of 2%. There is a gap in the literature in assessing the contributions of policy initiatives, including trade agreements, towards attracting inbound international students, especially from emerging contenders such as Malaysia. The objective of this paper is to compare and assess the policy initiatives at the unilateral, multilateral, regional and bilateral level and their impact on the host environment which is defined in terms of the key pull factors that have attracted international students to Malaysia. The main findings show that domestic policy initiatives have enhanced the host environment for attracting international students by providing a governance system that protects the interests of international students through its regulations. Efforts to improve quality assurance and accreditation also serve to attract international students. The regulation of fees contributed towards competitively priced programmes that are also pull factors. Multilateral, regional and bilateral commitments are relatively new, emerging only after 2006, and have less potential influence on inflows of international students as these commitments reflect, at best, existing practices in this sector.     

When China opens to the world: A study of transnational higher education in Zhejiang, China

The economic transition in China since the late 1970s has led to not only drastic social transformations but also rapid advancements in science and technology, as well as the revolution in information and communications technology. In order to enhance the global competence of the Chinese population in coping with the challenges of a knowledge-based economy, the higher education sector has been going through restructuring along the lines of marketization, privatization and decentralization. Responding to the the challenges of globalization, the Chinese government has opened up the education market by allowing overseas universities to offer programmes on the mainland. This article sets out in this wider policy context to examine the current developments of transnational higher education in China, with particular reference to how students in Zhejiang province enrolling in these overseas programmes, especially those offered by Australian providers, evaluate their learning experiences. This article will also discuss the major concerns raised by the respondents in our study regarding the newly emerging transnational higher education programmes, with particular reference to examining how far these new programmes would affect the regulatory framework in Chinese higher education.     

成本分担优质优价——从"精英取向"转向"大众取向"的高校收费政策研究

成本分担已经成为全球高等教育发展的趋势。自20世纪80年代以来,我国高等教育就逐渐引入并实施了成本分担政策。伴随着我国高等教育的快速发展,从“精英型”向“大众型”的转变,构建大众取向的高校收费政策已经成为现实发展的需要。但当前我国的高校收费政策,还是建立在精英取向之上。以精英取向的高校收费政策来办大众化的高等教育,是不利于我国高等教育发展的,新时期我们应积极建构大众取向的高校收费政策。     

国际留学生教育转向：从谋求政治影响到追逐经济利益

20世纪80—90年代以来,在高等教育国际化进程中,国际留学生教育从谋求政治影响为主导转向了以追逐经济利益为主导的时期,呈现出学生规模迅速扩大、学生流向地在保持集中的同时逐渐趋于多元化和留学生教育走向市场化的主要发展趋势。在WTO规则下,作为国际教育服务贸易最主要的形式的境外消费,留学生教育已成为世界公认的新兴产业和新的经济增长点。我国应把握国际留学生教育市场化趋势,高度重视留学生教育服务产业对推动经济发展的重要意义,着力提升高等教育水平,以优质的高等教育产品和服务参与国际留学生教育市场竞争,从而实现来华留学生教育健康、持续地发展。     

浅析以诚信为基础的高校招生工作

我国高等教育已从“精英教育”进入“大众化普及教育”的初级阶段,它意味着高等教育的整体结构必发生深刻的变化,包括招生对象、学校分类、办学形式等等与“精英教育”时代相适应的学校招生制度正面临新的变革。我们应理解和分析高校招生工作的特点,不断研究工作机制,从招生工作失去信用的主要原因以及如何以诚信为基础开展招生录取工作等方面分析,建立以诚信为基础的高校招生工作。     

海峡两岸高职院校国际贸易专业人才培养比较分析

通过比较海峡两岸高等职业院校国际贸易专业人才培养的做法发现:两岸高等职业教育国际贸易专业定位和人才培养模式基本相同;专业基础课程基本相同,但台湾课程体系构建流程更加规范;学习领域课程大陆开发较多,学术性课程和选修课程则台湾开设较多;在教学方式与方法方面,台湾与大陆都注重灵活多样;在强调务实致用、特色发展的前提下,台湾高等职业教育开始更多地考虑学生的生涯发展。     

Unlocking the gates to the peasants: are policies of ‘fairness’ or ‘inclusion’ more important for equity in higher education?

Attempts to make higher education more equitable more readily succeed at the aggregate (sector) level than at the institutional, with students from disadvantaged groups being overrepresented in low-status institutions. It is suggested that this is because policies of ‘fairness’ (i.e. proportional representation) dominate the contemporary policy framework and are strongly resisted by elite universities. However, using the Australian higher education sector as an example, this paper argues that equity policy is actually a mix of ‘proportional fairness’ and ‘inclusion’ and elite institutions resist not because the policy is deficient but because it might actually work. An alternative approach to higher education equity policy is proposed; one which requires elite institutions to engage meaningfully with disadvantaged students but allows them to retain their status advantage.