LINKS BETWEEN ROMANIAN UNIVERSITIES AND THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY

Seemingly unlike the cases of the Academies of Sciences in the other eastern and central European countries, the Romanian Academy wishes to continue sponsoring state‐of‐the‐art‐research to be undertaken in its own network of research institutes. This decision comes both as a reaction to attempts made by the Ceauescu regime to destroy the Academy completely and the realization that other major models of national research policy, notably the US model, the western European model, and an intermediate one adopted in Mexico, are not easily adapted to Romanian reality. The specifically Romanian model chosen, of beginning with two major sets of government supported research institutes subordinated either to the Ministry of Science and Technology or to the Romanian Academy, of linking them to the universities, and of adapting them according to the dictates of a market economy and democratization seems to be the best option.     

MISSIONS OF THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY

The article begins with quotations from Act No. 4 of 5 January 1990 of the Romanian Government, stating the mission and purposes of the Romanian Academy in a post‐communist Romania. Thus the missions of the Academy include a traditional mission, that of being the highest scientific forum in the country; a social‐managerial mission, by which the Academy undertakes specific scholarly projects of major national and international interest; an active mission, that of work in a number of areas performed by 65 units and 2,000 researchers; and finally, that of uniting the scholarly efforts of all Romanians, both inside and outside the territorial limits of Romania.     

艺术设计教学过程评价方案的研制和实施

过程评价方案是实施过程评价的方法和途径,方案制订的好坏,直接影响过程评价的实施效果和艺术设计人才培养的质量。研制过程评价方案要以艺术设计创新人才培养为目标,以培养创新精神和实践能力为目的。以学生全面发展为根本,以艺术设计教学要求为依据。突出重发展、重创新、重综合、重过程的特色;实施过程评价方案要以提高师生认识为前提,建立保障措施为基础。使过程评价方案的研制和实施成为艺术设计创新人才培养的重要组成部分。     

VirgiliuBRIEF HISTORY OF THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

Although the Romanian Academy, as it had evolved through 1948, was dismantled by the communist government of the country, scientists in such fields as mathematics, physics, chemistry, technology, geology, medicine, and biology continued to be able to do outstanding work. It was only after 1969 that the Ceau?escu regime extended the work of destruction to these disciplines too. One of the first acts of the new government which came into power as a result of the Romanian Revolution of December 1989 was to call for the rebuilding of the Romanian Academy.     

我国高校教师职称评审与聘任制度调研分析报告

本文在回顾我国职称制度发展历程、调研部分地区高校教师职称评聘现状基础上,分析了专业技术任职资格评审与职务聘任两种制度的内涵和异同,提出将职称资格评审与职务聘任分离,发挥职称评审的人才评价与激励作用,完善职务聘任的岗位系统管理功能。     

IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION OF PEER MARKING IN HIGHER EDUCATION

The implementation of peer marking within an existing tutorial system is examined. Peer marks were found to be in close agreement with the tutor's, lending credibility to the approach. The benefits of peer marking were discussed with the students, including their possible improvement in examination technique. This teaching approach has the added advantage in that the tutor can more easily act as a facilitator (rather than as an assessor) in the tutorial sessions. At the end of the year an evaluation of peer marking was carried out

Results from a questionnaire showed that five relative advantages of peer marking had been achieved. Further, the students believed that their work had been marked fairly, and that peer marks should count towards their end‐of‐year marks. Peer marking was found tobe most successful, fully complementing a tutorial system of teaching.     

ROMANIAN YOUTH AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

A major survey of the motivations of Romanian young people is being undertaken by the Institute for the Quality of Life. Some of its findings in regard to the attitudes of young people towards careers in research are reported as are also certain findings regarding the feelings of young people, who have already embarked on research careers, about their working and living conditions and prospects. Although research suffered greatly under communism, the prestige of research survived. After 1990, many young people were attracted into higher education and research. Since 1992, however, the economic crisis which has affected Romanian society as a whole has reduced some of the gains made in 1990. Salaries are not keeping up with the cost of living, and the equipment available for different kinds of research is lacking or is of poor quality. Many young people are now leaving research careers for better paying opportunities in the private sector, particularly in commercial activities.     

THE TRANSFORMATION OF RESEARCH IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC: THE ROLE OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic traces its origins back through the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences to several private learned societies, one of which was founded in the Eighteenth Century, that eventually received royal (Habsburg) charters. The Academy as it exists today has been affected by the same processes of transition as the rest of Czech society. The Academy and its various institutes are subject to periodic evaluation. It must now share responsibility for research in the Czech Republic with other state organs, particularly the universities.     

RESEARCH PRIORITIES OF THE BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences which was established in 1969 is the central research institution of Bulgaria. Not only has it been affected by the forces of economic and political transition, but while most of the country vacillated when faced with the need to make radical changes, the Academy early on devised a strategy of comprehensive restructuring. The Academy continues to make internationally recognized contributions to the advancement of science in a number of areas, particularly in the hard sciences. It has by no means neglected the humanities, its original domain of research, where it continues to reinforce Bulgarian culture in a number of areas.     

伊凡四世军制与财税改革初探

首代沙皇伊凡四世执政头十年的军制与财税改革取得了一些成效：组建了俄国历史上第一支常备军,通过了俄罗斯历史上第一个《兵役法典》,限制门第制度,进而大大提高了军队的战斗力,统一课税单位、取消过境税等等。改革规范中央管理职能,打击分裂势力,进而促进了俄罗斯统一国家的形成,伊凡四世成为俄国历史上中央集权的确立者和君主专制制度的开创者。     

STATE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF QUALITY ASSURANCE MECHANISMS IN THE SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN LITHUANIA

The first laws for regulating qualification requirements in Lithuanian higher education were passed by the Lithuanian government in 1991. Other laws providing for the nostrification of foreign degrees, awarded under the authority of the former Soviet State, were passed. Lithuania is now proceeding towards the development of bodies and procedures for the accreditation of institutions and programmes, this despite public weariness with over‐bureaucratization.     

THE USE OF LEARNING PROFILES IN ASSESSMENT AND IN THE EVALUATION OF TEACHING

This paper reports how individual students respond to a nine‐week course in plant anatomy using two teaching techniques: self‐instruction and group interaction.

Students vary widely in their responses to teaching by these techniques. Over the four years of the study (1975–78) four major patterns of response have emerged. These are described as learning profiles. The profiles are composed from curves depicting the attainment of individual students, measured in seven weekly assessment tests given during group sessions. The assessment tests measured performance in four capacities, based on Bloom's criteria, viz. recall of knowledge, comprehension, application and short‐chain problem solving. Learning curves for each of these four capacities were obtained for each individual student. Other variables, e.g. general ability, age, sex, anxiety, motivation, time spent etc. were also determined for each student.

The purpose of the course is to train students to solve problems in plant anatomy. Although strategies for solving long‐chain problems were not practised in groups, the component skills used in their solution were practised in the weekly test items.

From the profile types — i.e. the patterns of individual response to the teaching ‐ it was possible to make some prediction about performance in the final examination, although this examination was predominantly one to test capacity to solve long‐chain, multi‐step problems.     

国家教委“九五”课题:残疾儿童随班就读效果评估研究

残疾儿童的个体差异较大,如何确定并保证残疾儿童的学习潜能在普通课堂上得到充分的开发,需要引起学校、家庭、社会及教、科研工作者的高度重视,需要建立一套系统的评估残疾儿童随班就读效果的指标体系。本文旨在通过对随班就读评估的目的、评估内容、评估方法和成果的分析报告,达到“本课题研究的开题目的,同时也向人们阐明对残疾儿童随班就读效果评估的必要性和紧迫性。     

ACADEMY RESEARCH INSTITUTES AND UNIVERSITIES

Up until now, CEPES, the UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education, was more concerned about universities than about the academies of sciences in the countries making up the region it serves, even though both types of institutions do research. Although university teaching was traditionally linked to research as in the Humboldtian model of the university, the two functions became increasingly separate in eastern Europe. Now, as eastern and central Europe undergo transition to democracy and market economies, it is perhaps time to consider a redefinition and possibly a fusion of roles with academies and universities co‐operating closely for excellence in teaching and in research.     

局域网监管系统设计与关键技术研究

通过对WAP和SNMP等技术的研究和讨论,结合当前网络管理领域的发展和实际需求。对基于WAP的SNMP局域网监管系统的科学性和可行性进行了阐述,介绍了系统架构及关键技术,并详述了系统软、硬件体系结构及主要模块的设计与实现。     

THE EVOLUTION AND IMPACT OF PROGRAMME EVALUATION IN A NEW MEDICAL SCHOOL

While the purpose, theory and method of evaluation of educational programmes are well‐documented, there is little published evidence on the actual evaluation of higher professional educational programmes and their outcomes. This paper outlines the background and development of programme evaluation in a new institution of higher professional education. It outlines current programme monitoring activities and their effects, and identifies the urgent and feasible tasks to be undertaken in the methodologically difficult and politically sensitive area of outcome evaluation.