Evidence for distinct serial processes in animals: The multiplicative-factors method

The assumption that responses are controlled by distinct serially arranged processes was used by Sternberg (1969a) to explain the result, observed in many human experiments, that two factors have additive effects on reaction time (RT). With slight changes, Sternberg’s explanation of additive factors with RT also explains the result, observed in animal experiments, that two factors have multiplicative effects on response rate. This article describes and interprets 17 examples of multiplicative factors from response-rate experiments with rats, pigeons, and goldfish, as well as some other animal evidence for distinct serial processes. The examples suggest and/or support new and old ideas about generalization, attention, timing, learning, motivation, and response production. Most important, the animal evidence makes the case for distinct serial processes considerably stronger. Since the procedures used in the two sets of experiments (human and animal) have little in common, distinct serial processes may control behavior in a very wide range of situations.     

THE RELATION OF SCALE FINENESS TO GRADE ACCURACY

The use of broad categories in grading is likely to increase the relative amount of error present in the measures on which the grades are based. This is true regardless of the degree of inaccuracy of those measures. An example to illustrate this generalization and an explanation of its basis in psychometric theory are presented.     

小议语境与交际

文章描述了语境所包含的内容,阐述了语境与交际的关系,举例说明了交际过程中因为忽视语境而造成的语用失误。文章最后认为要获得成功的交际,必须重视语境。     

柘溪水电站主变压器故障分析

介绍了湖南柘溪水电站及其主变压器某次故障现象,分析了故障原因,介绍了事故处理的具体过程,提出了防范类似故障发生应采取的措施。     

Effects of discrimination training on stimulus generalization in pigeons: Role of resistance to extinction and response-produced stimuli

In Experiment 1, two groups (n = 10) of pigeons received 17 sessions of TD (true discrimination) or ND (nondifferential) training with line angles. Seventeen sessions of SS (single stimulus) training with a wavelength preceded this training and two followed it. Subsequent wavelength generalization testing in extinction revealed a sharper TD than ND gradient. This slope difference was evident from the very first test stimulus presentation and remained stable throughout testing. As a consequence of substantial overtraining, there was no reduction of response strength and no sharpening of generalization during testing for either group. In Experiment 2, two groups (n = 16) of pigeons received 10 sessions of TD or PD (pseudodiscrimination) training with line angles, followed by four sessions of SS training with a single wavelength. During this training and in subsequent wavelength generalization testing in extinction, brief blackouts separated stimulus presentations. Again, the TD group yielded the sharper gradient. Although responding weakened and the gradients sharpened during the test, these effects were comparable in the two groups. Furthermore, gradients based on the percentage of trials with at least one response showed the same TD-PD slope difference. This finding indicates that differential control over responding by response-produced feedback is inadequate to account for the TD-PD difference in generalization slope. Both experiments indicate that a purported difference in resistance to extinction is also an inadequate explanation.     

英汉语用对比对翻译的指导作用

英汉两种语言在语用方面存在差异,不可避免地在翻译中会出现语用失误。英汉语用对比从语言和文化层面进行对比,使译者能从更高层次上加强对翻译的实际运用,对翻译有着及其重要的意义和指导作用。     

基于m-相依序列的学习机器相对一致收敛的界

为了研究m-相依序列下学习机器的推广性能,把基于独立同分布的结果推广到m-相依序列,建立采用ERM算法的学习机器的经验风险到它的期望风险相对一致收敛速率的界.并对m-相依序列现有的结论进行改进,得到了m-相依序列下,采用经验风险最小化算法学习机器的推广性能的界.     

最简方案下的英语一般疑问句研究

以Chomsky的最简方案为理论依据,对英语一般疑问句的生成过程进行了研究。英语一般疑问句之所以会产生中心语移位,是因为现代英语中带有疑问语素的C为强语素,它只有加缀于助动词或情态动词这类结构位置高于动词的中心语才能核查自己的特征。通过论证,我们对英语一般疑问句的生成机制有了更清楚的认识,同时也检验了最简方案的解释力和概括性。     

英汉社会称谓语的差异研究

作为语言交际单位,英汉称谓语有一些共同的特征,但由于语言、文化的差异,他们之间也存在很大的差异.文章从文化的角度对英汉社会称谓语进行对比分析,认为在拟亲属称谓、职衔称谓等方面两者存在着明显的差异.了解这些差异及其文化内涵无疑为跨文化交际奠定了良好的基础,减少由此造成的语用失误.     

人造草坪生产的现状及发展

本文关于对人造草坪这一新生足球运动场覆盖材料在国内外的发展历程进行介绍,并详细描述了人造草坪目前在国内的推广现状,对人造草坪未来的发展进行了展望。     

点拨思维在《微生物学与寄生虫学》教学中的应用

结合《微生物学与寄生虫学》（以下简称《微寄》）教学实践,探讨五种点拨教学方法,即：利用事物内在关系的因果点拨法;利用事物形象的物象点拨法;利用从一事物想到另一事物的联想点拨法,利用对学习材料分析提炼、找出规律、抓住关键的概括点拨法及利用错答采用的讲评点拨法。     

M理论及其本体诠释

M理论是当代基础物理学的前沿阵地。本文在于探索 M理论的本体诠释。为讨论方便 ,引言中给出了微扰超弦理论简况 ,其次概述了 M理论的重要概念 ,最后分四个方面探讨了 M理论的本体诠释问题。     

图式理论在高级英语教学中的运用

图式理论对心理过程极强的概括性和解释力使之在高级英语教学中的运用能有效地提高学生语篇分析能力和创造性思维能力,对高级英语教学目标的实现有着重要作用。     

使用可编程控制器(PLC)对数控机床进行故障诊断

随着可编程控制器(PLC)在数控机床中的广泛应用,如何灵活运用PLC诊断设备故障就显的十分重要。重点分析了数控机床PLC的故障特点和故障检测方面的问题,并详细阐述了使用PLC诊断设备故障的方法。     

软件测试及关键技术

软件测试是提高软件可靠性最有效、最直接的方法之一。首先描述了软件测试的概念,给出了软件测试的四个根本特性,即动态性、有限性、选择性和预测性,在此基础上,对软件测试的过程、关键技术、管理方法进行了探讨,最后对现有测试方法进行了相关总结。     

跨文化意识的培养与英语语用失误的消除

随着与世界各国的交流进一步加强,人们逐渐意识到外语交际能力的重要性。从分析外语交际中的语用失误现象和外语教学中跨文化意识的培养入手,阐述从跨文化意识的培养方面提高外语学习者的交际能力．提出加强跨文化意识培养的建议。     

《欢乐之家》中的自然主义

《欢乐之家》是美国知名作家伊迪丝·华顿的一部力作,作者描绘了一个没落的大家闺秀莉莉·巴特多次尝试利用婚姻做跳板重返纽约上层社会而屡遭失败的故事.文章用自然主义的理论从另一个角度解读莉莉·巴特悲剧命运的根源.     

灰色神经网络在高职学生综合素质评价中的应用

介绍了灰色BP神经网络实现的基本原理,并把该模型应用于高职学生综合素质评价中。实验结果表明,该评价模型具有良好的泛化能力和非线性处理能力,所得结果对促进学生综合素质评价的科学化、规范化提供了保障,具有一定的应用前景。     

关于我国教育管理学发展中的五个问题

随着社会改革和教育改革的逐步深入 ,我国的教育管理学在发展过程中出现了一些与社会需要和自身发展特点不适应的缺点。制约其发展的因素主要有 :( 1)理论与实践脱节 ;( 2 )认识滞留于经验层次 ,理论性不强 ,概括度不高 ;( 3)重解释、论证 ,少反思和批判 ;( 4 )历史研究和国际比较研究薄弱、贫乏 ;( 5)研究方式单调