Conservation development in the partially sighted child

A comparative study of conservation development in partially sighted, sighted, and sighted blindfolded children at four age levels (6–7, 8–9, 10–11, and 12–15 yrs.) was assessed. Conservation on tasks of mass, weight, and volume were evaluated using Piaget and Inhelder's (1941) prediction, judgment, and explanation questions. The significant differences were found between groups, task, and age level. Visually impaired children's performance was inferior to sighted children at all age levels, while little difference was found between partially sighted and blindfolded children's performance. For all three groups, conservation of mass was easiest, followed by conservation of weight, then volume. The findings support the notion of a developmental lag in cognitive skills for partially sighted children.     

简论齐美尔的社会冲突思想及其现实意义

齐美尔认为,社会冲突是一种典型的社会形式,它是普遍存在和不可避免的。社会冲突有两种主要形式：作为手段的冲突与作为目的的冲突。社会冲突不仅有助于社会群体边界线的建立和维持,有利于社会矛盾的缓解,而且具有维持社会整体、提高社会整合度的功能。齐美尔的社会冲突思想,对于社会学理论的发展,对于人们解决现实社会中的矛盾与冲突,都有重要的影响与意义。     

Student–teacher closeness and conflict in students with and without special educational needs

Teachers play a key role in creating effective conditions for students to succeed in school. The quality of student–teacher relationships is consistently associated with social, emotional, behavioural and academic adjustment, and this is even more relevant for students with special educational needs (SEN), considering these students’ emotional, social and learning vulnerabilities. This study aimed to examine the associations between students’ externalising and internalising behaviour, social skills and academic performance, and teachers’ perceptions of conflict and closeness in their relationships with students with and without SEN. Data regarding 360 students in Year 3, Year 5 and Year 7 (169 students with SEN) were collected. Teachers (n = 74) reported on the student–teacher relationship and students’ social skills, behaviour problems and academic performance. Special education teachers (n = 38) provided information regarding the diagnosis and profile of functioning of students with SEN. Results showed that teachers’ reports of students’ social skills and externalising problems were the strongest predictors of closeness and conflict. Internalising problems and SEN status also predicted decreased closeness, despite smaller effects. Taken together, findings support the importance of professional development opportunities focusing on facilitating teachers’ relationships with students with perceived challenging behaviour.     

Parental dysphoria and children's internalizing symptoms: marital conflict styles as mediators of risk

Parents' marital conflict styles were investigated as mediators in the associations between parental dysphoria and children's internalizing symptoms. A community sample of 267 children, ages 8 to 16, participated with their parents. Behavioral observations were made of parents' interactions during marital conflict resolution tasks. Questionnaires assessed parents' dysphoria and children's internalizing problems. Structural equation modeling indicated that marital discord, in particular, depressive conflict styles, mediated the relationship between parental dysphoria and children's internalizing problems. Furthermore, whereas for dysphoric mothers, depressive conflict styles partially mediated the links with children's internalizing, for fathers, depressive conflict styles fully mediated the links. Destructive and constructive marital conflict were associated with parental dysphoria (positively and negatively, respectively) but did not mediate the relations with children's internalizing.     

当代中国群体性事件的非现实冲突转向

随着社会转型与变革的深入,我国进入了社会矛盾与冲突的高发期,群体性事件不仅在数量上不断增加,而且破坏性也显著上升,呈现出了一种向非现实冲突转向的特点,通过冲突释放敌对、不满的情绪成为了群体性事件的主要目的,对社会秩序造成了更大的破坏。对群体性事件的非现实冲突转向进行研究,从群体性事件的发生过程和社会背景因素上找出这种转向发生的原因并提出相应的应对措施,对降低我国群体性事件的破坏程度,维持社会长治久安有着重要意义。     

高考改革中的冲突问题评述

当前及今后相当长的一段时期,高考改革中的冲突问题仍将是影响高考改革与发展的关键因素,同时也关涉到转型时期整个社会的公平、和谐和稳定.本文在归纳我国高考改革中冲突问题的基础上,对其中的主要原因作了评析,以期为我国高考制度的完善提供参考.     

Mutual influence of marital conflict and children's behavior problems: shared and nonshared family risks

This within-family, longitudinal study including biological and stepfamilies investigated mutual influences between marital conflict and children's behavior problems. Children (4 to 17 years; N=296) residing in 127 families drawn from a general population study were investigated at Time 1 and again 2 years later. These nested data were analyzed using multilevel modeling, controlling for previous child behavior or marital conflict. Marital conflict about children predicted change in children's behavior. Children's behavior also predicted an increase in marital conflict, particularly in stepfamilies. Differences between siblings in exposure to conflict and the extent to which siblings were a source of argument increased more in stepfamilies than in biological families. Boys were exposed to more conflict over time than were girls.     

Effects of the peer group on the development of social functioning and academic achievement: a longitudinal study in Chinese children

This longitudinal study examined, in a sample of Chinese children (initial mean ages = 9.5 and 12.7 years, N = 505), how the peer group contributed to social functioning and academic achievement and their associations. Data on informal peer groups, social functioning, and academic achievement were collected from multiple sources. Multilevel structural equation modeling revealed that group academic performance made direct contributions to children's social development. Group academic performance also moderated the individual-level relations between academic performance and later social functioning. Whereas high-achieving groups strengthened the positive relations between academic achievement and social competence, low-achieving groups facilitated the negative relations between academic achievement and social problems. The results indicate the significance of the peer group for social functioning from a developmental perspective.     

Bidirectional longitudinal relations between father–child relationships and Chinese children's social competence during early childhood

Using a two-year and three-wave cross-lagged design with a sample of 118 Chinese preschoolers, the present study examined bidirectional longitudinal relations between father–child relationships and children's social competence. The results of structural equation modeling showed bidirectional effects between father–child conflict and social competence. Higher conflict in father–child relationships at three months after preschool entry predicted lower levels of children's social competence at the end of the first preschool year over and above continuity in competence. Lower levels of social competence at three months after preschool entry also predicted higher father–child conflict at the end of the first preschool year over and above continuity in conflict. These bidirectional relations did not vary across child gender and proved robust to the inclusion of potential common factors.     

父子冲突与主奴关系——从《三十而立》看代际矛盾中秩序与自由的张力

中国文化重父权的特点,使以＂父子冲突＂为主的代际关系呈现＂主奴关系＂的实质,其间充满了守秩序与争自由两种诉求的背反张力,特定的社会人格的形成,需要家庭这一社会细胞的认同和涵养,在代际关系中表现为代表秩序一方的＂严父＂的督责,现代社会却视追求＂自由＂为个人的天赋权利,这种矛盾在《三十而立》中有细致入微的展现,沿小说叙事的脉络,可以深入剖析矛盾的文化渊源,揭示了现代个体健全人格确立的真正含义和路径。     

试析弱势群体概念及相关研究的理论基础

所谓弱势群体是指在生活物质条件、权力和权利、社会声望、竞争能力以及发展机会等方面处于弱势地位的群体。一般可分为两类,即社会性弱势群体和生理性弱势群体。其基本特征为个人及家庭生活达不到社会认可的最基本标准。弱势群体的风险承受能力较差,可利用资源非常稀缺。往往依靠自身的力量难以改变其弱势地位,需要国家和社会力量的帮助或支持才能改变其弱势地位。弱势群体相关研究理论基础主要包括社会冲突理论、社会分层理论、公民权理论、社会达尔文主义和社会系统理论等。     

Beyond situational ambiguity in peer conflict: unique and combined effects of cues from an antagonist and a best friend

In accord with increasing recognition of the situation specificity of childhood social behaviors, individual and contextual differences in children's responses to potential peer conflict were examined (hostile attribution, behavioral strategies, and affective reactions; N = 367, 9-12 years, 197 girls). Situational cues from 2 sources, the antagonist and a witnessing best friend, were designed to suggest the antagonist's intentions. Multilevel modeling indicated that children's responses generally varied more according to cues from the antagonist than friend, but the latter also affected responses, especially when conflicting with other situational information. Cognitive and affective responses were also influenced by gender, social goals, friendship quality, and self-efficacy for peer interaction. Findings provide theoretical insight on the context of peer conflict.     

从科塞的功能冲突论看当前群体性事件

当前我国社会正处于转型期。随着改革进一步向纵深发展,社会结构也发生了深刻的变化,各种社会矛盾从潜层走向表层,由此而引发的群体性事件不断,群体性事件成为影响我国社会稳定和社会发展的重大隐患。文章拟从科塞社会冲突理论出发,阐述社会冲突的功能等一系列观点,试图通过社会冲突理论来重新认识群体性事件,在分析和论证的基础上达到正确地认识群体性事件,并且找出处理群体性事件的科学方法。     

An examination of the conflict resolution strategies and goals of children with depressive symptoms

The purpose of this study was to examine (a) the reports of conflict strategies and goals in response to hypothetical conflict situations, (b) generation of solutions to hypothetical conflicts, and (c) conflict in observed dyadic exchanges in children with high and low depressive symptoms. Children from Grades 4, 5, and 6 were divided into high (n = 57) and low (n = 57) depressive symptoms groups. Results indicated that the two groups differed on the types of conflict strategies but not conflict goals chosen in hypothetical social problem‐solving tasks. Also, children reporting depressive symptoms typically chose less effective strategies to solving social problems. In observed dyadic exchanges, the high depressive symptoms group employed more negative strategies than the low depressive symptoms group, but no significant differences were noted for the prosocial conflict resolution strategies exhibited. Findings and implications for children with depressive symptoms are highlighted.     

The Protective Role of Group Identity: Sectarian Antisocial Behavior and Adolescent Emotion Problems

The protective role of strength of group identity was examined for youth in a context of protracted political conflict. Participants included 814 adolescents (M_age = 13.61, SD = 1.99 at Time 1) participating in a longitudinal study in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Utilizing hierarchical linear modeling, the results show that the effect of exposure to sectarian antisocial behaviors has a stronger effect on youth emotion problems for older adolescents. The results also show that youth with higher strength of group identity reported fewer emotion problems in the face of sectarian antisocial behavior but that this buffering effect is stronger for Protestants compared to Catholics. Implications are discussed for understanding the role of social identity in postaccord societies.     

Factors of Role Conflict among Livestock Extension Professionals in Andhra Pradesh,India

Abstract

To know the factors of role conflict among livestock extension professionals in Andhra Pradesh, India. Study was conducted following ex-post facto research design. Data were collected from 180 respondents through survey questionnaires. The data were subjected to multiple regression and path analyses to know the factors of role conflict. Respondents were experiencing four types of role conflicts, viz., intra-role conflict, intra-sender conflict, inter-role conflict, and conflicting expectations. The 16 independent variables put together explained 59% variation in role conflict. Most of the variation was found to be governed by job experience, physical facilities, trainings undergone, participativeness, work motivation and persistence disposition. Persistence disposition, job satisfaction and work motivation were the channels for indirect effects of other variables on role conflict. If higher levels of role conflict and factors influencing role conflict are not properly coped, it affects the performance in a dysfunctional style. Therefore, an orientation program to newly recruited veterinarians on role conflict and its coping strategies is recommended. The other related implications for animal husbandry department are also discussed. With the knowledge on factors of role conflict, performance of the staff can be improved by addressing the related factors. Therefore, this investigation has a personal, social as well as organizational significance to animal husbandry departments in India.     

学术权力与行政权力包容的理论分析与制度安排

包容思想源自社会团结理论,是解决社会冲突问题和多元利益纷争的指导思想和有效方法,近年来越来越成为促进各类组织和多元主体和谐发展的观念。大学学术权力与行政权力的关系是当今社会冲突领域中的经典案例,两者既有区别又不能分离,由于根本利益和目标一致,它们之间存在包容的理论依据,能够建立包容的制度安排。     

“抗税”背后的土客冲突与认同困境——以浙江“织里群体事件”为个案

土客冲突日益成为外来人口聚集区社会矛盾冲突的聚合点,对土客冲突的错误认识和应对,将会导致冲突的扩大和升级,以至于给社会稳定与经济发展带来重大损失。以浙江湖州“织里群体事件”为个案,以织里童装产业的现状为背景,详细地分析了抗税事件冲突的始末,并从群体的非理性和集体行动的合理性两个角度解析了冲突的生发逻辑,最后从产业、税收、租金、加工费、社会管理公共服务等角度详细地分析了土客冲突背后的认同困境。     

Positive justice reasoning in deaf and hearing children before and after exposure to cognitive conflict

The development of positive justice reasoning in profoundly deaf, signing Australian 7- to 12-year-olds and hearing children was compared. Reactions to cognitive conflict were also assessed. The performance of those deaf children whose signed English skills were adequate to give detailed justifications for reward allocation was examined separately. The deaf children were delayed relative to hearing children in number and liquid conservation, but equally mature in justice reasoning. Spontaneous conflicts with signing peers over sharing possessions conceivably could be responsible for the fluently signing deaf children's development of positive justice reasoning on pace with their normally-hearing counterparts. Experimentally-induced conflict resulted in progress for the hearing but not the deaf children. Results are discussed in relation to factors that promote deaf children's tolerance for ambiguity (Brice, 1985) and impede their resolution of cognitive conflict (Liben, 1978).     

Tracing the Cascade of Children’s Insecurity in the Interparental Relationship: The Role of Stage‐Salient Tasks

This study examined whether children’s difficulties with stage‐salient tasks served as an explanatory mechanism in the pathway between their insecurity in the interparental relationship and their disruptive behavior problems. Using a multimethod, multi‐informant design, 201 two‐year‐old children and their mothers participated in 3 annual measurement occasions. Structural equation modeling analyses indicated that coder ratings of children’s insecure responses to interparental conflict from a maternal interview predicted observer ratings of their difficulties with stage‐salient tasks (i.e., emotion regulation, autonomy, resourceful problem solving) 1 year later after controlling for initial stage‐salient task performance. Stage‐salient task difficulties, in turn, predicted experimenter reports of children’s behavior problems 1 year later. Associations remained robust in the broader context of other pathways hypothesized in prevailing developmental cascade models.