市场营销管理中原始信息的收集

对原始信息在营销管理中的作用进行了分析，概述了原始信息收集工作的要求，介绍了收集原始信息的3种主要方法：观察法、调查法和试验法。     

鄱阳湖越冬季候鸟栖息地面积与水位变化的关系

本文考虑了候鸟在越冬期的生态习性、食物选择及生境偏好等因素,确定了鄱阳湖候鸟栖息地的划分标准和划分方法。并运用RS和GIS技术,确定了典型年份以及特征水位下候鸟栖息地的面积,同时利用统计方法,分析了栖息地面积及其内部结构与水位之间的关系,并从湿地与候鸟保护的角度,评估了拟建的鄱阳湖水利枢纽工程的水位调控方案对候鸟栖息地可能的影响。结果表明:①鄱阳湖水鸟基本上都分布在莎草草滩、泥滩洼地和水深不超过60cm的浅水区;②在候鸟越冬的不同阶段,鄱阳湖湿地可以提供的候鸟栖息地面积为天然湿地面积的24%-63%,栖息地面积受水位变化的影响较大,冬春季的枯水位,没有对候鸟及其栖息地造成灾难性的影响,但水位在11～12m(吴淞高程)时,可以提供的栖息地面积最大,水位再升高,栖息地面积急剧减小,当水位超过14m(吴淞高程)时,将可能无法维持现有候鸟的栖息需求。     

A New "Missing Link" in Dinosaur's Evolution Found

A group of paleontologists from China, the United States and Canada have made new progress in tracking down the process of the evolution of smallsized dinosaurs and the origin of birds through intensive analysis of the fossils of a newly found dinosaur,Sinovenator, a close relative of birds. In a letter published in the Feb.14 issue of Nature, dinosaur expert Dr. Xu Xing at CAS Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) and his coworkers reveal some interesting phenomena in the process of the evolution of dinosaurs towards birds.     

早期鸟类化石的发现和鸟类飞行的起源

中国中生代鸟类化石的发现反映了早期鸟类演化史上最早的辐射 过程。对这些鸟类生活习性和飞行能力的研究还支持了鸟类飞行的树栖起源假说。     

中国-喜玛拉雅特有属——蓝钟花属的分类修订

 Cyananthus Wallich ex Bentham, the only genus of Campanulaceae with superior ovary, is revised to clarify infrageneric relationships and phylogeny of the genus. Evidence obtained from the comparative gross morphology, anatomy, palynology, and karyomorphology recommends a new infrageneric classification of the genus, recognizing 23 species, belonging to two subgenera, four sections and four subsections. One subgenus(Subgen. Micranthus), one section(Sect. Suffruticulosi) and two subsections(Subsect. Flavi and Subsect. Lichiangenses)are described as new taxa. New combinations at sectional(Sect. Annui) and subsectional(Subsect. Stenolobi) ranks are also proposed. The genus Cyananthus is strictly distributed in the high mountains of China(Xizang, Yunnan and Sichuan), extending to Bhutan, Nepal and India(Kumaon-Garhwal, Assam and Sikkim), with altitudinal ranges from 2500～5300 m. It is observed that 13 species are endemic to SW China and only three species are endemic to the Himalayas(two species in Nepal and one to NW India). It is evident that Cyananthus is one of the most primitive genera of Campanulaceae and within the genus, subgenus Cyananthus(Sect. Stenolobi) is more primitive than the subgenus Micranthus. It is also suggested that SW China(most probably Yunnan) is the center of origin of Cyananthus, considering the occurrence of as many as 20 species of Cyananthus, representing several primitive taxa and many endemic species.     

中国湿草地中的水禽栖息地及其水禽资源

湿草地是终年积水或季节性积水的天然草地。在我国湿草地觅食、或栖息、繁殖的国家一类保护鸟类18种、国家二级保护水禽有40余种，还有上百种属于中日、中澳候鸟保护协定规定保护的鸟类。根据80年代全国首次统一草地资源调查结果，中国有可供水禽，徙禽栖息、繁殖的沼泽、沼泽湿地、湿草地、水禽、鸟类资源     

Establishment of a pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) spermatogonial stem cell line for the production of interspecies germ line chimeras

BackgroundSpermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are important for the production of interspecies germ line chimeras. The interspecies germ cell transfer technique has been suggested as a way to conserve endangered birds. Our objective was to develop a technique for restoring endangered birds by developing interspecies germ line chimeras between pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and chicken (Gallus gallus) with SSCs.ResultsSSCs were isolated from the surgically removed testis of a pheasant. Growth conditions for pheasant SSCs were established by co-culturing STO (SIM mouse embryo-derived thioguanine and ouabain resistant) cells and pheasant SSCs. The colony-forming cells divided and proliferated stably to yield an established SSC line. Pheasant SSCs showed strong reactivity for GDNF family receptor alpha1 (GFRα1) marker. Finally, production of germ line chimeras was attempted by transferring pheasant SSCs into recipient embryos. Although final embryo survival was 5.6% (20/354), the initial survival rate was 88% (312/354). To measure the percent transfer of donor SSC to gonads, the pheasant SSCs were labeled with PKH 26 fluorescent dye. We observed 30% donor cells and 9.48% c-kit/CD117-positive cells in the gonads of recipient chickens. Donor SSCs were thus stably engrafted in the recipient gonads.ConclusionsThis study showed that SSCs can be used as a tool for the conservation of endangered birds and the production of germ line chimeras. Our findings yield insights into how we may use the pheasant spermatogonial stem cell line for efficient production of interspecies germ line chimeras and ultimately, to the restoration of endangered birds.     

北京市湿地珍稀鸟类特征与价值评估

本研究利用野外调查数据,采用市场价值法,客观的评估了北京市湿地珍稀鸟类价值。野外调查的珍稀鸟类共有302种,其中国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类有6种,分别为东方白鹳（Ciconia boyciana）、黑鹳（Ciconia nigra）、白肩雕（Aquila heliaca）、大鸨（Otis tarda）、金雕（Aquila chrysaetos）、白尾海雕（Haliaeetus albicilla）,国家Ⅱ级保护鸟类有38种,北京市Ⅰ级保护鸟类有21种,北京市Ⅱ级保护鸟类有89种。湿地珍稀鸟类在数量分布特征上,北京郊区珍稀鸟类数量和种类远大于城区,郊区湿地国家级珍稀鸟类的数量占国家级珍稀鸟类总数的90%,其中延庆野鸭湖自然保护区国家Ⅰ级保护鸟类总数最多,共115只,珍稀鸟类的总数最多,达34875只。在城市公园湿地中,玉渊潭湿地在城市湿地国家级珍稀鸟类数量中居首,占城市湿地国家级珍稀鸟类数量的46.9%。价值评估结果显示：①北京湿地珍稀鸟类总价值为73990万元,北京郊区湿地珍稀鸟类价值远大于城区,占总价值的98%;②按照区县分,密云县、延庆县、门头沟位居前三,分别占总价值的31%、14%和13%;③按照湿地类型分,珍稀鸟类分布在河流、蓄水区等地区的价值最大,分别占珍稀鸟类总价值的50%、39%;④在湿地类型单位面积价值中,沼泽湿地价值最大,为5.6万元/hm2。     

Query reformulation using automatically generated query concepts from a document space

We propose a new query reformulation approach, using a set of query concepts that are introduced to precisely denote the user’s information need. Since a document collection is considered to be a domain which includes latent primitive concepts, we identify those concepts through a local pattern discovery and a global modeling using data mining techniques. For a new query, we select its most associated primitive concepts and choose the most probable interpretations as query concepts. We discuss the issue of constructing the primitive concepts from either the whole corpus or from the retrieved set of documents. Our experiments are performed on the TREC8 collection. The experimental evaluation shows that our approach is as good as current query reformulation approaches, while being particularly effective for poorly performing queries. Moreover, we find that the approach using the primitive concepts generated from the set of retrieved documents leads to the most effective performance.     

浅谈非洲雕刻艺术对现代艺术家的影响

许多现代艺术家在摆脱具象艺术和传统写实的束缚时,他们或多或少的被原始艺术所吸引,尤其是具有原始意味的非洲雕刻艺术。非洲雕刻艺术那种有着奔放飞跃的神秘意味,让现代艺术家惊喜不已。这些艺术往往与巫术文化有关,在其影响下,原始艺术具有象征、隐喻的意味,同时在造型手法上大胆粗犷,但不缺乏细节处理。正是这种无拘束的艺术让现代艺术家分析、思考、借鉴它们的风格和内涵。     

裸子植物次生木质部的进化趋势

根据化石的和现代的有关裸子植物次生木质部的解剖资料，对这一类群植 物次生木质部各种解剖成分的进化趋势进行了分析，提出了它们各自的进化途径。     

苔藓植物光合作用荧光光谱和动力学荧光的比较

本文首次比较了光合作用的荧光光谱和荧光动力学在苔藓植物的原始种类和进化种类之间的异同。原始的和进化的苔藓植物具有发射波长相同的室温荧光光谱，其发射高峰位于686-690nm(来自光系统Ⅱ)和736-740nm(来自光系统Ⅰ)。  而它们的低温(77K)荧光光谱有三个发射峰：F687-689和F697-699来自光系统Ⅱ，F723-734来自光系统I。 前两个峰在原始的和进化的种类中基本相同。  按第三个发射峰可把被测的苔藓植物分为两组：发射峰在725nm左右的有细牛毛藓、长肋对齿藓、对齿藓、斜叶芦荟藓、密集匍灯藓和地钱，它们是较原始的藓类和较进化的苔类；发射峰在732nm左右的有细枝羽藓、东亚金灰藓、鼠尾藓、鳞叶藓、粗枝藓和美灰藓等较进化的藓类，也有较原始的钝叶匍灯藓。已知光系统I核心复合物CPI的77K荧光发射峰在722nm，而CPIa(核心复合物与外周天线复合物)和LHC-I(外周天线复合物)的发射峰在730nm。这说明在苔藓植物进化过程中，光系统Ⅱ比较保守；而光系统Ⅰ有所变化，原始的藓类主要含有光系统Ⅰ核心复合物，而较进化的藓类才含有较完善的外周天线复合物。光合作用荧光动力学分析表明，在原始藓类和地钱中具有较低的光系统Ⅱ活性、光系统Ⅱ的原初光能转换效率、光合碳同化和潜在的光合量子转换效率；而较进化的具有较高的活性和效率。 但是，原始的密集匍灯藓也具有较高的活性和效率，而进化的美灰藓却具有较低的活性和效率。这可能表明这两种植物是由原始向进化发展过程中的中间类型。     

双蕊兰属——一个极其原始和在系统发育上有重要意义的兰科新属

 Diplandrorchis is a very curious new orchid genus, containing only one species D. sinica S. C. Chen, found in Huan-ren County of Liaoning Province in northeastern China.  It, as the genus name implies, has two fertile stamens, borne on the upper part of the column near the terminal stigma.  One of them is opposite to the dorsal sepal, while the other to the median petal (lip).  Thus,  they  represent  two  median stamens of both inner and outer whorls.  This is quite unique in the whole family, including the diandrous group, in which the two stamens are opposite to the lateral petals and thus represent the lateral ones of the inner whorl.      The flower is erect, with its pale greenish or  whitish perianth nearly regular. Two lateral sepals are more or less oblique, showing some difference from the dorsal one, but the three petals, which are thinner and narrower, are very similar to each other.  Neither rostellum nor any other appendages are found in its column, but a terminal stigma and two erect stamens.  The pollinia are naked and granular, which, in almost all flowers examined, have naturally fallen out of their cells on to the stigma. Apparently, it is self-fertilised, as found in  Tangtsinia  and some  other  primitive orchids.      Besides, this interesting orchid is a dwarf saprophyte, with its habit very similar to that of Neottia, another saprophytic genus assigned to the subtribe Neottiinae.  The fact that the saprophytic orchids are largely found in the primitive subtribes, such as the Neottiinae, Limodorinae, Vanillinae and Pogoniinae, is worthy of special attention. Theoretically, the saprophytic plants must have developed from green-leaved plants.  In the Orchidaceae, however, what ancestor are the most primitive saprophytes derived from ?  This is indeed an interesting question  closely related to the origin  of the Orchidaceae.      From the facts mentioned above, the present genus is a very primitive or relic one and of great phylogenetic interest. It is placed here as the most primitive member in the subtribe Neottiinae, although it is sharply distinct from the remaining generaof this subtribe.  It may deserve a separate subtribe, but further study is needed.     

山胡椒属系统的研究

 This paper is an attempt to discuss the relationship and phylogeny within the genus Lindera, based upon on analysis of shortened brachlets, on which the inflorescences are inserted, and other morphological characters. The shortened branchlets are metamorphic shoots which are often at the transitional stage between branchles and inflorescences. The advanced shortened branchlets usually with an undeveloped terminal bud, posses scale-like leaves, and the inflore- scences so formed are sessile and aggregate.  In primitive taxa, such as Lindera nacusua (Don) Merr., L. gracilipes H. W. Li and L. tanchuanensis Feng et H. S. Kung, the branchlet is usually not shortened, with well-developed terminal bud, forming a single axillary pseudo-umbel, while its peducle is usually very slender and stamens of pistillate flower sometimes more or less deve- loped.  The leaves on the upper part of branchlet are normal and the lower part of branchlet becoming bracteal,  In the genus the development of shortened branchlets (Fig. 1.) from the ones in the primitive taxa to the ones in the advanced taxa may be found.        Other important morphological characters are the length of peducles.   The peduncle is usually slender in the primitive taxa, short or even sessile in the adanced taxa.        There are two types of venation in the genus: the pinnate and trinerved.  As the primitive group trib. Perseeae Mez shows pinnate veins, pinnate ventation in Lindera is more primitive than trinerved one.        It might be possible that a transition occure in the genus from evergereen habit to deciduous one as shown in Lindera glauca B1., L. angustifolia Cheng and L. praecox B1., whose leaves tar- dily wither but persistent over winter.        The relationships within Lindera are shown in a hypothetical genealogical tree (Fig. 4), which includes the system of Litsea, developed parallelly with Lindera.        From the study of morphological characters, the author infers that both Lindera and Litsea have originated from a common ancestory related to the tribe Cinnamomeae Baill. which has a single axillary inflorescence, with hermaphrodite flowers, 4-locular anthers and penninerved to trinerved leaves.     

微孔草属的研究

 1.  Having analyzed the external morphology of the genus Microula, the author has proposed a series of criteria as bases for the construction of a classification scheme of this genus.  The most important ones are as follows:      1)  The normally developed stem is primitive, and the strongly abbreviated stem more advanced.      2)  The small inconspicuous bracts are more primitive than the large suborbicular densely arranged ones, which almost entirely cover the flowers and the fruits.      3)  Nutlets with small dorsal pit  are more primitive than those with larger pit on one hand or those without it on the other.      4)  The dorsal pit with simple margin precedes that with double margins.      5)  Nutlets with subbasal areola precede those with lateral or apical areola.      6)  Nutlets without glochids precede those with glochids.      2.  Basing upon these criteria the genus Microula may be divided into six sections. The section Schistocaryum may be the primitive one, and the others may be evolved from it respectively.  The possible affinities between them are demonstrated in figure no. two.      3.  The genus Microula, containing 30 species,  is  mainly  distributed  in  the Chinghai-Tibetan plateau and the majority of its species concentrates in the eastern border of the plateau, and of the 30 species 26—that is 90 percent—are endemic to China, and the remaining 4 are distributed elsewhere in China, too, and extending southward and westward to Bhutan, Sikkim, Nepal and Kashmir respectively.  In the region between Heishui, Province Szechuan, and Chinghai Lake there are 9 species, which, curiously, represent all the six sections of Microula, hence this region seems to be the center of maximum variation of this genus.  M. ovalifolia whose nutlets have small dorsal pit and subbasal areola may be considered the most primitive species. Thus the author is of the opinion that the western part of province Szechuan, to which M. ovalifolia is endemic, may probably be the center of origin of the genusMicroula.     

现存被子植物原始类群及其植物地理学研究

在吸取各学派对被子植物原始类群界定的基础上，根据八纲系统，提出被子植物原始类群有60科的新见解，并以分子系统学提出的狭义的基部类群32科为对比，进行了植物地理学研究。以科为性状，以Takhtajan 划分的世界植物区系的“区”为OTU，UPGMA分析显示：(1)东亚区确是一个十分特殊的区，它既与北美东、西部(北美大西洋区、马德雷区)有密切关系，但更接近印度支那区；(2)环太平洋的4个地区集中了较多的原始被子植物的科，它们是东亚地区，北美东部和西部地区，部分热带亚洲、澳大利亚东部和西南太平洋岛屿地区，中、南美热带地区。这种分布格局显然和被子植物起源地与扩散以及太平洋的形成历史有关。     

中国桑寄生科的孢粉学研究

系统报道了中国桑寄生科Loranthaceae33种5变种植物的花粉形态，并与澳大利亚 2属6种植物的花粉形态做了比较。通过光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察，国产桑寄生科花粉外壁 纹饰可明显分为两个类型:一种类型为刺状或条状纹饰，另一种为颗粒状纹饰，这与该科的鞘 花族和桑寄生族两个族相吻合。在鞘花族类型中，3合沟、钝刺状或条状纹饰的花粉是基本类 型，合半沟或孔沟形，刺状纹饰的花粉是较进化的类型;在桑寄生族类型中，等极、3合沟、 颗粒状纹饰的花粉是基本类型，异极、副合半沟-合半沟、3沟形和沟形-短沟形或沟孔形、粗 糙或模糊颗粒状纹饰的花粉是较进化类型。根据萌发孔和纹饰可将桑寄生族类型花粉分为3个 类群:类群I包括五蕊寄生属Dendrophtho、梨果寄生属Scurrula、钝果寄生属Taxillus和大苞 寄生属Tolypanthus;类群II仅包括离瓣寄生属Helixanthera;类群III也仅1属，桑寄生属Lor anthus。在这3个类群中，类群I属于基本的类型，属间花粉差别较小，其中梨果寄生属和钝 果寄生属花粉差别最小，显示出较近的亲缘关系;类群II和类群III皆是较进化类型。     

麻栗坡兜兰——兜兰属与杓兰属的一个中间类型，兼论兜兰属的地理起源问题

Paphiopedilum malipoense S. C. Chen et Tsi is a very interesting new species with its flower similar to that of Cypripedium, especially section Cypripedium.  It belongs to subgenus Brachypetalum, the most primitive group of Paphiopedilum, but differs from its allied species in hgniva elliptic-lanceolate sepal with cuspidately acuminate apex, rather narrow petals and horizontal lip, which are of common occurrence in many cypripediums, but very rare in paphiopedilums.  Apparently, this is an intermediate form, or a link, between Paphiopedilum and Cypripedium, but it does not seem to arise from hybridization between them, because no Cypripedium has been found wherever Paphiopedilum occurs.       The new species is distributed in southeastern Yunnan of China. In this area, as well as in river valleys of western Yunnan or the Hengduan Mountains, there have been four species of the same genus reported before. As we know, the Hengduan Mountains and their adjacent areas are rich in Cypripedium.  The differentiation of the genus there is remarka- ble.  All five sections it contains occur there and three of them are quite distinctive.  For example, the general appearance of the section Bracleosa is dissimilar to that of any other cypripediums, but closely resembles that of Listera.  It appears that the difference between sect.  Bracteosa of Cypripedium and sect.  Brachypetalum of Paphiopedilum is not neces- sarily wider than that between sect. Bracteosa and sect. Cypripedium of the same genus. Apparently, it is reasonable to consider Paphiopedilum to be an evolutional branch of Cy- pripedium extending into tropical area, with its primitive group (subgenus Brachypetalum) still remaining in its northern fringe area.  This primitive subgenus has eight species, dis- tributed from western Yunnan to the Malay Peninsula.  Five of them, including the inter- mediate and primitive form published here, are found in the hilly land of southeastern Yun- nan and the river valleys of western Yunnan.  All these facts suggest its area of origin: the river valleys of the Hengduan Mountains and the lower hilly land contiguous to the southof them.     

蔷薇科原始属植物叶表皮解剖及其系统学意义

本文研究了蔷薇科原始的六个属的代表种的表皮结构。发现在Lyonothamus，Exochorda，     Lindleya和Vauquelinia属中气孔分布于下表面；在最原始的Kagneckia属和与之最接近     的Quillaja属中，除个别种外，气孔在叶表两面分布。它们的气孔类型分化较复杂，有5种类     型，即无规则型(Anomocytic)、辐射型(Actinocytic)、轮列型(Cyclocytic)、平列型(Paracytic)     和四细胞型(Staurocytic)。同时还发现在Kagneckia，Quillaja，Lindleya和Exochorda 4个     属中气孔组成有多型现象，即在叶表皮中同时存在有2-3种气孔类型；在Vauquelinia属和     Lyonothamus属中主要为一种类型气孔组成；尤其是在Lyonothamus属中，气孔集生成块，其     间没有任何表皮细胞间隔，保卫细胞下陷，副卫细胞在表面联合加厚，成为坛状气孔，这在蔷薇     科中十分独特。  表皮的形态结构研究证据支持了得自细胞学上的证据(Goldblatt 1976)，    由Hutchinson(1964)定义的蔷薇科原始的Trib. Quillajeae族，是一个不自然的类群。     

木兰科分类系统的初步研究

A new system of classification of Magnoliaceae proposed.  This paper deals mainly with taxonomy and phytogeography of the family Magnoliaceae on the basis of external morphology, wood anatomy and palynology.  Different  authors have had different ideas about the delimitation of genera of this family, their controversy being carried on through more than one hundred years (Table I).  Since I have been engaged in the work of the Flora Reipublicae Popularis Sinicae, I have accumulated a considerable amount of information and material and have investigated the living plants at their natural localities, which enable me to find out the evolutionary tendencies and primitive morphological characters of various genera of the family.  According to the evolutionary tendencies of the characters and the geographical distribution of this family I propose a new system by dividing it into two subfamilies, Magnolioideae and Liriodendroideae Law (1979), two tribes, Magnolieae and Michelieae Law, four subtribes, Manglietiinae Law, Magnoliinae, Elmerrilliinae Law and Micheliinae, and fifteen genera (Fig. 1 ), a system which is different from those by J. D. Dandy (1964-1974) and the other authors.      The recent distribution and possible survival centre of Magnoliaceae. The members of Magnoliaceae are distributed chiefly in temperate and tropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere, ——Southeast Asia and southeast North America, but a few genera and species also occur in the Malay Archipelago and Brazil of the Southern Hemisphere. Forty species of 4 genera occur in America, among which one genus (Dugendiodendron) is endemic to the continent, while about 200 species of 14 genera occur in Southeast Asia, of which 12 genera are endemic.  In China there are about 110 species of 11 genera which mostly occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan; 58 species and more than 9 genera occur in the mountainous districts of Yunnan.   Moreover,  one  genus (Manglietiastrum Law, 1979) and 19 species are endemic to this region.  The family in discussion is much limited to or interruptedly distributed in the mountainous regions of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan.  The regions are found to have a great abundance of species, and the members of the relatively primitive taxa are also much more there than in the other regions of the world.      The major genera, Manglietia, Magnolia and Michelia, possess 160 out of a total of 240 species in the whole family.  Talauma has 40 species, while the other eleven genera each contain only 2 to 7 species, even with one monotypic genus.   These three major genera are sufficient for indicating the evolutionary tendency and geographical distribution of Magnoliaceae.  It is worthwhile discussing their morphological  characters  and distributional patterns as follows:      The members of Manglietia are all evergreen trees, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely, filaments very short and flat, ovules 4 or more per carpel.  This is considered as the most primitive genus in subtribe Manglietiinae.  Eighteen out of a total  of 35 species of the genus are distributed in the western, southwest to southeast Yunnan. Very primitive species, such as Manglietia hookeri, M. insignis  and M. mega- phylla, M. grandis, also occur in this region. They are distributed from Yunnan eastwards to Zhejiang and Fujian through central China, south China, with only one species (Manglietia microtricha) of the genus westwards to Xizang.  There are several species distributing southwards from northeast India to the Malay Archipelago (Fig. 7).      The members of Magnolia are evergreen and deciduous trees or shrubs, with flowers terminal, anthers dehiscing introrsely or laterally, ovules 2 per carpel, stipule adnate to the petiole.  The genus Magnolia is the most primitive in the subtribe Magnoliinae and is the largest genus of the family Magnoliaceae. Its deciduous species are distributed from Yunnan north-eastwards to Korea and Japan (Kurile N. 46’) through Central China, North China and westwards to Burma, the eastern Himalayas  and northeast India.  The evergreen species are distributed from northeast  Yunnan  (China)  to  the Malay Archipelago.  In China there are 23 species, of which 15 seem to be very primi- tive, e.g. Magnolia henryi, M. delavayi, M. officinalis and M. rostrata, which occur in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan.      The members of Michelia are evergreen trees or shrubs, with flowers axillary, an- thers dehiscing laterally or sublaterally, gynoecium stipitate, carpels numerous or few. Michelia is considered to be the most primitive in the subtribe Micheliinae, and is to the second largest genus of the family.  About 23 out of a total of 50 species of this genus are very primitive, e.g. Michelia sphaerantha, M. lacei, M. champaca,  and  M. flavidiflora, which occur in Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan (the distributional center of the family under discussion)  and extend eastwards to Taiwan  of  China, southern Japan through central China, southwards to the Malay Archipelago through Indo-China. westwards to Xizang of China, and south-westwards to India and Sri Lanka (Fig. 7).      The members of Magnoliaceae are concentrated in Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan and radiate from there.  The farther away from the centre, the less members we are able to find, but the more advanced they are in morphology.  In this old geographical centre there are more primitive species, more  endemics  and  more monotypic genera. Thus it is reasonable to assume that the region of Guangxi, Guangdong and Yunnan, China, is not only the centre of recent distribution, but also the chief survival centreof Magnoliaceae in the world.