身体成分与运动能力的相关性研究

采用文献资料法、试验研究法、数理统计法等方法,探讨体育专业大学生身体成分与有氧、无氧运动能力之间的相关性.结果表明：体育专业大学男生,除水分百分比外的各项身体成分指标均同有氧、无氧运动能力之间呈极显著正相关或负相关（P＜0.01）;水分百分比同有氧运动能力之间的相关性不显著（P＞0.05）,同无氧运动能力之间呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）.体育专业大学女生,除体重和脂肪总量外的身体成分总量均同有氧运动能力呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,同无氧运动能力呈极显著正相关（P＜0.01）;体重同有氧、无氧运动能力均呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）;脂肪总量同有氧运动能力之间的相关性不显著（P＞0.05）,同无氧运动能力之间呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）;各项身体成分百分比均同有氧、无氧运动能力之间的相关性不显著（P＞0.05）.男生无氧运动锻炼频率高,非常缺乏有氧运动;女生锻炼程度严重不足.     

高校健美操运用“变奏训练法”的实验研究

根据长期对实践经验和对未来高校体育教学改革发展的认识,利用变奏训练法对健美操教学进行实验,发现改变音乐节奏从而控制运动负荷是提高健美技术水平的有效途径,并针对实验情况提出适宜进行健美操教学训练的音乐节奏,得出变奏训练法能够提高学生健美操基本技术水平的结论.     

不同强度健美操锻炼对女大学生身体形态和机能的影响

采用实验的方法对60名女大学生持续一年健美操锻炼前后身体形态和机能指标进行测试分析。随机分为甲、乙、丙三组,每组各20人。结果表明,经过一年的练习,这60名女大学生的身体形态指数均有减小,机能指数均有所提高。其中,乙组的锻炼效果最为显著,身体形态指数和机能指数大部分呈显著性差异变化。结论:健美操锻炼有利于保持女大学生健美体型,改善心血管、呼吸系统功能。运动强度控制在最高心率的60%-80%时锻炼效果最佳。     

Motivational Climates,Achievement Goals,and Physical Education Outcomes: A Longitudinal Test of Achievement Goal Theory

The present research tested the longitudinal relations over a school‐year between motivational climates, achievement goals, and five physical education outcomes, namely intrinsic motivation, perceived competence, positive attitude, exertion, and attendance in physical education. The results showed that students’ mastery goals measured early in the school‐year (Time 1) predicted all five physical education outcomes one year later (Time 2), controlling for physical education outcomes at Time 1. Two structural equation change models of climates and goals were also tested: (1) change in mastery climate predicted positively change in mastery goals, which positively predicted physical education outcomes after one year; and (2) distinct performance climate sub‐factors, namely changes in normative praise and negative emotional tune, predicted positive changes in performance‐approach, and performance‐avoidance goals, respectively. In turn, change in performance‐approach goals predicted positively, and change in performance‐avoidance goals predicted negatively, the PE outcomes after one year.     

运动减肥对肥胖女大学生身体形态和心率影响的实验研究

文章通过对肥胖女生进行为期八周的定量负荷、中小强度有氧运动训练,测量其训练前后身体形态、心率指标变化,表明选择运动减肥的方法,使受试者达到较好的减肥效果。修正肥胖女生的身体形态,适度降低安静和定量负荷后的心率,心血管系统机能、对运动负荷的承受能力均有比较明显的提高,健康状态改善。有氧运动对肥胖女大学生身心发展、身体健康具有积极促进作用。     

运动处方在解决心理健康问题中的应用

身体锻炼不仅增强体质,而且促进心理健康。运动处方是根据人的不同特点,为了达到身心健康的目的制定的运动计划。本文着重介绍了身体锻炼对心理健康的作用、运动处方的特点,总结出了六种不同的心理状况需要的不同的运动处方,期望对于不同的心理状况的人群以科学的锻炼指导。     

The academic and psychological benefits of exercise in healthy children and adolescents

This review examines the psychological benefits exercise is connected to in healthy children and adolescents. Studies on the effect of exercise on academic performance, self-esteem, emotions, and mood were examined. Academic performance is found to be maintained when normal academic classes are reduced and replaced by an increase in exercise, physical activity, or physical education. Exercise seems to have a positive effect on several aspects of cognition and self-esteem in healthy children and adolescents. A positive connection between exercise and emotions and moods in children is found in the few studies that have been conducted.     

青少年耐力训练及有氧适应

青少年进行体育锻炼有利于身体发展和身心健康。有氧耐力训练能够增加青少年对运动忍受能力,最终提高青少年的运动能力。有氧耐力训练可以提高峰值摄氧量,平均提高为5％～6％。青少年具有较高无氧阈值,训练强度超过80％最大心率可能是提高有氧适应所必须的。     

运动因子对大学生有氧体适能的影响

目的:探询不同运动因子对大学生有氧体适能的影响。方法:通过实验法,问卷法取得原始数据,采用CROSSTAB统计法对数据进行统计分析。结论:规律运动、运动频率多于3次/每周、每次运动时间30-60分钟、合适的运动项目对大学生有氧体适能水平有较为积极的影响。     

PERSPECTIVES ON OLDER ADULTS IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SPORTS

Older Canadian adults are showing increasing interest in physical activity participation as evidenced by the appearance of masters’ levels in sport clubs and the proliferation of seniors programs in a wide variety of settings. Thousands of seniors are participating in Seniors’ Games competitions across Canada, and in this late‐life pursuit of excellence, they seek quality instructional help and supervision. There has been increasing demand for instructors for the older age groups. Surprisingly, little attention has been paid to instructional issues by the various professional groups most likely to be involved with seniors. This paper addresses the problems and challenges facing prospective leaders and educators of the older adult in physical training and acknowledges the pitfalls of exercise leaders who are inexperienced in dealing with aging adults. Citing real‐life experiences and observations across a number of high‐performance and vigorous exercise settings, this article illuminates some of the difficulties facing both physical educators and older adults and confirms the idea that educational gerontology is often a matter of mutual learning. Overall, a problem of everyone underestimating the potential for learning in the later years, particularly with respect to physical learning, is likely to reinforce stereotypes of frailty as a natural outcome of aging processes.     

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体(PPAR)生理学效应对有氧耐力运动的调节作用

有氧耐力运动对人体有生理生化、心理等多面的良好影响,最利于人们的健康,可使人体获得最佳摄氧量,目前是大众体育锻炼主要推荐项目。PPAR在脂肪细胞分化及脂质代谢中起着重要作用,而机体内脂肪组织是有氧耐力运动项目能量的一个重要来源,因此PPAR对有氧耐力运动的起着调控作用;尤其是最近发现的PPAR-DELTA是一种可以管理和调节不同基因活动的基因,相当于基因中的管家,能加快人体新陈代谢,加速脂肪燃烧,所以又称为“脂肪控制开关”基因。因此研究PPAR的生理学效应对有氧耐力运动的调节作用将有重要的意义。     

有氧运动对提高肥胖学生体质健康标准成绩的成效

运用文献资料、比较实验等研究方法,通过多种有氧运动练习,改变不良的生活习惯,运动强度控制在实验对象最大安全运动心率的60％-80％,改善大学生肥胖的体型,增强心血管系统的功能,从而提高《学生体质健康标准》测试成绩.     

体育锻炼与肥胖的防治

体育锻炼对肥胖有预防和治疗的作用,选择有氧运动项目、中低运动强度、每次锻炼半小时以上、每日锻炼一次的方法是科学、经济、有效的减肥途径。     

体育课程与大学生体育锻炼需求的适性研究

高校体育课程是大学生进行体育锻炼,增强体质、增进健康和提高体育素养的公共必修课程,对大学生体育锻炼起着重要的引导作用,体育课程的开设必须符合大学生体育锻炼需求才能真正发挥其应有的作用。通过分析各方面对大学生体育锻炼的要求,有的放矢地探讨大学体育课程的改革方法,将会使体育课程发挥最大效能。     

Possible Link Between Medical Students' Motivation for Academic Work and Time Engaged in Physical Exercise

Physical exercise results in an active well‐being. It is likely that students' engagement in physical exercise keeps them motivated to perform academic endeavors. This study aimed to assess the relation of time engaged in physical exercise with medical students' motivation for academic work. Prospectively, 296 second‐year medical students self‐administered Vallerand's Academic Motivation Scale. The frequency of exercise per week and the duration per time were multiplied to compute a weekly physical exercise engagement time. Multivariable regression model treated the intrinsic motivation construct as the dependent variable, adjusting relevant covariates such as sleeping time, sitting time, screen time, and vegetable intake. The level of intrinsic motivation was positively related to the student's physical exercise time per week (β 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.42–1.26, p‐value < 0.001). Thus, generating conditions in which students can engage in physical exercise may contribute to fostering their intrinsic motivation for academic work.     

有氧健身操对女大学生体重指数和腰臀比及心理健康的影响

通过查阅献资料和对女大学生有氧健身操训练班的跟踪调查与实验，对持续参加半年以上的有氧健身操的女大学生参加前、后体重指数和腰臀比及心理方面进行测试对比，结果显示：长期参加有氧健身操运动可使练习身体成分发生改变，体脂减少，体重下降，体重指数正常，腰臀比降低，心理健康得到明显地改善。     

太极拳运动对中老年人体质健康功能及成分影响研究

采用实验对比、文献资料等方法,通过对兰州市参加太极拳健身锻炼两年以上中老年的心肺功能、身体成分、脂质代谢各项指标测试发现太极拳运动对部分慢性疾病心血管及微循环功能具有良好的影响作用,对缓解病症、康复及延缓病理性衰老具有特殊功能．长期坚持参加太极运动,可增强体质,提高身体、机能状态和健康水平。对预防心血管疾病和老年肌肉萎缩、骨质疏松等有积极作用．     

论体育院校健美操教学中学生音乐素质的培养

高校健美操专业学生进行音乐素质教育十分必要,健美操专业学生音乐素质主要包括对音乐的想象能力、感知能力和音乐的节奏感.加强学生音乐素质的教育将非常有助于提高学生在健美操运动中的艺术表现力和创造力.本文提出了学习音乐、提高音乐素质的几条基本途径和方法.     

有氧运动对人体细胞免疫功能影响的实验分析

应用实验室相关指标（细胞免疫功能）监测有氧运动对个体免疫力的影响,将36例乙型肝炎病毒核心抗体阳性的健康体检者平均分为有氧运动组和对照组,2年前后均采用化学发光法检测实验者的乙肝两对半模式、荧光定量PCR（FQ-PCR）仪测定其乙肝DNA水平和流式细胞仪检测CD4/CD8,得到有氧运动组乙肝两对半模式转为表面抗体阳性者显著高于对照组（P〈0.025）,其血清IgG、IgA含量也高于对照组,CD4/CD8的比值平均上调10.2%的结果,证明了有氧运动能明显提高个体的免疫力.     

有氧运动对女性II型糖尿病患者HDL成熟的影响

目的：分析空腹和餐后,有氧运动对II糖尿病患者血浆脂蛋白特性、前B1一HDL浓度、体外HDL,清除巨噬细胞胆固醇和抑制LDL氧化能力的作用。方法：受试者分为三组,健康对照组（A,n=11）;II糖尿病运动组（B,n=11）;II糖尿病不运动组（C,n=11）。A和B组进行4个月的有氧运动。所有受试者都进行一次脂肪餐负荷试验以分析各种参数的基础值和最后值。结果：运动没有改变体重、BMI、血浆总胆固醇、LDL、HDL、TG、胰岛素浓度和HOMA—IR,但是降低了腰围。HDL3没有变化,有氧运动没有改变其清除细胞胆固醇的能力。糖尿病患者进行有氧运动能改善饥饿状态下HDL,阻止LDL最大氧化率能力的15％,降低餐后血浆前β1-HDL浓度,表明增加前β1-HDL向大的、更加成熟的HDL转化。就此而言,规律的有氧运动增加健康人空腹和餐后的HDL2和TG,增加糖尿病患者空腹时HDL2和TG。结论：研究结果显示糖尿病患者进行有氧运动改善HDL抑制LDL氧化的效力,帮助HDL成熟。这个结果不依赖于胰岛素抵抗的改变和血浆HDL浓度的变化。