发展观与发展战略:历史演变及其逻辑启示

纵观战后发展观的演进轨迹,它依次经历了传统发展观、经济与社会的全面发展观和可持续发展观三个主要阶段.在不同发展观的影响下,各国在发展过程中选择了不同的发展战略.发展现与发展战略的演变,反映了人类在追求自身发展道路上的不懈努力,是人类在发展问题上认识的不断深化与拓展.考察发展观和发展战略演进历程,对于我们认识和实践科学发展观以及制定社会发展战略提供了有益的借鉴和启示.     

发展观的历史演变

发展是一个历史范畴.其内涵随着历史的不同进程而不断变化。人类的发展观经历了从传统发展观到零增长发展观,到可持续发展观,再到科学发展观的演进。科学发展观作为我国国家发展战略的整体构想,全方位地涵盖了自然、经济、社会、人"复杂巨系统运行规则和"人口、资源、环境、发展"四位一体的辩证关系。     

从社会发展观看技术创新的生态化转向

通过对社会发展本质的剖析 ,揭示出传统技术创新观与新的社会发展观的不适应性。新社会发展观的综合性、可持续性、主体性决定了技术创新生态化转向的必然性。而建立和谐稳定的自然与社会生态则是技术创新生态化转向的具体目标     

技术理性批判与现代发展观的范式转换

近代以来,科学技术的迅猛发展为人类创造了前所未有的社会财富,但也造成了许多严重的生态破坏和社会问题.技术理性扩张了人类的欲望,强化了技术对人的控制,直接导致了技术异化现象的出现.对技术理性进行批判并不是要全面否定技术理性,而是要克服技术理性发展的片面性,推动人类发展观念的更新,实现从传统发展观到科学发展观的范式转换,走人与自然和谐发展之路.科学发展观所阐述的人文价值观、生态文明观、社会稳定观、和谐发展观为我国社会发展指明了正确的方向.     

生态化--传统技术创新发展的必由之路

本文通过对社会发展本质的剖析，揭示出传统技术创新与新的社会发展观的不适应性。科学社会发展观的全面性、可持续性、主体性决定了技术创新生态化转向的必然性。建立和谐稳定的自然与社会生态是技术创新生态化转向的具体目标。     

科学发展观的形成和内涵

发展是一个在长期的历史发展中成长起来的哲学范畴。近代西方的发展观由于反神学的历史任务的影响而高举"自然理性"的大旗,自然决定论成为其基本含义。之后,自然进化论成为近代西方发展观的中心含义。马克思主义哲学的发展观实现了发展观的伟大变革。唯物史观的社会发展观为全世界无产阶级了提供强大的思想武器和哲学理论。从发展观到科学发展观是人类认识史上的重大突破,更是当代中国社会发展实践的科学概括和重大理论成果。     

论邓小平发展观与科学发展观

邓小平的发展观是马克思社会发展思想同当代中国发展实践和时代特征相结合的产物。而坚持"以人为本、树立全面、协调、可持续的发展观"是我们党应新世纪新阶段全面建设小康要求提出的科学发展观。这一发展观与邓小平发展理论一脉相承,邓小平的发展理论是科学发展观的理论基础,科学发展观是对邓小平发展理论的继承和发展。     

现代发展观的演变及对当代中国的启示

发展观是人们关于社会发展的根本观点和根本看法现代发展观经历了以经济增长为中心，以社会结构变革为中心，和以人为中心的综合发展为中心三个阶段本文通过对这三个阶段的回顾，为今天的科学发展观提供一些启示和借鉴。     

牢固树立科学发展观实现直属库发展新跨越

笔者认为，科学的发展观首先是以人为本，全面、协洞、可持续的发展观，是促进经济社会和人的全面发展的发展观。按照科学发展观的要求，发展不仅仅是经济发展，更不是单纯的经济增长，人民物质、文化生活水平和质量的提高，社会公正的普遍实现，与社会进步相适应的制度文明，都将成为发展的重要内容和目标。其次，坚持科学的发展观，要求必须根据不同历史时期、发展环境和条件的变化，适时调整发展思路。在经济市场化格局已经基本形成的条件下，经济发展的主体力量在市场，     

发展观略论

如何在中国建设和发展社会主义,我党几代领导人进行了深刻的理论思考和艰辛的实践探索,适应社会历史发展需要,形成了不同时期的经济社会发展观,即计划发展观、市场发展现、可持续发展观与科学发展观。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

Low doses of a red wine ingredient figh diabetes in mice

Aresearch group led by Prof. ZHAI Qiwei from the Institute for Nutritional Sciences under the CAS Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences has discovered that even relatively low doses of resveratrol--a chemical found in the skins of red grapes and in red wine--can improve the sensitivity of mice to the hormone insulin, according to a report in the October,2007 issue of Cell Metabolism. As insulin resistance is often characterized as the most critical factor contributing to the development of Type 2 diabetes, the findings“provide a potential new therapeutic approach for preventing or treating” both conditions, the researchers said.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Molecular motor assembly of a biomimetic system

Active biological molecules and functional structures can be fabricated into a bio-mimetic system by using molecular assembly method. Such materials can be used for the drug delivery, disease diagnosis and therapy, and new nanodevice construction.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence