训练科学的未来已来——NSCA's Essentials of Sport Science解读

为了方便国内读者阅读和理解美国国家体能协会（NSCA）于2022年出版的NSCA′s Essentials of Sport Science,从出版背景、翻译中的若干问题、对我国训练科学与训练实践未来发展的启示3个方面撰写此书评。本书的推出是NSCA填补美国训练科学衰败留下的空白的一次主动作为,来自全球13个国家的51名专家基于最新研究成果和实践经验向读者呈现了近十年世界训练科学与训练实践的前沿动态。我国运动训练学亟待向训练科学迈进,加强学科的科学性、实践性、多学科性和应用性,更大程度实现体育多学科的融合、理论与实践的融合、科学与经验的融合、知识生产与转换的融合、行业建设与学科发展的融合,在竞技体育强国建设中勇挑重任、主动作为。     

运动测试的最新推荐及应用

旨在为运动测试的推荐和实践提供最新、最权威的参考,对近年来有关运动测试新研究和权威推荐进行综述。发现运动测试具有广泛、重要的应用价值,但权威指南不再推荐运动测试作为运动前健康筛查流程的一部分,而应由有资质的专业人士根据不同人群的临床情况,依据权威指南对不同人群运动测试的最新推荐,权衡利弊进行个体化的运动测试推荐。同时,应认真进行运动测试前的风险筛查、影响因素评估,并严格按照流程进行测试以保障运动测试的安全性。     

Meta-analysis in sport and exercise research: Review,recent developments,and recommendations

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to provide a general overview of the principles and practice of conducting quantitative psychometric meta-analytic reviews in the sport and exercise sciences and highlight some of the recent developments and recommendations from researchers regarding the conduct and validity of meta-analytic methods. After outlining the historical context, the general principles involved in a quantitative cumulation of research findings across empirical studies is reviewed. Subsequently, recent controversies and issues surrounding the use of meta-analysis are reviewed with examples provided from the sport and exercise psychology literature. Specifically, the basis for and selection of meta-analytic models (use of fixed vs. random effects models), the treatment of data from theories that explicitly demand testing the effects of multiple independent variables on a dependent variable (use of multiple regression), and how to treat studies that contain multiple tests of a given effect (use of averaging and structural equation modeling methods) are covered. Recommendations are provided for researchers conducting meta-analytic studies based on these issues.     

运动与营养——2002亚运会科学大会专题报告论文简述

亚运会科学论文会议首次将运动与营养作为重要的专题报告内容，运动营养学已经成为重要的体育科学分支，在理论与实践中取得了很大进展，在运动训练和健身锻炼中发挥越来越重要的作用。专题报告内容包括基础理论研究、营养与健身锻炼、营养与运动训练，这些专题比较突出的特点是对常见的问题进行了较深入和细致的研究分析。对比这次会议中运动与营养专题报告内容和目前国际运动营养研究的进展，中国的运动营养学在取得了较大发展的同时，在基础理论研究与应用基础研究的系统性和研究深度上仍与国际先进水平有一定差距。     

Trends and knowledge base in sport and exercise psychology research: a bibliometric review study

Bibliometric methods were used to examine: (1) research themes in sport and exercise psychology articles published between 2008 and 2011; and (2) the intellectual base of the field of sport and exercise psychology, defined as influential literature being cited in these articles. The dataset consisted of 795 articles from five sport and exercise psychology journals and 345 articles obtained through citation-based extension (n = 1140 articles). A cluster analysis yielded 73 clusters showing themes in sport and exercise psychology research. Principal component analysis was used to identify and analyze relationships between 14 highly cited research areas constituting the intellectual base of sport and exercise psychology. Some main findings were: (1) the identification of many re-emerging themes, (2) research related to motivation seems to be extensive, (3) sport psychology and exercise psychology research share theoretical frameworks to some extent, however (4) differences compared to previous reviews indicate that sport psychology and exercise psychology may be regarded as two distinct research fields, rather than one united field, and (5) isolated research areas were identified indicating potential for research integration. Suggestions for future research are provided. The bibliometric approach presented a broad overview of trends and knowledge base in sport and exercise psychology research.     

A practitioner-focused approach to the provision of psychological support in soccer: adopting action research themes and processes

In this review, we explore a practitioner-focused approach to the provision of psychological support in soccer. Support is depicted to be a collaborative exercise and is associated with action research themes and processes. Various procedures and perspectives that are associated with action research are outlined. The ideas presented suggest that many soccer-based practitioners (coaches, managers and physiotherapists) have the capacity to influence how sport psychology practice might be experienced by players. The sport scientist is depicted here as someone who acts as a critical friend to those practitioners who are interested in developing aspects of their own working practice. Having established these ideas, the review provides an illustration of how a combination of action research themes and qualitative research techniques has been used to influence and support heads of education and welfare in UK soccer academies across the north-west of England.     

我国不同社会阶层人口体育现状的调查与研究(之二)

对我国２０几个省市的３１个不同社会阶层的１７００人进行了广泛调查，基本摸清了我国目前阶段３１个不同社会阶层人口体育锻炼频度、锻炼时间、锻炼项目，体育组织化和体育指导化水平，锻炼场所，体育支出，接受体育宣传程度的现状。总结出不同社会阶层人口体育现状的特点和规律，比较分析出社会各阶层体育发展状况的差异和特点，为研究和确定９０年代我国群众体育发展的特点和目标。提供可靠的实践和理论依据。     

运动决策研究进展

对运动领域中关于决策的理论研究和实证研究做了详细的分析和总结。发现运动决策研究在研究方法方面尚缺乏生态学效度、实证研究涉及的运动项目不够广泛、研究者对专家和新手的界定不一致等问题。建议运动决策研究还要在专家——新手的范式下进行更深一步的探讨,并进行多运动领域、多因素和多方法的研究,进而发掘运动决策的规律,更好地服务运动实践。     

Self-determination Theory and the psychology of exercise

The purpose of the Self-determination Theory is to explain motivation and behaviour based on individual differences in motivational orientations, contextual influences, and interpersonal perceptions. The theory has shown utility in explaining the antecedents and processes that underpin exercise behaviour. This review will provide an overview of the theory and its application in explaining health-related exercise motivation, behaviour, and outcomes. Recent innovative research using the theory in exercise contexts will also be reviewed in two key areas: advances in measurement and theoretical integration. Based on this evidence, recommendations for future investigations will be made advocating the development instruments to measure self-determined motivation from first principles, the adoption of experimental and intervention designs to better infer causal links between self-determined motivation and behaviour, further investigation of the role of implicit self-determined motivation in predicting behaviour, and the integration of the Self-determination Theory with other theories of motivation, e.g. the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Achievement Goal Theory, to provide complimentary explanations of self-determined motivation in exercise contexts. Based on the evidence, the Self-determination Theory demonstrates considerable efficacy in explaining exercise motivation and behaviour. Future research should adopt these recommendations to develop the theory further with a view to informing intervention and practice.     

Narrative inquiry: ongoing conversations and questions for sport and exercise psychology research

Narrative inquiry, as one form of qualitative research, has recently attracted some interest within the field of sport and exercise psychology. Seeking to be theoretically imaginative and instigate dialogue, this article focuses attention on five main issues within ongoing conversations among sport and exercise psychology researchers who promote and/or engage in narrative research. Theoretically inspired and grounded, these interrelated issues include, motivations for why researchers have turned to narrative, the concept of ‘the self’, interviewing, the issue of ‘truth’, and representation. Some implications of these issues for sport and exercise psychology are also highlighted. The article closes with some reflections about the future directions that narrative inquiry might take.     

我国不同社会阶层人口体育现状调查与研究(之一)??

对我国２０几个省市的３１个不同社会阶层的１７００人进行了广泛调查，基本摸清了我国目前阶段３１个不同社会阶层人口体育锻炼频度、锻炼时间、锻炼项目。体育组织化和体育指导化水平、锻炼场所、体育支出、接受体育宣传程度的现状。总结出不同社会阶层人口体育现状的特点和规律，比较分析出社会各阶层体育发展状况的差异和特点，为研究和确定９０年代我国群众体育发展的特点和目标。提供可靠的实践和理论依据。     

体育运动训练阻力伞的研制

依据空气动力学原理,设计研制阻力伞用于体育运动训练中,结果表明随速度提高,阻力伞提供的阻力增大。在运动训练中可根据不同运动项目和不同水平运动员选择不同规格阻力伞进行训练,它可广泛用于田径、自行车、速滑、游泳等项目的训练中。     

From Their Perspective: A Qualitative Examination of Physical Activity and Sport Programming for Working Mothers

Research has long demonstrated the benefits of participation in sport, exercise, and physical activity, which include lower mortality and morbidity (National Heart Foundation of Australia, 2001; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1996). Still, research demonstrates that 60-80% of adults are not active at a level sufficient to derive health benefits (Armstrong, Bauman, & Davies, 2000; Bowles, Morrow, Leonard, Hawkins, & Couzelis, 2002; Pate et al., 1995), and working mothers may face particular challenges in pursuing physical activity and sport (Jackson & Henderson, 1995). Utilizing the exercise psychology and women's leisure literatures, this study examines not only the barriers or constraints to participation, but also the ways that working mothers negotiate these barriers and, very practically, the ways that sport managers can better structure program offerings to increase access for this group (Bauman, Smith, Maibach, & Reger-Nash, 2006; Jackson & Henderson, 1995; Shaw, 1994). Forty-four working mothers from a university in the Southwestern United States participated in focus group inquiry regarding their physical activity and sport participation, barriers to participation, ways that they negotiated those barriers, and recommendations for change. Results indicated that rigid scheduling, guilt, and narrow programming constrained activity participation, and those constraints varied by marital status and social class. Negotiations included reframing entitlement to participation, garnering social support, and combating rigid work structures. Specific programming recommendations for sport managers as well as implications for social change are also discussed.     

Sport event legacy: A systematic quantitative review of literature

The study of sport event legacies has grown rapidly since 2000 across a number of disciplines related to planning and hosting large-scale sport events. However, to date, there have been limited attempts to systematically review and synthesise extant sport event legacy research, reflect on existing knowledge, and identify key gaps for future research. In this article, the authors reviewed the state of sport event legacy research through a systematic quantitative review of 305 original, peer-reviewed research articles published in English language journals between 2000 and 2016. Results demonstrate that a small group of academics concentrated in particular countries are driving the publication of studies on sport event legacy in predominately specialised sport and event journals. There is a clear research interest in legacy outcomes realised through hosting sport events in areas of public life, politics, and culture, as well as mass participation sport. The authors identify key areas for future research and make recommendations for empirical research designs to progress scholarship and better inform policy and practice pertaining to sport event legacy.     

Investing in sport management: The value of good theory

This paper reflects on why and how there should (continue to) be an investment in sport management by investing in the application and development of theory. Good theory does not just describe, it explains. Thus, in a fundamentally applied field like sport management it is important that the body of knowledge is derived from theory-based and theory-building research. It is equally important that practice and student learning is founded on good theory that guides explanation, prediction and effective management of the sport enterprise. The paper focuses particularly on how, as scholars, we can invest in theory through research, whether it is borrowing, adapting, and extending theory from other disciplines, or generating new theory within sport management that is intentionally relevant to the field.     

社会转型期珠三角绿道体育研究现状与趋势

分析珠三角绿道规划建设、绿道体育研究活动以及绿道体育文献成果现状,发现绿道体育理论研究已经滞后于绿道体育实践,研究主体不足,研究方法单一。社会转型期,绿道体育研究趋势为：研究思路应囊括宏观、中观、微观多维度;研究方法应结合多学科中外文献,定性分析结合定量分析,理论研究配合实证研究;研究趋向领域为绿道体育实践与文化内涵、绿道体育产品开发与供给主体多元化、绿道体育公共服务、绿道体育旅游、绿道体育组织管理与规制、绿道体育管理绩效评估等。     

论健身路径在高校休闲类新兴体育课程中的运用效果

新兴体育项目在高校中已得到了较好的发展,其中低强度休闲类项目更是受到了大学生的喜爱。研究认为,在学生体质进一步下降的情况下,有必要在这类项目中加入素质练习的内容。研究对健身路径在休闲类新兴体育课程中的运用效果进行了研究,研究结果表明健身路径对大学生的机能、素质、成分等方面均有积极的影响,实验验证了健身路径在休闲类新兴体育课程中的实用价值。     

From evidence to policy: reflections on emerging themes in health-enhancing physical activity

Based on a detailed reading of the six preceding papers, in conjunction with a reflection on the socio-political forces shaping lifestyles in the UK at the turn of the millennium, we come to four interrelated conclusions. First, sport and exercise science needs to move beyond evidence-based practice to evidence-based policy. Second, sport and exercise science needs to make health-enhancing physical activity a political issue at both national and local level. Third, transport, not health policy, may be the key to promoting health-enhancing physical activity. And, fourth, young people deserve our special attention. In reaching these four interrelated conclusions, we attempt both to shape evidence based policy and future research agendas in exercise science. To achieve an international perspective, we also present a short case note from Australia.     

不同锻炼行为阶段的体育消费心理

基于跨理论模型和体育消费认知决策模型,采用对587名知识分子问卷调查数据,对不同锻炼行为阶段的体育消费心理进行了比较分析,结果表明,1)在前意向→意向→行动阶段,体育消费需要呈现上升趋势;在坚持阶段,体育消费需要少量下降;2)随着锻炼行为阶段向前发展,体育消费满意度呈现逐渐提高的趋势;提高满意度有利于锻炼者向高一级行为阶段转变;3)随着锻炼行为阶段向前发展,体育消费意愿呈现出逐渐增强的趋势,处于高锻炼行为阶段的个体更愿意在体育锻炼上花钱。建议:体育营销把前三个锻炼行为阶段作为体育消费者培育阶段,通过薄利的产品和满意的服务促进更多的体育消费者更快地发展到锻炼行为坚持阶段,培养忠诚的体育消费者,追求在锻炼坚持阶段产生的长期可持续发展的收益。