程序与宪政

宪政中的程序即宪法程序,是宪政建设的重要组成部分。宪法程序是外在价值与内在价值的统一,其内在价值着宪法程序具有不同依赖于外在目的或程序结果进行价值评判的独立性。宪法程序构建模式有两种,即严格规划模式和正当国宪政建设的实践,当前的宪政建设应在正当程序模式基础上优行销地程序。     

浅议宪法程序的价值

宪法程序既有外在的价值,又有内在的价值,在程序工具主义的影响下,宪法程序对宪政的作用没有得到应有的重视,而宪法程序自身所体现出来的宪政价值更是基本上没有引起我国宪法学界的关注。对宪法程序价值进行研究,无疑具有非常重要的现实意义。     

完善我国宪法程序的若干思考

宪法程序既有外在价值又有内在价值。在我国宪政的程序化建设过程中，部分宪法程序的缺位使得宪法程序的外在价值无法体现；与此同时宪法程序的内在价值，也即程序公正也存在着一定程度的缺失．具体表现为立宪权与立法权集于一身，公民基本权利欠缺正当法律程序保护，违宪审查主体欠缺中立性。为此，我们应树立程序正义观念，从分离制宪主体与立法主体、设置辩论程序和权力运行和控制程序、规定正当法律程序原则等环节来完善我国的立宪、‘行宪和护宪程序。     

论宪法的程序价值及其实现

宪法程序价值是与宪法规范的特点密切相联并反映宪法内在价值，它是主体在实施宪法程序过程中表现出来的满足主体需要的特性，是解决程序价值冲突的价值，主要表现为程序的理性、正义与尊严、秩序与自由以及效率与公正等价值。宪法程序价值实现是一个层次性的主动实施宪法程序规范的过程。     

宪法诉讼的宪政价值初探

宪法诉讼制度是近代宪政理念及其制度建构发展到一定阶段的产物,并且宪法诉讼自其产生以来就在整个宪法监督体系中发挥了不可取代的作用。宪法诉讼的价值是多元的,在宪法诉讼的价值体系中,宪法诉讼的宪政价值无疑具有最为重要的地位。宪法诉讼作为宪法的免疫器和宪政的守护神,对一国的宪政建设无疑具有首要的意义,即"无诉讼则无宪政"。本文简要分析了宪法诉讼的宪政价值,即民主之纠错和反思机制,法治之精义,人权之保障器。     

程序优先的历史与中国法治

英国是近代宪政的策源地，其宪法被西方法学誉为“近代宪法之母”。同时，英国是普通法国家，普通法对整个英美法律体系影响最大的特征是程序优先原则。英国普通法程序优先原则形有独特的法律化背景，法律程序的正当性与法治也有密切的关系，程序优先原则对我国有很大的借鉴价值。     

论宪法监督价值的主要内容

建立有效、合理的宪法监督机制构建宪政的必由之路,而对宪法监督价值主要内容的把握,则是宪政建设之基。从宪法监督价值之间的关系看,宪法监督价值可分为外在价值与内在价值,外在价值主要体现在分权制衡、秩序、法治等方面,内在价值主要体现在正义、人权、自由、平等价值。     

政治文明、宪法与宪政

政治文明意味着现代政治的文明化，这种文明的政治是政治的人文关怀与宪法和法律理性秩序的统一。宪法是宪政的前提，宪政是政治文明的核心。宪法最基本的价值是：限制政府的权力，保障公民的权利。宪政与政治文明相辅相成、不可分离。     

形式合理性与宪政

宪法的形式合理性是宪法本身规范结构与宪政运行程序的合逻辑性、透明度、可操作性判断。形式合理的宪政是通过宪法规范的至上性、宪法适用机构的中立性、宪政运行的程序性与法律技术的规范性等机制来实现的。我国宪法及宪政建设存在形式合理性方面的缺憾,这制约着宪政的实现和发展。     

宪法司法化三议

反对宪法司法化的学主要有两点理由：一是可以通过宪政立法的方式将公民的宪法权利具体化，用这些具体法律去保障公民宪法权利的实现，因而从根本上看不需要宪法规范的直接司法适用；二是宪法规范只是行为规则，不是裁判规则，不具备可司法性。对这两点，我不表赞成。首先，公民的某些宪法权利不可能也不需要用宪政立法的方式具体化，因此宪政立法虽然重要，但不可能替代宪法司法化的价值；其次，宪法中虽然有一些纲领性权利规范不具有可司法性，但多数宪法规范既是行为规则，又是裁判规则，具有可司法性。当然，就宪法司法化的具体操作而言，在受案机关上，出于对法治成本的考虑，可以利用现行普通法院系统，而不必另行设立宪法法院专司违宪诉讼案件；在受案范围上，只宜受理具体行为违宪案件，而不应行使对立法的合宪性的审查权和对国家机关权力争议的审查权；在受案程序上，可以适用民事诉讼程序、行政诉讼程序、行政处罚前置等程序，而不必单独设立一套宪法案件的司法诉讼程序；在宪法解释上，应依据经验法则限制在常识范围内，不应作扩大或限制解释。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

Western and Eastern culture differences in commercial field

The communication of people partially is the communication of cultures. Culture has a direct effect on international commercial activities in all aspects. Different conceptions about time, space, equality, law and the like, lead people to deal with things in different ways. So to know cultures of the counterpart is to facil-itate our enterprises so as to have a smooth and successful communication in commercial activity.     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

风的曲线

Rosco and I wait for the fishermen to return.I sit at a wooden bench near the store at Mt.Baker Resort and watch the clouds change shape. Rosco has my belt around his neck and an eight foot tow chain hooked to a tree. Dogs must be on a leash. Ducks and rabbits are loose.