浅论科研院所专利分析、科技情报工作与科研工作的结合

随着科学技术的发展,专利分析工作和科技情报工作越来越引起人们的重视,科研工作是科研院所工作的主体,在新的形势下,如何将专利分析工作和科技情报工作运用到科研工作中,充分保护科研院所的知识产权,本文就此提出笔者的看法和观点。     

基于整合观的联盟管理研究

虽然近年来有关联盟管理研究的文献非常多，但是能够揭示联盟成功秘密的却非常少。在本文中，我们提出了在现有的文献中有关联盟管理的主要由三个观点（双边的、企业层次的和网络层次的），但是没有一个观点能够为我们提供对联盟管理的全面理解。因此，成功的联盟管理需要深刻地了解联盟管理所有三个层次的内涵以及他们的相互作用。     

Highly innovative small firms in the markets for technology

Long-lived small firms with a substantial, public record of innovative success are the focus of this paper. We label such firms “serial innovators” and argue that they are often specialist suppliers in markets for technology. To survive as specialist suppliers, firms must produce technology that is broadly tradable. Using Arora, Fosfuri and Gambardella's markets-for-technology framework, we hypothesize that such technology has certain characteristics. It is: high quality, general purpose, broadly based, quite basic, and concentrated in newer generations of technology. We find that serial innovators, survivors among the specialist technology suppliers, have mastered innovating in technology with these characteristics. This helps explain why these firms have become serious players in these markets—at least for a few years until a new generation of technology emerges.     

企业隐性技术知识吸收模型研究

隐性知识是技术知识的重要侧面，对于技术追赶中的企业，其隐性知识的吸收能力决定了技术学习的有效性。本文回顾了有关隐性技术知识的重要理论研究，指出隐性技术知识(TTK)吸收对于企业技术学习的战略意义，并提出了企业隐性技术知识吸收的理论模型。该模型认为企业隐性技术知识有三类外部知识来源：科学群体、跨国公司全球网络及区域价值链组织；三类主体以多种管道向当地企业传输TTK，制度环境与技术市场格局影响主体间知识流动管道的选择及其中的TTK流动；企业研发管理等内部因素等决定了外部TTK的吸收能力；研发过程中对外部TTK的整合导致了企业技术创新能力。这一模型的提出为深入研究行业技术学习及企业研发管理战略提供了理论分析框架。     

Crowdsourcing for innovation: How related and unrelated perspectives interact to increase creative performance

In recent years, several organizations have opened up their innovation processes to individuals from outside of the organization by means of digital crowdsourcing. The literature on crowdsourcing has emphasized the importance of using digital technology to reach far beyond organizational boundaries and include individuals with (educational) backgrounds that are very different and unrelated to those within the organization in its innovation process. It has been argued that such individuals will contribute novel insights because they consider an organization's innovation challenge from different perspectives. Building on the literature on creativity and absorptive capacity, we instead argue that having a related perspective will positively affect an individual's idea performance, while unrelated perspectives only positively contribute to idea performance in combination with a related perspective. Analyses of 2178 ideas contributed by 948 crowd members to 68 crowdsourced idea challenges show that it is important to consider how (educational) backgrounds can provide individuals with multiple perspectives, which can be either related or unrelated, and study how the interplay of related and unrelated perspectives affects the value of ideas in organizational open innovation initiatives.     

突破性技术从何而来？——一个文献评述

 突破性技术是创造性破坏的基础,是后发国家摆脱技术依赖实施跨越式追赶的必由之路。然而现有文献散见于技术演化、战略管理、组织理论和营销理论等各个领域,尚需进一步梳理。本文首先以突破性技术界定为切入点,梳理技术演化、市场绩效、专家评价与专利度量等不同研究视角的相关文献。进一步按照文献内部的逻辑关系,从突破性技术何时涌现、突破性技术谁来主导以及突破性技术如何形成等三个方面分别进行评述,逐步理清突破性技术的发生时机、实施主体和知识基础的研究脉络。最后,站在全球化开放创新与后发国家技术追赶的大背景下,对未来研究方向和趋势进行了探讨。     

The effects of new technologies on productivity: An intrafirm diffusion-based assessment

This paper studies the impact of new technologies on productivity from the perspective of the technological diffusion literature. We argue that several stylised facts about the intrafirm diffusion process are not taken into account in most current research, which results in potentially erroneous conclusions. We critically assess different approaches that have been taken when studying the effects of technology adoption on productivity, and relate them to the main findings of the literature on technology diffusion with the aim of identifying the advantages of an intrafirm diffusion approach. We then conduct an empirical analysis on a sample that describes the diffusion of an innovation - the Automated Teller Machine - among Spanish savings banks from 1986 to 2004 in both its extensive (interfirm) and intensive (intrafirm) dimensions. Our results show that only the consideration of the intrafirm diffusion process is able to account for the contribution of the technology to productivity.     

推动学习与技术创新的政策环境

本文评述了不同经济学学派关于技术创新在经济增长中的关键作用的观点,强调了制度安排对于经济增长和技术创新的重要作用。从国家创新系统框架入手,论述了学习在技术创新中的源泉与作用机制,并从反垄断、知识产权、技术标准、政府采购、科学研究等方面提出了促进企业学习的公共政策建议。     

Adopting and consuming innovations

This paper aims to improve understanding of how innovations are diffused through combining perspectives on the adoption and consumption of innovation. The literature on the adoption of innovation mainly examines issues such as technical functionalities, utility and personality factors. In contrast, research on the consumption of innovation is concerned with the context and meaning of consumer decisions and the values that underlie them. The paper is conceptual and uses Weber’s categories of meaning in action to argue the value of combining the primarily ‘rational’ innovation adoption literature with the more ‘emotive’ consumption literature. By reference to the consumption of hybrid cars, we show how the innovation adoption literature can be valuably supplemented by an understanding of what consumers of innovation do, why they do it and what doing it means to them. We argue that this combination provides a more holistic understanding of how innovations diffuse and has implications for those delivering, using and researching innovation.     

高等学校科技成果转化研究新进展:1994～2002

基于大量文献,评述了1994～2002年国内在高校科技成果转化方面的研究进展。对比郭晓川的早先评述,发现自199d年起又有许多学者对此课题进行了有益地探索,在研究趋向、研究方法、研究领域和研究内容等多个方面取得了显著的进步。最后给出了作者的看法和建议。     

Decertification in quality-management standards by incrementally and radically innovative organizations

The literature on quality-management standards has generally focused on the drivers, motivations, and performance effects of adopting such standards. Yet the last decade has witnessed a substantial degree of decertification behavior, as organizations have increasingly decided to voluntarily withdraw from quality-management standards by not recertifying. While the drivers of the decision to initially adopt quality-management standards have been extensively studied, the drivers of the decision to decertify have received scant scholarly attention. We argue that innovative organizations are generally prone to retaining quality-management certification and thus exhibit a tendency to not abandon certification; however, radically-innovative organizations are more prone than incrementally-innovative organizations to discontinue quality-management standards and thereby exhibit a tendency to withdraw from quality certification. We compile World Bank data surveying facilities based in 50 countries and 103 industrial sectors across the 2003 to 2017 period. Taking advantage of the data's panel properties yields a dataset composed of up to 1755 facility-level observations of recertification decisions for empirical analysis. Our empirical testing employs a probit estimation technique that accounts for the appropriate fixed effects and generates results that support our theoretical priors regarding decertification behavior.     

责任式创新：“内涵-理论-方法”的整合框架

科技创新的负面影响与新兴技术的治理挑战引发研究与政策对“责任式创新”的关注。本文以文献研究为基础,通过责任式创新主题文献的系统回顾,构建“内涵-理论-方法”的整合框架,对责任式创新的概念内涵、共性理论基础、及实践应用方法展开系统评述。研究结论显示：责任式创新的内涵主要围绕内在属性视角、创新过程与管理视角、创新结果评估视角三个方面展开;责任式创新的共性理论基础包括正义论、技术社会控制视角、行动者网络理论、制度理论、创新扩散理论五个分支;责任式创新的典型应用方法涉及扎根研究、伦理分析法、实时技术评估、“谦逊”技术与参与式治理法、上游公众参与技术治理、中游模块化技术治理、技术社会评估等     

The product market and the market for “ideas”: commercialization strategies for technology entrepreneurs

This paper presents a synthetic framework identifying the central drivers of start-up commercialization strategy and the implications of these drivers for industrial dynamics. We link strategy to the commercialization environment—the microeconomic and strategic conditions facing a firm that is translating an “idea” into a value proposition for customers. The framework addresses why technology entrepreneurs in some environments undermine established firms, while others cooperate with incumbents and reinforce existing market power. Our analysis suggests that competitive interaction between start-up innovators and established firms depends on the presence or absence of a “market for ideas”. By focusing on the operating requirements, efficiency, and institutions associated with markets for ideas, this framework holds several implications for the management of high-technology entrepreneurial firms.     

Public anonymity and the connected world

We defend public anonymity in the light of the threat posed by digital technology. Once people could reasonably assume that they were fairly anonymous when they left the house. They neither drove nor walked around with GPS devices; they paid their highway tolls in cash; they seldom bought on credit; and no cameras marked their strolls in the park or their walks down the street. Times have changed. We begin with a brief discussion of the concept of anonymity. We then argue that public anonymity helps promote privacy in public. Next, we argue that public anonymity is worth protecting insofar as it promotes autonomy. After that we attempt to show how digital technology threatens public anonymity in the context of CCTV and GPS devices. We argue for a significant scaling back of public surveillance. We close with some thoughts on what we take to be the gratuitous costs imposed on those who would attempt to preserve their anonymity in public.     

Extending the rails: how research reshapes clinics

The purpose of clinical research is to create the scientific foundation for medical practice. In this way of thinking, the effect on medical practice occurs after the research has been completed. Social studies of science have debunked the standard model of scientific research, observing that changes in practice associated with research occur not just because of the results of research but also because of the practice of research. Drawing on fieldwork in HIV clinics in the US, South Africa,Thailand, and Uganda, we argue that clinical trials shape medical practice by altering the organizations in which both medical treatment and clinical trials take place. Three general processes are central to this transformation: the modification of material environments, the reorganization of bureaucratic relations, and the prioritization of research values. These processes unfold somewhat differently in the clinics of poorer countries than in those of wealthier ones.     

Entrepreneurship: Exploring the knowledge base

Entrepreneurship research has a long tradition and since the 1980s the field has grown significantly. In this study we identify the ‘knowledge producers’ who have shaped the field over time and their core entrepreneurship research works. A unique database consisting of all references in twelve entrepreneurship ‘handbooks’ (or state-of-the-art books) has been developed. The chapters in these handbooks were written by experts within the field, and it can be assumed that the most frequently cited references represent ‘core knowledge’ with relevance to entrepreneurship research.From our analysis, it appears that entrepreneurship is a rather changeable field of research, closely linked to disciplines such as ‘management studies’ and ‘economics’. Over time, the field has become more formalized with its own core knowledge, research specialities and an increasing number of ‘insider works’. However, it is still based on some fairly old theoretical frameworks imported from mainstream disciplines, although during the last decade we have seen the emergence of a number of new field-specific concepts and theories. We argue that to successfully develop entrepreneurship research in the future, we need to relate new research opportunities to earlier knowledge within the field, which calls for a stronger ‘knowledge-based’ focus. We would also like to see greater integration between the fields of entrepreneurship and innovation studies in the future.     

Gender diversity in the management field: Does it matter for research outcomes?

This study examines the relationship between gender diversity and research outcomes. Existing research on the topic primarily focuses on how team gender diversity influences scholarly productivity in terms of citations and publication rates. Far less attention has been devoted to the question of how the intellectual contents of research disciplines change as they become more gender diverse. Drawing on a global sample of more than 25,000 management papers, we use natural language processing techniques, correspondence analysis and regression models to illuminate impact-, content- and status-related dimensions of gender diversity in management research. In regression models adjusting for geographical setting, institutional prestige and collaboration patterns, we find no discernable effects of team gender diversity on per-paper scientific impact. In contrast, our analyses converge to yield a broadly consistent pattern of gender-related variations in research focus: women are well-represented in social- and human-centered areas of management, while men comprise the vast majority in areas addressing more technical and operational aspects. Our findings corroborate recent sociological research suggesting that cultural norms and expectations are channeling women and men towards different areas of work and study. We argue that the broadened repertoire of perspectives, values and questions resulting from gender diversity may render management research more responsive to the full gamut of societal needs and expectations.     

From closed to open: Job role changes,individual predispositions,and the adoption of commercial open source software development

When trying to attain the benefits of open source software (OSS), proprietary closed source software (PCSS) firms are struggling to adopt this radically different practice of software development. We approach these adoption challenges as a problem of gaining support for organizational innovation. Through a mixed-method research design consisting of qualitative interviews and a survey of employees of a large telecommunications firm, we find that the organizational innovation to commercially engage in OSS has different impacts on technical and administrative dimensions of different job roles. Accordingly, individuals enacting different job roles are—on average—more or less well aligned with the OSS practice and OSS processes per se. We find that individual-level attributes can counterbalance the job role changes that weaken support for adopting OSS, while perceived organizational commitment has no effect. Suggestions for PCSS firms are presented and implications for innovation literature are discussed.     

Reforming intellectual property rights and the Bt cotton seed industry in China: Who benefits from policy reform?

China has been one of the leaders in agricultural biotechnology research and the adoption of transgenic plants. Despite this, critics argue that China's biotechnology policies could be improved to provide more benefits to farmers. The objective of the paper is to examine if policy changes could improve the welfare of farmers in the cotton industry. The paper first reviews recent changes in laws and policies that affect China's plant biotechnology sector—with a focus on IPR legislation and seed industry reform. Next, using a primary data set collected from 1661 plots from a sample of farmers in northern China in 1999, 2000 and 2001, we econometrically estimate the effect of changes to intellectual property rights (IPR) and seed industry reform on farmer pesticide use and yields. Our results are consistent with a conclusion that improvements to the IPR environment and greater commercialization of the seed industry can increase the benefits that farmers derive from new cotton technology.     

Following Successfully: Followership and Technology Adoption

Most firms in most countries find themselves taking up new technology in the wake of pioneers or first-movers. A central question is how (and whether) such firms can make a success of being followers--in the time-related sense of adopting subsequently. We take a novel approach to this question by drawing on the literature of leadership and followership within organisations. This literature employs characteristics in two dimensions to build a taxonomy of types of follower--in the hierarchical sense of working for and with an organisational superior. Using this approach, we generate hypotheses about the sorts of firms which are likely to prove more or less successful as early and later technology adopters. From the analysis, we are also able to identify ways in which the emerging followership literature requires strengthening.