Pedagogical Content Knowledge Development and Pre-Service Physics Teacher Education: A Case Study

This paper addresses the question of how to develop prospective teachers' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) in science teacher education. The main focus is on the knowledge transformation process and on the cognitive strategies used to shift prospective teachers' explanations within the domain of modelling thermal physical phenomena. This study investigates the development of PCK within a group of 28 pre-service physics teachers during the first semester of their two-year post-graduate teacher education program. It focuses on the central issue of the relationships between observable phenomena, like macroscopic thermal properties of matter and their interpretation and/or explanation in terms of corpuscular characteristics and/or thermodynamics theory. The strategy is based on the consideration that knowledge transformation is not a one-way process from subject matter knowledge to pedagogical content knowledge, as literature suggests, but a bidirectional process involving deepening of subject matter knowledge and increasing awareness of pedagogical issues.     

TPACK:信息时代教师专业化的知识基础

TPACK(Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge,一般翻译为"整合技术的学科教学知识")是教师专业化过程中出现的一个新概念,是教育信息化对教师知识提出的新要求。文章从教师知识基础研究的兴起与历程入手,首先分析了学科教学知识(PCK)向整合技术的学科教学知识(TPACK)的转变过程;其次阐述了TPACK的内涵与它所具有的综合性、情境性、实践性、缄默性、易变性五个方面的特征;最后,在上述分析的基础上,提出了观摩示范、案例研究、参与教学和交流讨论等多种有效促进TPACK发展的途径,以期对教师教育研究和实践有所启发。     

数学教师专业发展的新视角——数学教学内容知识(MPCK)

数学教学内容知识(MPCK)是关于某一特定的数学内容该如何进行表述、呈现和解释,以使学生更容易接受和理解的知识.它作为数学教师知识结构的核心,是区别数学教师与数学家、数学教师与其它学科教师的重要特征,是数学教师专业成长的重要体现.依据我国数学教师的特点,通过数学知识向数学教学内容知识的转化不失为一条发展教师MPCK的直接而有效的途径.     

信息技术支持下的学科教学知识:缘起、演化、结构模型及其教育意蕴

信息技术支持下的学科教学知识(TPACK)是学科教学知识(PCK)在信息化时代的发展。技术知识(TK)、教法知识(PK)和内容知识(CK)是TPACK结构模型中的基础成分;学科教学知识(PCK)、技术支持下的内容知识(TCK)、技术支持下的教学知识(TPK)和技术支持下的学科教学知识(TPACK)是TPACK结构模型中的互动成份。TPACK框架在理论上、在教师教育、在教学实践上等诸方面为信息技术与学科课程整合提供了新思路,将有助于我们推动学科教学知识发展,将为学科教育的信息化提供有力的教学知识基础。     

幼儿园教师学科教学知识及发展途径

知识是影响教师专业发展的重要因素。学科教学知识是教师知识结构中最重要的内核。幼儿园教师学科教学知识可以通过经验积累与反思、在职培训、园本教研、行动研究等途径得到发展。     

技术-教学法-内容知识:对教师的新要求

基于对教育技术、一般教学法和学科内容交互作用的分析,研究者提出当前教师应具有技术一教学法一内容知识,善于利用教育技术有效表征和呈现学科内容以利于教学和学生理解。可通过基于问题解决的训练模式帮助教师获得技术一教学法一内容知识。该理论是对教师知识研究的拓展,对教师的职业素质提出了新要求,也对当前我国教师教育的研究和实践具有重要启发意义。     

教学设计对数学教学知识发展的影响

教师基于自己的学科知识、经验等,借助于“课例学习＋行动跟进＋经验打磨＋实践反思”等“行动学习”策略进行教学设计,实现有效教学,不断重组、提升学科教学知识。通过强化教学设计（实践）,解决数学教学中存在的问题和困惑,在实践中传递、积累数学教学知识,在反思体验基础上改进课堂教学,发展数学教学能力,提升数学教师的数学教育观念。     

Toward Identifying Pedagogical Knowledge for Mentoring in Primary Science Teaching

Final year preservice teachers' perceptions of their mentoring in primary science teaching were gathered through surveys from three separate studies. The three studies (n = 59, n = 331, n = 60) provided an indication of the degree of mentoring preservice teachers perceived they received with mentoring practices linked to Pedagogical Knowledge. This research argues that mentors require pedagogical knowledge of primary science for guiding mentees with planning, timetabling, preparation, implementation, classroom management strategies, teaching strategies, science teaching knowledge, questioning skills, problem-solving strategies, assessment techniques, and developing viewpoints on science pedagogy. The key study findings (n = 331, from nine Australian universities involved in primary teacher education) indicated that 55% or more mentees had not received Pedagogical Knowledge for primary science teaching in each of the associated mentoring practices (mean score range: 2.60–2.91, standard deviation range: 1.10–1.32). The study concludes that mentors require further professional development to ensure that preservice teachers (mentees) receive adequate pedagogical knowledge for teaching primary science, which will involve significant collaboration between universities and schools.     

学科教学知识：一个教师专业发展的新视角

学科教学知识概念的提出，对教师教育的理论与实践产生了重大影响。文章在探讨了学科教学知识的内涵、特征、建构等问题，并分析了学科教学知识对教师专业发展的意义的基础上，进而提出以学科教学知识概念指导我国教师教育改革的若干对策。     

Four Student Teachers' Pedagogical Reasoning on Functions

This study attempts to identify theinfluence of student teachers' subject matterknowledge for teaching on the process ofpedagogical reasoning. This influence isstudied through the way in which the concept offunction is presented to pupils in teachingthrough the textbook problems. Our findingsshow that the four student teachers in ourstudy differed in their subject-matterknowledge for teaching both in the differentaspects of concepts they emphasised and in theuse of a representation repertoire to structurelearning activities. All of this conditionedthe use of graphical and algebraic modes intheir planning of subject matter to bepresented to pupils. We explored also theinfluence of images of mathematics,teaching and learning on student teachers'organisation of the subject matter forteaching, but found this only slight. Finally,regarding the relationship between subjectmatter knowledge and pedagogical contentknowledge in student-teachers' ways of knowingthe subject matter, we offer some implicationsof these findings for mathematics teachereducation programmes.     

Knowledge Integration in Science Teaching: Analysing Teachers' Knowledge Development

This paper tests the utility of a new sociocognitive frame for analysing the development of teachers' knowledge – the knowledge integration perspective (Linn, Eylon, & Davis, in press; Linn & Hsi, 2000). In doing so, the paper describes one prospective elementary teacher's developing knowledge and highlights its complexity. The prospective teacher demonstrates relatively well-integrated science subject matter knowledge, but she makes some problematic links to lessons and develops some instructional representations that show where she needs to distinguish between different scientific ideas. She also, however, links science concepts to appropriate real-world experiences, indicating that she has nascent useful pedagogical content knowledge. The paper discusses what teacher educators can learn about their learners from this analysis, argues for the utility of the knowledge integration perspective for conducting similar analyses, provides ideas to help science teacher educators apply the perspective easily as they teach their students, and points to areas ripe for future research.     

教学机智的生成与教师职后教育的教学改进

教学机智意味着教育者对学习者个体境遇的深切关注和敏感体验,代表着一种驱动教师全身心地投入教学、指向学习者的情感和力量。由教学机智的生成出发审视当前我国高师院校中教师职后教育中的教学状况,我们发现其中缺乏教学机智,并间接地导致了普通教育中教师教学机智的缺乏。作为优秀教学的表征,教师教育者自身的教学不仅应该充满教学机智,还应该帮助教师形成教学机智。     

Reshaping Teaching and Learning: The Transformation of Faculty Pedagogical Content Knowledge

A qualitative study of faculty members participating in a campus-wide problem-based learning initiative examined the process of transforming faculty pedagogical content knowledge. Researchers found that faculty existing knowledge and the institutional intervention influenced new knowledge of faculty roles, student roles, disciplinary structures, and pedagogy. Communicating new knowledge solidified the transformation.     

Developing Science Pedagogical Content Knowledge Through Mentoring Elementary Teachers

Elementary teachers are typically hesitant to teach science. While a limited knowledge of science content is a reason for this, limited science pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) has emerged as another reason in recent research. This study constitutes two case studies of a professional development program for elementary teachers involving mentoring by a university professor. The mentor took the role of a critical friend in joint planning and teaching of science. The study examines the nature of the mentoring relationship and reports the type of teacher learning that occurred, with a particular focus on the teachers’ development of science PCK.

幼儿园教师数学学科教学知识现状研究——以一位熟手型教师为例

采用课堂观察法和访谈法研究一位熟手型幼儿园教师的数学学科教学知识现状,结果发现：（1）数学内容知识方面,教师重视幼儿数学内容知识学习的衔接性和全面性。（2）数学教学策略知识方面,教师在教学中鼓励幼儿自由操作和探索,常采用直观材料演示的教学策略。（3）幼儿的知识方面,教师更为关注幼儿已有数学知识的经验准备,对本班幼儿有较全面的了解。（4）数学教学情境知识方面,常以创设游戏情境的方式开展教学活动,能为幼儿的数学知识学习创设问题情境。     

Effects of Integrating Hypermedia into Elementary Science Professional Development on Science Content Knowledge

Past research has indicated that a number of problems in the teaching of science in elementary classrooms are rooted in the preparation of inservice teachers. One continuing concern is elementary teachers' lack of science content knowledge. As indicated by numerous research studies reporting positive results, one method of addressing these problems is through inservice teacher professional development workshops. While improved content knowledge has been reported as a positive result of professional development workshops, elementary science workshops have not resulted in the same success levels as other subject areas. One method of addressing some of the deficiencies in elementary science professional development workshops is with the integration of hypermedia into the professional development environment. This study examined whether the integration of hypermedia into elementary science professional development workshops resulted in greater increases in the science content knowledge of elementary teachers of science than traditional methods of elementary science professional development workshops. Workshops that integrated hypermedia into the professional development environment resulted in a significant increase in inservice elementary teachers' science content knowledge, when compared to the control group. However, when compared to the experimental group that participated in workshops without hypermedia, however, there was no significant difference in increases of science content knowledge. Implications of these outcomes are discussed.     

教师学科教学知识:本质、特征与结构

教师学科教学知识(Pedagogical Content Knowledge)是教师研究的新焦点。自这一概念提出以来(Shulman,1986),其内涵与结构不断演变。教师PCK是教师关于如何将自己所知道的学科内容以学生易理解的方式加工、转化给学生的知识。它具有与内容相关;基于经验反思;有实践性;个体性以及情境性的特征。结构上,研究者基于Shulman(1986)的两个主要成分予以扩展;它是一个综合体;与其他教师知识类型紧密关联。值得注意的是,特定教师群体的特定主题PCK是日后研究的生长点。     

学科教学知识(PCK)的核心因素及其对教师教育的启示

本文从多种同类研究中汲取学术资源,聚焦于探索学科教学知识(PCK)内涵中的核心因素,并将其确定为"从学生立场出发实现知识转化".受此启发,我们主张:(1)重视并拓展知识的育人价值,而不局限于认知维度的知识学习;(2)关注并提升教师教育的学术品质,而不局限于将其仅看作技能训练的传统认识.