皮尔斯与索绪尔符号观比较

皮尔斯和索绪尔分别为现代西方符号学中哲学传统和语言学传统两个源流的开创者.本文在比较他们的符号基本理论的同时,一方面透过皮尔斯的符号观分析其语言观,另一方面则从索绪尔的语言符号观看其一般符号观.本文认为,索绪尔二元的符号观忽视了符号与外部的交际价值,而皮尔斯的符号观则弥补了其不足,强调符号的过程是一个动态的认知和交际的过程.     

《逻辑哲学论》的符号学向度

《逻辑哲学论》的符号学思想,清晰化了符号和意义之间的纵向逻辑线索,为语言符号进入横向人际交流准备了条件。在经典符号学谱系中,这一重要思想,具有区别于皮尔士、索绪尔的独特价值。就语言符号的规律而言,纵向和横向是语言符号从意义构成到社会交流所必须完成的两个阶段。纵向是逻辑构成,横向是交流实践,语言符号自身勾连在纵横两条轴线上。经典符号学关于这一问题的困惑,在《逻辑哲学论》的符号学思想中获得了清晰的解释。     

Peirce and Rationalism: Is Peirce a Fully Semiotic Philosopher?

While Peirce is a seminal figure for contemporary semiotic philosophers, it is axiomatic of a fully semiotic perspective that no philosopher or philosophy (semiotics included) can provide any final answer, as signs are always interpreted and the context of interpretation always varies. Semiosis is evolutionary: it may or may not be construed as progressive but it cannot be static. While Peirce offers a way out of the mind‐body divide that both permeates and separates classical rationalism and empiricism, he himself is read in this article as closer to the rationalist tradition exemplified by Kant and Hegel that he critiques than to either thoroughgoing empiricism or post‐Nietzschean relativism. From a contemporary perspective, Peirce thus falls short of qualifying as a fully semiotic thinker, notwithstanding his key role in the development of semiotic philosophy.     

The Semiotics of Learning New Words

In several of his papers, Charles S. Peirce illustrates processes of interpreting and understanding signs by examples from second language vocabulary teaching and learning. The insights conveyed by means of these little pedagogical scenarios are not meant as contributions to the psychology of second language learning, but they aim at elucidating fundamental semiotic implications of knowledge acquisition in general. Peirce's semiotic premise that a well‐understood sign is one that represents an object and creates an interpretant is essential to the understanding of how new words and signs in general can be taught and learned. The article argues that Peirce's theory of the object of the sign, especially of the necessity of collateral experience of the object of a sign, can help to understand the riddle posed by of the Meno paradox of the impossibility of learning what we do not yet know. It examines the semiotic implications of the didactic methods of teaching and learning through translation, ostension, mental and real images, as well as metacognition, and it shows how icons, indices, and symbols are essential to learning new words.     

皮尔斯符号过程中不明推论的美学维度与艺术表达研究

皮尔斯的符号学是认知的符号学,人们通常关注其认知方面的问题,而忽略了其与美学相关的问题。其实,皮尔斯符号过程中的不明推论这一认知步骤,就显现出了美学的维度,它是艺术表达的基础。皮尔斯从实用主义与其符号学的关联开始,美学维度在不明推论环节显现,其包含的本质要素是符号的冲突,进而以此为基础阐释艺术和艺术作品的表达,显示了皮尔斯符号学的美学价值,可以深化对其符号学的认识。     

Charles Peirce’s Rhetoric and the Pedagogy of Active Learning

Abstract

Although John Dewey has had the most profound effect on education, less is known about the philosophy of education of the original founder of pragmatism, Charles Peirce Using Peirce’s theory of formal rhetoric, I try to show that Peirce’s philosophy of education, when fully understood, is aligned with Dewey’s pedagogy of experiential learning, and can provide a justification for the promotion of active learning in the classroom. Peirce’s rhetoric, as one part of his logical or semiotic theory, argues that reasoning alone is not sufficient to gain knowledge, but that it must be embedded within a community of inquiry, of a certain sort. Applying this to the classroom, I argue that we, as teachers, should endeavor to create the features of a proper community of inquiry in the classroom, one that emphasizes engagement of the students in doing research rather than passively receiving information about its results.     

Prelinguistic sign mixity and flexibility in interaction

Based upon a reflection on the social origins of human psychological functions the authors propose an analysis of the transmission-appropriation of object uses by the 7 to 13 month old child through interaction with the adult termed baby-object-adult triadic interaction. The analysis is based on Peirce’s semiotics. Semiotic processes involved in the interaction are analysed with categories of icons, indexes and symbols. The authors show the great variety and flexibility of the signs used by the adult but also by the prelinguistic child. They also evidence different types of sign mixity. Peirce described a sign mixity which implies that the uses of signs is never pure but that a given sign may comprise elements of other signs and thus may belong to different sign classes. Here a second type of mixity is demonstrated which can be specified by the simultaneous occurence of sign configurations or estellas belonging to different semiotic repertoires. These may be implemented by the child or the adult or by both within the interaction.     

从符号学角度审视电视广告

成功的广告创意应该使该广告成为标志某一产品个性的符号。在现代社会,商品竞争日益激烈,广告事业不断发展,利用符号学知识进行广告创意显得尤为重要。作为当代社会最活跃的消费文本之一,电视广告自然也倍受学者们的关注。本文结合对符号学研究产生深远影响的符号学家索绪尔、皮尔士、雅各布森、巴尔特等人提出的一些基本理论,包括能指与所指、组合与系统、外延与内涵、隐喻和转喻,分析了维系电视广告秩序的各个符号元素及其相互之间的关系、组合效果和受众可能对广告符号的理解以及广告符号将会对受众产生的影响。     

Radical embodiment and semiotics: toward a theory of mathematics in the flesh

The idea that mathematical knowledge is embodied is increasingly taking hold in the mathematics education literature. Yet there are challenges to the existing conceptualizations: There tend to be breaks between (a) the living and experienced body (flesh) and linguistic forms of thought, (b) individual and collective forms of knowing, and (c) the material body and the source of intentionality. Grounded in material phenomenology, we theorize the living body as semiotic expression that not only grounds thought but also leads to its development. We provide a detailed case study that elucidates the three ways in which the living body serves as sign for the growth of a second-grade student??s geometric understanding and the other bodies he interacts with.     

From a social to a cultural approach in the study of cognitive activities: The fundamental role of semiotic systems

The consideration of the semiotico-cultural dimension of cognitive development has failed to appear in most of the studies conducted in the psychosociology of cognitive constructions. The theoretical and epistemic implications which follow from it are discussed in relation to the contribution of the pragmatic and dialogical approaches of Peirce and Vygotsky. Recent research on the cognitive effects of the social signification of tasks can provide evidence of the semiotic dimension of social contexts of the knowledge insertion and thus introduce the notion of ‘virtual social reality’. A new interpretation of the effects of the performance transfers, observed in this kind of studies is proposed. The traditional explanations in terms of social experience and social marking are questioned through original research that whose results illustrate the fundamental role of the use and self-appropriation of sign systems.     

Enriching the Theoretical Horizons of Phenomenography,Variation Theory and Learning Studies

The aim of this article is to introduce some theoretical frameworks which may develop the research going on within phenomenography and variation theory. Central concepts from the epistemological and cognitive theories of Charles S. Peirce, Niklas Luhmann and Margaret Boden are presented and their implications for phenomenography and variation theory are discussed. Peirce's concept of the semiotic triad clarifies the interrelations of conceptions, their linguistic expressions and their meanings or referents. Luhmann's concepts of primary and secondary distinctions point out an implicit hierarchy of dimensions of variation. Boden's notion of conceptual spaces as grounds for explorative and transformative creativity points to the relevance and value of becoming familiar with the conceptional spaces of the outcomes of phenomenographic studies. Finally, I point to the possibility of including the notion of a “hidden curriculum” of the discipline as an implicit dimension of variation in classroom studies based on variation theory.     

Semiotics and Transitionalist Pragmatism

Colin Koopman identifies a longstanding tension between experiential givenism and linguisticism in forms of pragmatism, and offers semiotics as a candidate for resolving this. In this paper, I offer a pansemiotic account that construes the universe as events, and experience as implication in events. This process account resonates strongly with most of Koopman's aspirations for transitionalist pragmatism, but with one notable exception: it is strongly post‐humanist. The argument is in three stages. The first sketches out a semiotic process metaphysics that construes the sign as ubiquitous and evolutionary (qua Peirce) and as deferred (qua Derrida) and also as non‐quantifiable (thus addressing another problem besetting modern philosophy: mathematisation, cf. scientisation), while denying raw quality (contra Peirce) and the primacy of language in any form (contra Derrida). The second stage fleshes out this anti‐Cartesian world picture in terms of its inherent transitionalism, implicit meliorism and inevitable post‐humanism. The nature and role of the human on this account is considered briefly. The final stage considers the semiotics of the encounter on this account, and concludes with some thoughts about the teaching‐and‐learning encounter, taken as emblematic of the human role in taking things forward through explicitly social interaction. Such encounters can only be evaluated contextually, with respect to contestable considerations of significance and of progress.     

试论皮尔士的语言符号观及其对符号学翻译观的贡献

通过较为系统地论述皮尔士对符号问题的探究及其符号学思想,可以看出皮尔士对符号学研究做出了不可磨灭的贡献。由于符号学研究与翻译研究很相像或多多少少有相似之处,皮尔士的符号学思想给翻译研究提供了新的视角,从符号学角度探究翻译的论著也不胜其数,极大地丰富了翻译研究,出现了符号学的翻译观。     

Educational semiotic: Threat or menace?

In Donald Cunningham's article for this issue ofEducational Psychology Review, he assumes that there is a need for an educational semiotic. In this paper, I examine that implicit assumption. Upon investigation, I conclude that an educational semiotic is necessary to help develop an inquiry of understanding to complement the current inquiry of knowledge. This inquiry of understanding builds upon the fundamental ideas of both Saussure and Peirce. I conclude by considering an inquiry of understanding as a threat (or menace) to the status quo in educational research and by calling for a broad-based model of research that allows for the new and preserves the best of the old.     

Concept Mapping and Peirce's Semiotic Paradigm Meet in the Classroom Environment

This article grapples with the problem of how to track a student's real progress in learning, which cannot be absolutely quantified at any given point as a result of a particular intervention. Results are presented for a long-term qualitative and quantitative classroom study, during which the method of concept mapping was applied and interpreted in light of the semiotic paradigm developed by Charles Sanders Peirce (1931–1958). Peirce's semiotic paradigm was thought to have sufficient intellectual rigour and flexibility to give new access to the multiplicity of processes at work in the learning environment. A natural learning environment was built over a four-year period in a Finnish primary school. The students, ranging in age from 9–12 years, were encouraged to use qualitative judgement (intuition, tacit knowledge) to give them greater intellectual access to the meanings of the concepts taught. The goal was to bring them to Vygotsky's stage of ‘conceptual learning’, and to evaluate the effectiveness of concept mapping as an ‘advance organiser’ used in conjunction with Peirce's semiotic paradigm. This article evaluates the success of concept mapping in constructing a conceptually-meaningful learning environment. The qualitative results - and certain quantitative evidence - show that concept mapping provided a means for students to discover tentative meanings for the concepts taught. In parallel, Peirce's semiotic paradigm provided a pragmatic framework for tracking the process of ‘updating meanings’ which is intrinsic to learning. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

英语食物名称的符号意义探析

索绪尔认为语言符号的能指和所指的关系是任意的,但同时语言在某种情况下又具有相对可论证性。本文将以语言任意性原则作为基准,通过对索绪尔提出的语言不变性和可变性理论的阐述进一步说明语言的相对可论证性这一原则,同时在相对可论证性的视角下来分析英语食物名称符号的形成过程,从而探析其背后隐含的符号意义。     

Reading graphs: Contributions to an integrative concept of literacy

In contrast to past educational research that views graph-related activities in terms of mental ability, I offer a conceptualization of graphing as a semiotic activity. This move provides a more viable account not only of individual experiences, familiarity and socio-cultural factors during graph reading, but also of errors committed by students and 'experts' alike. I outline a model of semiotic activity that contains two elements not present in other semiotic theories: the process of parsing the perceptual field to construct relevant signs and the grounding of a sign through the dialectic of sign-to-referent and referent-to-sign movements. This model of semiotic activity also implies an integration of research on graphing (and other sign-related activities) into a more general concept of literacy.