Innovation systems and global value chains: A Co-citation analysis of established linkages and possible future trends

This study draws a historical picture of conceptual linkages of innovation systems (IS) and global value chains (GVC). We used a co-citation technique to map the evolution of these two fields since 1990. We highlighted the connecting nodes over the past three decades. The first decade witnessed a connection between national innovation systems (NIS) and GVC, mediated by regional studies related to industrial clusters and district-based innovation. The tradeoff between tacit sticky local and codified transferable global knowledge and innovation and learning's importance in upgrading in GVC generated two new routes in the second decade. In the last decade, although these routes are retained, their mediating nodes have changed with the literature on technology and sustainable transition from IS and the path dependency role in the evolution of districts in global production networks. Recent trends indicate that evolutionary views on economic geography and catch-up may open new opportunities to link the two, and some lessons highlight the need for more structured interactions in the future.     

Reporting errors and biases in published empirical findings: Evidence from innovation research

Errors and biases in published results compromise the reliability of empirical research, posing threats to the cumulative research process and to evidence-based decision making. We provide evidence on reporting errors and biases in innovation research. We find that 45% of the articles in our sample contain at least one result for which the provided statistical information is not consistent with reported significance levels. In 25% of the articles, at least one strong reporting error is diagnosed where a statistically non-significant finding becomes significant or vice versa using the common significance threshold of 0.1. The error rate at the test level is very small with 4.0% exhibiting any error and 1.4% showing strong errors. We also find systematically more marginally significant findings compared to marginally non-significant findings at the 0.05 and 0.1 thresholds of statistical significance. These discontinuities indicate the presence of reporting biases. Explorative analysis suggests that discontinuities are related to authors’ affiliations and to a lesser extent the article’s rank in the issue and the style of reporting.     

AI for Technology：技术智能在高技术领域的应用实践与未来展望

以智能化科研（AI for Science）为核心的第五科研范式已经在多个自然科学和高技术领域得到了广泛应用。与人工智能（AI）在自然科学领域的应用强调发现新原理、新机理和新规律不同,高技术领域更强调用AI技术来发明创造新方案、新工具和新产品,以解决特定的领域问题。文章总结了AI在高技术领域的应用——“技术智能”（AI for Technology）的典型特征和科学问题,并以CPU芯片全自动设计为例介绍过往的成功案例。最后,文章指出技术智能的目标不仅是加速创新流程并减少人工投入,同时也希望其具备更强的创造能力,最终超过人类的水平。     

Science,technology and innovation policies in small and developing economies: The case of Central America

In the last decade, there has been an increasing recognition among Central American policy makers of the central importance of science, technology and innovation (STI) for inclusive and sustainable economic growth, based on higher productivity. This paper aims to study current STI policies in those countries and explore whether this increasing acknowledgement has come along with new and more active policies. Empirical evidence collected through questionnaire-based interviews with high-level government officials in each country shows that Central American governments have built public organisations and institutions to support STI, such as laws, national plans and a wide variety of policy instruments. Yet available science and technology indicators illustrate that the results are still meagre. This paper identifies eight barriers faced by these governments when designing and implementing STI policies.     

Developmental financial institutions as technology policy instruments: implications for innovation and entrepreneurship in emerging economies

Developmental financial institutions (DFIs) in emerging economies regularly assess new technology platforms to support their investments in new ventures, established firms, and technology institutions (TIs). Their financing decisions are guided by national priorities such as achieving technological self-reliance. By providing attractive financing options and related support, DFIs are well placed to consciously channel finance into designated priority technology areas. To better understand DFI roles, we conducted multiple interviews with participants affiliated with DFIs, firms and TIs in India. From data gathered from these interviews and secondary data on DFIs in emerging economies, we develop a preliminary framework to suggest that DFIs, when proactive in making technology assessments, form an important link between developing a firm’s absorptive capacity and building a nation’s innovative capacity. Also, DFI financing facilitates new venture creation in the context of underdeveloped capital markets prevalent in emerging economies. To illustrate these roles, we consider technology support programs of DFIs in India and their role in the information technology (IT) industry.     

我国生态旅游者的激励因素与市场细分研究:以陕西太白山国家森林公园为例

本文对国内外有关旅游者激励因素的研究进行了简要的综述，采用问卷调查，以陕西太白山国家森林公园为例，对我国生态旅游者激励因素进行了实证研究．采用因子分析，提取了3个推式激励因素和2个拉式激励因素。并采用聚类分析方法，依据拉式因素，对太白山旅游客源市场进行了市场细分，并对三类旅游者进行了命名。     

Developing science, technology and innovation indicators: What we can learn from the past

The science-technology-innovation system is one that is continuously and rapidly evolving. The dramatic growth over the last 20 years in the use of science, technology and innovation (STI) indicators appears first and foremost to be the result of a combination of, on the one hand, the ease of computerized access to an increasing number of measures of STI and, on the other hand, the interest in a growing number of public policy and private business circles in such indicators. Such growing interest might be expected in societies that increasingly use organised science and technology to achieve a wide variety of social and economic objectives and in which business competition is increasingly based on innovation. On the basis of 40 years of indicators work, we argue that frontiers and characteristics of STI indicators that were important last century may no longer be so relevant today and indeed may even be positively misleading.     

Exploring knowledge management perspectives in smart city research: A review and future research agenda

There is a growing body of literature calling for work on the emerging role of smart cities as information hubs and knowledge repositories. This article reviews the existing smart city literature and integrates knowledge management perspectives to provide an overview of future research directions. By demonstrating the multi-stakeholder relationships involved in smart city development, it takes a crucial step towards looking into the role of knowledge management in future smart city research. Eighty-two peer-reviewed publications were analyzed covering smart city studies in various research domains. The systematic review identifies five different themes: strategy and vision, frameworks, enablers and inhibitors, citizen participation, and benefits. These themes form the basis for developing a future research agenda focused on knowledge sharing and co-learning among cities via three research directions: socio-technical approaches, knowledge sharing perspectives and organizational learning capabilities. The paper also proposes a series of knowledge-driven policy recommendations to contribute towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals.     

Intention in information systems adoption and use: Current state and research directions

Intention has been a key dependent variable in information system (IS) research for the last several decades. It features in various IS acceptance models including the technology acceptance model (TAM), the elaboration likelihood model, the IS success model, and the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT). In the context of IS adoption and use, intention has been portrayed in different forms including intention to adopt, intention to use, intention to continue use, intention to discontinue, and intention to switch. It has been modeled as an antecedent to behavior, a consequent of behavior, and a proxy for behavior. Prior studies of intention have been contextualized in a various settings involving use contexts (i.e., voluntary vs. mandatory use), populations (i.e., non-adopters, adopters, users), respondents (i.e., students, employees), and duration of use (i.e., limited vs. indefinite time), have used cross-sectional and longitudinal empirical designs, and employed different measurement instruments. This editorial provides a brief review of extant IS literature on intention, highlights underlying issues, and proposes directions for future research.     

PPP在农业科技创新中的应用——企业“走出去”视角

从企业"走出去"的视角,分析在农业科技创新中应用PPP的合理性,并重点探讨PPP在农业科技创新中的应用方式,包括应用条件、步骤、合作结构和风险等。     

基于专利分析的行业技术创新研究：分析框架

 专利与技术创新存在着紧密的联系,如果泛泛地以专利分析工具对行业技术创新进行研究是一个无目的无限度的庞大工程,而根据分析者的需要,进行分析框架的构建则使得整个分析工作不仅系统而且目的性强。基于专利分析的行业技术创新研究以基于专利分析的行业技术创新研究的特点及专利分析与行业技术创新活动特征的对应关系研究为基础,以此构建行业技术创新活动特征的专利分析框架,为行业技术创新研究提供重要的专利分析信息。基于分析框架进行专利分析或技术创新研究是一个双向的互通过程,可以根据专利分析的内容选择、指导行业技术创新特点的研究;也可以基于行业技术创新研究的需要选择专利分析的内容。基于专利分析的行业技术创新研究对于技术创新内在属性差异包括技术创新模式、技术创新过程特点的差异分析有着极其重要的意义。     

Innovation spaces: Workspace planning and innovation in U.S. university research centers

This paper reports findings of a study designed to test whether differences in spatial layout of research offices and labs (workspace planning) affects face-to-face technical consultations, and ultimately innovation process outcomes in research settings critical to government supported innovation strategies—university research centers (URCs). The study involved a mixed-method (multivariate predictive and multiple case comparison) evaluation of six organizationally similar but spatially different URCs. Data analysis revealed relationships between workspace planning, consultations and innovation process outcomes. Multivariate analyses showed that configurational accessibility, visibility and walking distances significantly affect the frequencies and locations of unprogrammed face-to-face consultations. Cross-case comparisons revealed that URCs featuring overall high configurational accessibility, shorter walking distances and intact territories exhibit higher face-to-face consultation rates, consultation network connectivity, and subjective/objective innovation process outcomes. Implications for research policy, practice and research are discussed.     

Legitimizing research, technology and innovation policies for transformative change: Combining insights from innovation systems and multi-level perspective in a comprehensive ‘failures’ framework

The recent policy debates about orientating research, technology and innovation policy towards societal challenges, rather than economic growth objectives only, call for new lines of argumentation to systematically legitimize policy interventions. While the multi-level perspective on long-term transitions has attracted quite some interest over the past years as a framework for dealing with long-term processes of transformative change, but the innovation systems approach is still the dominant perspective for devising innovation policy. Innovation systems approaches stress the importance of improving innovation capabilities of firms and the institutional settings to support them, but they are less suited for dealing with the strategic challenges of transforming systems of innovation, production and consumption, and thus with long-term challenges such as climate change or resource depletion. It is therefore suggested to consider insights from transition studies more prominently in a policy framework that is based on the innovation systems approach and the associated notion of ‘failures’. We propose a comprehensive framework that allows legitimizing and devising policies for transformative change that draws on a combination of market failures, structural system failures and transformational system failures.     

Technology policy and global warming: Why new policy models are needed (or why putting new wine in old bottles won’t work)

In recent years, the threat of global climate change has come to be seen as one of the most serious confronting humanity. To meet this challenge will require the development of new technologies and the substantial improvement of existing ones, as well as ensuring their prompt and widespread deployment. Some have argued that the urgency of the situation requires a “Manhattan Project” or an “Apollo Program”. This paper examines why such a policy model is inappropriate, arguing that the nature of the policy context for confronting climate change necessitates a different kind of technology policy than that for building an atomic bomb or for achieving a manned lunar landing. Instead, it seeks to draw lessons from three sectors that seem to be more pertinent and where government technological development and deployment programs have been pursued with some success in the United States - namely, agriculture, biomedical research and information technology. It compares and contrasts these with the policies pursued with regard to the first two of these sectors in the United Kingdom. The paper concludes by drawing out the implications for the design of policies supporting technological development and innovation to address the problem of global climate change.     

广东专业镇技术创新效率评价——基于DEA和问卷实证的双重视角

借鉴区域和企业技术创新效率评价研究的范式,有针对性地选取了评价指标,并运用数据包络分析模型和问卷调研的方式对广东省19个地市专业镇的科技创新效率进行了研究。通过对2009-2012年广东专业镇科技投入与产出数据的DEA有效性分析,可以看出广东专业镇整体的技术创新效率偏低,科技资源分配和投入方式较为粗放,存在一定程度的冗余和浪费现象。为了进一步研究影响广东省专业镇创新效率和能力的关键因素,设计和发放了针对专业镇创新平台科技管理一线人员的调查问卷。问卷调研的实证分析结果也基本验证了基于DEA模型的专业镇创新效率分析,同时也部分揭示了影响广东专业镇创新效率的关键影响因素,以及当前专业镇科技创新管理政策方面潜在的问题和未来改进的科技政策建议。     

The strategic use of artificial intelligence in the digital era: Systematic literature review and future research directions

Artificial Intelligence tools have attracted attention from the literature and business organizations in the last decade, especially by the advances in machine learning techniques. However, despite the great potential of AI technologies for solving problems, there are still issues involved in practical use and lack of knowledge as regards using AI in a strategic way, in order to create business value. In this context, the present study aims to fill this gap by: providing a critical literature review related to the integration of AI to organizational strategy; synthetizing the existing approaches and frameworks, highlighting the potential benefits, challenges and opportunities; presenting a discussion about future research directions. Through a systematic literature review, research articles were analyzed. Besides gaps for future studies, a conceptual framework is presented, discussed according to four sources of value creation: (i) decision support; (ii) customer and employee engagement; (iii) automation; and (iv) new products and services. These findings contribute to both theoretical and managerial perspectives, with extensive opportunities for generating novel theory and new forms of management practices.     

我国区域科技创新政策的案例分析研究——以南京“紫金科创特别社区”为例

结合全新的科技创新政策范式,参照政府监管政策绩效评估框架,采用个案研究法,从政策内容评估、政策执行评估和政策效果评估等3个方面对南京"紫金科创特别社区"开展政策全过程评估研究。研究案例具有典型性、代表性,政策执行时期较长,适合作为开展政策评估的研究对象,得到的政策启示包括完善科技创新政策制定方法、推进科技创新政策立法保障、加强科技创新政策动态管理等。     

The future of value creation and innovations: Aspects of a theory of value creation and innovation in a global knowledge economy

What enhances innovation and value creation in the global knowledge economy? We offer several answers here, chief among them this: Leaders need to move away from focusing on developing innovations and value within the mental models, systems, and organizational solutions of the old industrial economy, with its firm- and product-centric view of value. Instead, they need to focus on providing tailor-made products and services to the newly connected and interconnected customer. They can do this with individualized immediate feedback, a new organizational logic, and new cooperating structures.     

我国科技创新政策保障市场公平竞争的进路优化——以公平竞争审查制度实施为背景

科技创新政策优化是实施创新驱动发展战略的重要议题。在现代化经济体系中,通过科技创新政策优化来营造公平竞争的市场环境,是契合科技创新政策导向性、应用性和科学性的基本手段。公平竞争审查制度以其保障公平竞争的独特价值,能够推动科技创新政策优化,实现政府与市场在科技创新资源配置中的合力。现有科技创新政策存在诸多有碍市场公平竞争因素,应当以公平竞争审查制度为抓手,识别影响公平竞争的政策掣肘,破除科技创新政策壁垒,强化评估标准建设,增进政策制定机关职能,推动多主体协同共治,最终推动科技创新政策体系优化及公平竞争审查制度实施。