Extended follow-up of neurological,cognitive, behavioral and academic outcomes after severe abusive head trauma

Studies about long-term outcome following abusive head trauma (AHT) are scarce. The aims of this study were to report long-term neurological, cognitive, behavioral and academic outcomes, ongoing treatments and/or rehabilitation, several years after AHT diagnosis, and factors associated with outcome. In this retrospective study, all patients admitted to a single rehabilitation unit following AHT between 1996 and 2005, with subsequent follow-up exceeding 3 years, were included. Medical files were reviewed and a medical interview was performed with parents on the phone when possible. The primary outcome measure was the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Forty-seven children (out of 66) met the inclusion criteria (mean age at injury 5.7 months; SD = 3.2). After a median length of follow-up of 8 years (range 3.7–12), only seven children (15%) had “good outcome” (normal life – GOS I) and 19 children (40%) presented with severe neurological impairment (GOS III and IV). Children sustained epilepsy (38%), motor deficits (45%), visual deficit (45%), sleep disorders (17%), language abnormalities (49%), attention deficits (79%) and behavioral disorders (53%). Most children (83%) had ongoing rehabilitation. Only 30% followed a normal curriculum, whereas 30% required special education services. Children with better overall outcome (GOS I and II) had significantly higher educated mothers than those with worse outcomes (GOS III and IV): graduation from high school 59% and 21% respectively (p = 0.006). This study highlights the high rate of severe sequelae and health care needs several years post-AHT, and emphasizes the need for extended follow-up of medical, cognitive and academic outcomes.     

寡聚糖激发子诱导杨树抗溃疡病的生化机制

用已筛选的3种寡聚糖激发子A1、B、C3分别诱导毛白杨愈伤组织,以加无菌水为对照,并在诱导48 h后挑战接种杨树溃疡病菌,测定毛白杨愈伤组织中苯丙氨酸解氨酶、几丁质酶和抗坏血酸氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,3种寡聚糖激发子A1、B、C3诱导48 h后接种杨树溃疡病菌,毛白杨愈伤组织中苯丙氨酸解氨酶和几丁质酶活性均呈单峰曲线变化,并且变化趋势基本上满足:A1>B>C3>CK(对照接种),而抗坏血酸氧化酶活性的变化为:在发病初期和中期(0-48 h)诱导接种毛白杨愈伤组织均高于对照接种,而在发病后期(t>48 h)对照接种毛白杨愈伤组织高于诱导接种,因此,可以得出寡聚糖激发子A1的诱导抗病性比寡聚糖激发子B和C3都强。     

冷应激环境下补充维生素C对小鼠血清生化指标及部分内脏器的影响

为了研究补充维生素C(VC)对冷应激环境下雄性小鼠血清生化指标和部分内脏器官的影响。本试验选购清洁级雄性昆明小鼠30只,随机分为冷应激组、冷应激+VC组和对照组(n=10),冷应激和冷应激+VC组每天在0℃下给2h的冷刺激,冷应激+VC组补充300μg/g VC,试验期1w。结果表明,在冷应激环境中,小鼠血清AST、UREA、UA、Glu、TP和CREA水平均出现显著变化(P<0.05);肾器官指数显著增加(P<0.05),睾丸和附睾重量显著降低(P<0.05);肾、睾丸和附睾出现不同程度损伤,但肝的重量、器官指数和组织结构以及无明显变化。补充VC后,血清UA明显降低(P<0.05),Glu、TP和CREA含量显著增加(P<0.05),而AST和UREA含量无明显变化(P>0.05);肾器官指数显著降低(P<0.05),睾丸重量明显增加(P<0.05);肾小球和肾小囊结构正常,睾丸生精细胞和精子数量增加,附睾管脱落上皮细胞数量减少。     

川芎嗪对脓毒症小鼠肺内炎症损伤的影响

目的：研究川芎嗪对脓毒症小鼠肺内炎症损伤的影响。方法：小鼠经腹腔注射川芎嗪后,行盲肠结扎穿孔术以诱导小鼠脓毒症。18h后处死小鼠,收集肺泡灌洗液检测蛋白浓度并计数细胞总数;肺组织匀浆检测丙二醛含量及髓过氧化物酶活性;取肺组织块称重计算湿／干重比并行HE染色、观察组织病理学改变;离心收集血浆,ELISA法检测血浆中IL-6浓度。结果：川芎嗪明显减轻脓毒症小鼠肺组织病理学损伤,降低肺组织湿／干重比、丙二醛含量及髓过氧化物酶活性,降低肺泡灌洗液中蛋白浓度及细胞总数,下调脓毒症小鼠血浆中IL-6水平。结论：川芎嗪可有效抑制脓毒症小鼠肺内和全身炎症反应,减轻肺组织损伤。     

感冒通对小白鼠的毒性研究

给不同年龄组小白鼠以不同剂量感冒通灌胃,小白鼠存活率下降,体重减轻,肝脏、肾脏的相对重量增加,胸腺相对重量减少。病理组织学观察结果表明:感冒通对小白鼠肝、肾等脏器有不同程度的损伤,且鼠龄愈小,用药剂量愈大,损伤愈重。     

Osteoinduction by Ca-P biomaterials implanted into the muscles of mice

The osteoinduction of porous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics (BCP) has been widely reported and documented, but little research has been performed on rodent animals, e.g., mice. In this study, we report osteoinduction in a mouse model. Thirty mice were divided into two groups. BCP materials (Sample A) and control ceramics (Sample B) were implanted into the leg muscle, respectively. Five mice in each group were killed at 15, 30, and 45 d after surgery. Sample A and Sample B were harvested and used for hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, and Alizarin Red S staining to check bone formation in the biomaterials. Histological analysis showed that no bone tissue was formed 15 d after implantation (0/5) in either of the two groups. Newly-formed bone tissues were observed in Sample A at 30 d (5/5) and 45 d (5/5) after implantation; the average amounts of newly-formed bone tissues were approximately 5.2% and 8.6%, respectively. However, we did not see any bone tissue in Sample B until 45 d after implantation. Bone-related molecular makers such as bone morphogenesis protein-2 (BMP-2), collagen type I, and osteopontin were detected by IHC staining in Sample A 30 d after implantation. In addition, the newly-formed bone was also confirmed by Alizarin Red S staining. Because this is the report of osteoinduction in the rodent animal on which all the biotechnologies were available, our results may contribute to further mechanism research.     

rhEPO和睾酮对低氧小鼠血清ASTase、ALTase、LDHase活性抑制效应

目的观察ｒｈＥＰＯ和睾酮对低氧小鼠血清ＡＳＴａｓｅ、ＡＬＴａｓｅ、ＬＤＨａｓｅ活性的影响．方法应用低压舱小鼠实验（０．４２ａｔｍ,２２ｈ／ｄ, ６ｄａｙｓ）,分别注射ｒｈＥＰＯ（２００ｕ／ｋｇ·ｄ）、宰酮（２．５ ｍｇ／ｄ）、皮质醇（０．５ ｍｇ／ｄ）,检测血清酶活性、血清 ＥＰＯ浓度和 Ｈｃｔ．结果ｒｈＥＰＯ和睾酮不同程度地抑制低氧小鼠血清酶活性．结论ｒｈＥＰＯ和睾酮对低氧动物肝功能具有不同程度地保护效应。     

Effects of concomitant diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism on testicular and epididymal histoarchitecture and steroidogenesis in male animals

This study evaluated the effects of comorbid disorders of diabetes and hyperthyroidism in the adult male mice. In total, 32 ICR strain mice were equally distributed into four groups: control (C), diabetic (D), diabetic-plushyperthyroid (DH), and hyperthyroid (H). Mice allocated for diabetes received a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at 200 mg/kg body weight. At the onset of diabetes, one group of mice was concomitantly injected levothyroxine (LT4; 0.3 mg/kg body weight) and the other set of animals received the same treatment independently on a daily basis. The body weight, as well as the testicular and epididymal weights, was reduced markedly in D and DH mice. Higher trends of blood glucose levels were seen in the DH group, in comparison to euthyroid diabetic mice. Thyroid hormones could exert a transient effect on blood glucose homeostasis by altering the serum blood glucose level in diabetic patients. Histomorphometric analysis showed increased luminal sizes of seminiferous tubules, along with decreased epithelial height and atrophic changes in germinal stem cells in the testis of DH and H mice. Caput epididymis of DH mice showed extensive compaction of principal cells, loss of stereocilia, lipid vacuolization, and inflammatory infiltrations; however, damaged tubular integrity, packed clear cells, exfoliated cells, and round spermatids were profoundly noticed in the cauda epididymis. Hyperthyroidism elevated the serum testosterone levels in H and DH mice and produced critical damages to the histoarchitecture of the epididymis. Collectively, this experiment endeavored to mimic the polyglandular autoimmune syndrome, which will be helpful to better understand the reasons for male infertility in diabetic-cum-hyperthyroid patients.     

黄芪水提物对α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的抑制及其降血糖作用

应用黄芪水提物与不同浓度的α-葡萄糖苷酶,不同浓度的底物PNP-glucoside进行反应,研究中药黄芪中α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂的抑制活性及其对正常小鼠血糖和糖耐量的影响.通过绘制酶量-反应速度曲线和双倒数曲线,确定其抑制剂类型,并对正常小鼠以40～160 mg.kg-1剂量灌胃后,观察其对血糖值和糖耐量的影响.结果表明,黄芪中α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂为可逆、非竞争性抑制;可降低正常小鼠血糖值,并且以80 mg.kg-1的剂量时血糖值最低,还可显著提高小鼠糖耐量.黄芪水提物中含有α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂成分,可用于糖尿病治疗.     

黄芩甙对肝损伤小鼠肝抗氧化功能影响的研究

目的:观察黄芩甙注射液对四氯化碳(CCl4)致急性肝损伤小鼠肝抗氧化功能的影响。方法:50只小鼠随机分为5组,每组10只,分别为对照组、模型组、黄芩甙注射液低、中、高(0.25 g/kg、0.50 g/kg、1.00g/kg)剂量组。用CCl4制备小鼠急性肝损伤模型,测定小鼠体重变化,肝指数,肝超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,谷胱甘肽(GSH)及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果:与对照组及模型组比较,黄芩甙各剂量组小鼠试验前后的体重及肝指数差异不显著(P>0.05)。与模型组比较,低剂量组小鼠肝SOD、GSH-Px活性及MDA含量差异不显著(P>0.05),而GSH含量显著升高(P<0.05);中、高剂量组SOD、GSH-Px活性极显著提高(P<0.01),GSH含量极显著升高(P<0.01),MDA含量极显著降低(P<0.01)。结论:黄芩甙能显著增强急性肝损伤小鼠肝SOD、GSH-Px活性,提高GSH含量,降低MDA含量,并表现正向的量效关系。     

松口蘑对小鼠肠胃运动的实验研究

观察食用菌———松口蘑对小鼠胃肠运动功能的影响.以正常、新斯的明负荷、肾上腺素负荷及脾虚小鼠为实验研究模型,采用炭末小肠推进试验法和体征、体重评估法.松口蘑提取液1次性ig给药可显著促进正常小鼠的胃肠运动(P<0 01),且呈现很好的量效关系;松口蘑提取液对新斯的明负荷小鼠引起的胃肠推进亢进有显著的拮抗作用(P<0.01),对肾上腺素负荷引起的胃肠推进抑制有明显影响(P<0.05);松口蘑提取液可明显改善脾虚模型小鼠的体征,使脾虚模型小鼠的体重有一定的增加,但不能抑制脾虚小鼠的胃肠运动(P>0.05),不能使脾虚小鼠的肠胃运动趋于正常;松口蘑的急性毒性很小.松口蘑提取液能增加小鼠肠胃运动功能的功效.     

Copper-modified palygorskite is effective in preventing and treating diarrhea caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmonella typhimurium</Emphasis>

The aim of this research was to develop effective alternative therapies to reduce antibiotic use in animal agriculture. In this study, the efficacy of copper-modified palygorskite (CM-Pal) in preventing diarrhea caused by Salmonella was specifically examined both in vitro and in vivo. The CM-Pal was prepared with palygorskite (Pal) and copper nitrate. The antibacterial activity of the CM-Pal was detected by comparing the differences in cell numbers on plate count agar before and after adding the CM-Pal to Salmonella typhimurium cultures. Seventy ICR mice were then allocated into seven groups. Five groups (the treatment groups) were infected with S. typhimurium by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and were given Pal, CM-Pal, montmorillonite powder, gentamicin, and physiological saline, respectively. One group (the prevention group) was given CM-Pal before infection with S. typhimurium. Another group (the uninfected group) was not infected with S. typhimurium. The effects of Pal, CM-Pal, montmorillonite powder, and gentamicin on the treatment or prevention of diarrhea in the mice were examined by stool studies, fecal scoring, and assessment of growth performance and villus height. The CM-Pal had satisfactory anti-bacterial properties in vitro: the antibacterial rate was 100% after 2 h incubation with S. typhimurium NJS1 cultures (1×10⁶ colony-forming units (CFU)/ml). In the in vivo experiment, the CM-Pal exerted superior effects in the treatment and prevention of diarrhea in mice compared with Pal, montmorillonite powder, and gentamicin. In the CM-Pal group, no mice showed signs of diarrhea at 24 h post infection (p.i.), and all mice fully recovered from infection. However, the Pal group, montmorillonite group, and gentamicin group only recovered after 48, 48, and 96 h, respectively. The villus height level in the CM-Pal treatment group recovered at 3 d p.i. However, the recovery time of the other groups was longer (at least 5 d). The CM-Pal prevention group had a better effect on weight gain than the other groups. This study suggested that CM-Pal may be an effective alternative to conventional antibiotics for the treatment and prevention of animal diarrhea caused by Salmonella.     

沙参麦冬汤对慢支大鼠肺、脑组织抗氧化能力的影响

目的:探讨沙参麦冬汤对慢性支气管炎大鼠肺、脑组织抗氧化能力的影响.方法:70只SD大鼠,随机分为对照组、慢支模型组、沙参麦冬汤高、低剂量组和氨茶碱组,采用混合烟熏方法复制慢性支气管炎大鼠动物模型,对照组与慢支模型组灌服生理盐水10 mL/kg·d,高剂量组灌服沙参麦冬汤10 mL/kg·d,低剂量组灌服沙参麦冬汤5 mL/kg·d,氨茶碱组灌服氨茶碱0.25 g/kg·d,灌胃期30 d.实验结束后,测定体重和肺指数,测定肺、脑组织中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、过氧化氢(CAT)的活力和丙二醛(MDA)的含量.结果:各组的肺指数差异均不显著(P>0.05),沙参麦冬汤对慢支大鼠肺、脑的CAT活性无明显影响(P>0.05),但能显著提高肺、脑组织中SOD,GSH-Px的活性(P<0.05),显著降低肺、脑MDA的含量(P<0.05).结论:沙参麦冬汤可以提高慢支大鼠肺、脑组织的抗氧化能力,降低烟雾造成的氧化损伤.     

Men’s Perceptions of Pregnancy-Related Weight Gain: A Psychosocial Firestorm (Upheaval) Intertwined With Supportive Intentions

In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 men who had a significant other who had given birth within the last 5 years. Men were asked about their perceptions of pregnancy-related weight gain, and content analysis was used to identify themes from the interviews. Men described nine themes related to perinatal weight gain: (a) negative perceptions, (b) eating behaviors, (c) exercise habits, (d) health impact, (e) body changes, (f) weight-loss success, (g) “it bothered her more than me,” (h) “the weight gain wasn’t a problem,” and (i) intimacy. Together, these themes offer a glimpse into men’s experiences and highlight the discord and balance between experiencing negative feelings/perceptions and being a supportive partner. This information on how men perceive pregnancy-related weight gain can be used to develop interventions to assist men to support their significant others in meeting weight loss goals following pregnancy.     

A note on WISC-WISC-R differences with mentally retarded and borderline functioning adolescents

Records of 94 randomly selected students from the Department for the Mentally Retarded in the Special School District of St. Louis County (mean age 14.8 years) were reviewed. Forty-nine subjects had been given the WISC (25 males and 24 females), and 45 subjects had been given the WISC-R (31 males and 14 females). Although no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups, the WISC tested lower than the WISC-R by an average of 1.8 points in Verbal IQ, 2.6 points in Performance IQ, and 2 points in Full Scale IQ. This finding was consistent with other studies that have indicated WISC-WISC-R differences of about 2 points for children over I I years of age.     

Research on the protection effect of pioglitazone for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） in rats

Objective： The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease （NAFLD） has markedly increased. Insulin resistance has been implicated in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. This study was aimed at observing the relationship between insulin resistance and NAFLD, and evaluating the role of pioglitazone （PGZ） acting as insulin-sensitizing agents in the prevention and treatment of rat fatty liver induced by high fat feeding. Methods： The rats were separated randomly into 6 groups： model group Ⅰ were fed high fat diet for 8 weeks, PGZ prevention group were given PGZ 4 mg/（kg.d） simultaneously, while control group Ⅰ were fed normal food for 8 weeks; model group Ⅱ were fed high fat diet for 16 weeks, PGZ treatment group were given PGZ 4 mg/（kg.d） orally simultaneous with high fat diet for 8 weeks after high fat feeding for 8 weeks, control group Ⅱ were fed normal food for 16 weeks. The rats were sacrificed after 8 weeks and 16 weeks respectively. Liver weight, body weight, serum activities of alanine aminotransferase （ALT）, aspartate aminotransferase （AST）, alkaline phosphatase （ALP）, tumor necrosis factor alpha （TNF-α）, fasting blood glucose （FBG）, fasting plasma insulin （FINS）, HOMA （homeostasis model assessment） insulin resistance index （HOMA-IR）, and the liver histology of rats of all groups were assayed. Results： After 8 weeks, the liver in model group Ⅰ showed typical steatosis, accompanied with mild to moderate lobular inflammatory cell infiltration, liver indexes and serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, TNF-α were significantly increased （P〈0.05） compared with control group Ⅰ. Whereas, the degree of hepatic injury was attenuated in PGZ prevention group, liver indexes and serum levels of ALT, ALP were significantly decreased （P〈0.05） compared with model group Ⅰ. After 16 weeks, notable steatosis, and lobular inflammation were observed in model group Ⅱ rat liver, while the degree of hepatic injury was attenuated in the PGZ treatment group. Liver index, serum levels ofALT, AST, ALP, FINS and HOMA-IR were significantly increased （P〈0.05） in model group Ⅱ compared with control group Ⅱ. Whereas, in PGZ treatment group, serum levels of AST and FINS showed decreasing tendency, liver indexes, serum levels of ALT, ALP, TNF-α and HOMA-IR were significantly decreased compared with model group Ⅱ. Conclusion： Insulin resistance plays a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD in rats. Pioglitazone can attenuate insulin resistance and biochemical and histological injury in high fat-induced fatty liver in rats.     

LONG-TERM INHIBITION OF Na~ /H~ EXCHANGE ATTENUATES CARDIAC REMODELING AFTER MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION IN RATS

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅＮａ /Ｈ ｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｒ (ＮＨＥ)ｉｓａｐＨ ｒｅｇｕｌａｔｏｒｙｐｒｏｔｅｉｎｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｉｎｔｈｅｐｌａｓｍａｍｅｍ ｂｒａｎｃｅｏｆｃａｒｄｉｏｍｙｏｃｙｔｅｓａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｃｅｌｌｔｙｐｅｓ.ＡｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｓｅｖｅｒａｌｉｓｏｆｏｒｍｓｏｆＮＨＥｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｄｅ ｃｒｉｂｅｄ,ｔｈｅｐｒｅｄｏｍｉｎａｎｔｉｓｏｆｏｒｍｉｎｔｈｅｈｅａｒｔｉｓｔｈｅｕｂｉｑｕｉｔｏｕｓＮＨＥ 1 ,ｗｈｉｃｈｕｎｄｅｒｃｅｎｔａｉｎｐｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌｃｏｎｄｉｔｉ…     

磁化水对注射高剂量抗癌药物的小鼠的影响

１　Ｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ　ＴｈｅｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｂｅｉｎｇｕｓｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｆｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓａｒｅｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｏｓｅｆａｓｔｅｓｔｇｒｏｗｉｎｇｍｅａｓｕｒｅｓｉｎｍｅｄｉｃａｌｓｃｉｅｎｃｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａ．Ｔｈｅｐｕｒｓｕｉｎｇｆｏｒｔｈｅｒａｐｅｕｔｉｃａｌｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｓｏｆｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｉｓａｌｓｏａｎａｒｅａｏｆｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｃｈｉｎｅｓｅｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ．Ｉｔｉｓｎｏｗｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄｔｏｌｅｓｓｅｎ…     

慢性束缚应激损害小鼠学习记忆和抑制体重增加

研究慢性束缚应激对小鼠体重和学习记忆能力的影响.小鼠每天进行6h的束缚应激,记录每天的体重变化,Y迷宫试验观察小鼠学习记忆能力,同时用荧光法测定血浆皮质酮的变化.结果表明,慢性束缚应激显著抑制小鼠体重的增加(P《0.05),同时显著升高血浆皮质酮水平(P《0.01),Y迷宫实验证实束缚组小鼠的学习记忆能力下降.慢性束缚应激抑制小鼠体重的增加和损害小鼠学习记忆能力,可能与束缚应激导致的高水平血浆皮质酮相关.     

杀虫丁亚慢性染毒对小鼠免疫功能影响的研究

观察杀虫丁对小鼠免疫系统的影响,以白细胞总数、免疫器官脏器系数、血清溶血素水平、迟发超 敏足垫肿胀率及碳粒廓清指数为指标。连续天灌胃给药,、剂量,未见对免疫功能的280.2 mg/kg2.0 mg/kg 明显影响,在剂量,可见血清溶血素水平明显降低,表明杀虫丁在该剂量亚慢性染毒条件下对小鼠20 mg/kg体液免疫功能有显著性抑制作用,而对小鼠细胞免疫功能未观察到有明显作用。