THE BELARUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD

The work and the prospects of the Belarussian Academy of Sciences are described. The Academy, like other institutions in Belarus, has suffered greatly since the period of transition began in 1990. The Academy and its constituent institutes are struggling to continue providing their traditional leadership in regard to basic and applied research in all disciplines. In some areas, particularly in the hard sciences, Belarussian researchers continue to chalk up internationally recognized successes; however, the size of the research staff in the republic has declined by 50 per cent since 1990, and there is difficulty in recruiting new blood. The basic problem is one of finance; however, the Academy is trying to tap several sources of funding including the government. It is also taking steps to influence the training of young scientists and academics and to forge links with the Academies of other countries. At all costs, Belarus must not lose its scientific potential.     

ROLE OF THE SLOVAK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES DURING THE PERIOD OF TRANSITION IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC

The transformation of a socialist‐type Academy of Sciences into an institution capable of functioning in a democratic market economy is described. Prior to 1989, the Slovak Academy of Sciences was the state mandated coordinator of science and technology in Slovakia and was funded directly by the state budget. Since 1990, the Academy has had to share many of its prerogatives with other authorities and institutions, as in the case of the universities in regard to doctoral programmes, or to cede them out‐right, as in the case of the Ministry of Education and Science in regard to the coordination of basic research. Its budget has been drastically cut. It has also had to contend with the introduction of a western type of grant programme and system of evaluation for its subordinate institutes, some of which have been closed. In short, the Slovak Academy of Sciences must compete in an increasingly open science market in which it must give proof both of the quality of its work and of the relevance of the latter to the needs of society.     

THE CROATIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS PAST AND FUTURE

The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts traces its origins back to efforts to create a learned society in Croatia during the first half of the Nineteenth Century. At first concerned exclusively with the language, literature, and history of Croatia, it evolved into an eclectic organization conducting and sponsoring research in a wide rage of disciplines and fields. Currently, the work of the Academy is concentrated in eight departments and is conducted by eleven scientific councils, ten committees, and twenty research units. Since its founding, the Academy has published almost 3,400 books.     

ACADEMIES OF SCIENCE DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD

Academies of sciences are, roughly speaking, of two types, institutions with individual members, and umbrella organizations of specific specialized institutes, not offering the possibility of individual membership or restricting it. The Academy of Sciences of the former Soviet Union and the academies of the successor republics tend to be of the second type. These academies, particularly that of Armenia, are confronted with two particularly serious problems: the out‐migration of scientists and the lack of funding. They are attempting to solve these and other problems by seeking sources of funding other than their respective governments and by collaborating among themselves and through a common organization, the Association of the Academies of Science of the CIS countries.     

THE TASKS OF ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES AND THE REFORM OF THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The different national Academies of Sciences are as varied as their individual histories and the societies of which they are a part. At the same time, they all have certain characteristics in common. An Academy is usually the highest ranking scientific body in its country. It is independent of higher education institutions, of political parties, and of the state, even if it receives state subsidies. Among the special features of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, one can cite the fact that its General Assembly includes two hundred representatives of the Hungarian scientific community who serve three‐year terms but cannot participate in elections for new Academy members and that its forty research institutes and eighty research groups that are located and function in universities have a high degree of autonomy in regard to the Academy as such.     

广东文理职业学院

<正>广东文理职业学院坐落在南海之滨的中国首批对外开放沿海港口城市、中国优秀旅游城市、北部湾新兴科技工业城市——湛江市,这里人文荟萃,景色美丽,交通便利,水陆空交通网络直通全国各地,是莘莘学子理想的求学圆梦之地。生态园林式校园依山傍水,环境优雅,常年绿树成荫,四季繁花飘香,学院校园面积1100余亩。学院建筑面积31万平方米,拥有现代化的教学大楼、图书馆、行政大楼、高标准的学生公寓、高校示范性餐饮中心、高标准的艺术馆,网球场、羽     

ROMANIAN HIGHER EDUCATION DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD

Romania has a long tradition of higher education, one which was stifled during the period of communist rule from 1948 to 1989 and is now, during the period of transition which began in 1990, beginning to re‐emerge. The system is confronted with shortages of academic personnel in a number of fields and with the financial inability to offer academic staff proper salaries or even to finance much needed improvements in infrastructure. The system, which used to be completely public, is now confronted with the mushrooming of private universities of dubious quality. The system of assessment and accreditation of the new institutions, both private and public, is described, as is the development of national standards for a final licenta ^{1 1} This degree/diploma, similar to the French licence, is the first degree/diploma of long‐cycle undergraduate higher education that is awarded in Romania. View all notes examination. The hope is that these and other reforms coupled to an annual expenditure of at least 4 percent of GNP on higher education will lead to steady improvement in the output of Romanian higher education institutions.

     

重庆文理学院

重庆文理学院是重庆市人民政府主办的全日制公办普通本科高等学校。其前身重庆师范高等专科学校和渝州教育学院分别创办于1976年和1972年;2001年5月两校合并组建为渝西学院;2005年4月,学校更名为重庆文理学院。     

重庆文理学院中国高校巡礼

向区域性应用型大学迈进的重庆文理学院重庆文理学院是由重庆市人民政府主办的全日制普通本科高等学校。现有两个校区,占地面积1921亩。学校现有全日制普通本专科在校生18000余人,开设有42个全日制普通本科专业,涵盖文学、理学、工学、管理学、农学、教育     

PROBLEMS OF THE AUTONOMY AND FINANCING OF THE ALBANIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Although founded in 1972, the Albanian Academy of Sciences was subjected to strong political and ideological control until after 1990. Its academic freedom and autonomy were recognized by law in 1994. The Academy has been very much concerned with rehabilitating the fields of the social sciences, particularly Albanian history and Albanian studies in general.     

宝鸡文理学院

宝鸡文理学院是一所以教师教育为特色,涵盖文学、历史学、哲学、理学、工学、管理学、法学、教育学、经济学等多学科的省属普通本科高等学校,是1981年国务院批准的首批学士学位授予单位。截至2010年7月,已授予学士学位31156     

社会转型时期主体治理的道德教育体系

社会转型时期主体治理的道德教育体系应该包括重死观、尚生观、善德观、幸福观和发展观．每观又包含三条原理。这五观在内容上相互包含。功能上相互整合,在社会生活实践中相互依存,是全息统一的。     

RESEARCH PRIORITIES OF THE BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences which was established in 1969 is the central research institution of Bulgaria. Not only has it been affected by the forces of economic and political transition, but while most of the country vacillated when faced with the need to make radical changes, the Academy early on devised a strategy of comprehensive restructuring. The Academy continues to make internationally recognized contributions to the advancement of science in a number of areas, particularly in the hard sciences. It has by no means neglected the humanities, its original domain of research, where it continues to reinforce Bulgarian culture in a number of areas.     

THE HUMANITIES AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN TRANSITION

The humanities and the social sciences particularly suffered under communism because of the susceptibility of their disciplines to political and ideological manipulation. Nevertheless, in some of them the intellectual climate was more liberal in the Academy than in the universities. With transition, a much reduced research staff has adopted new approaches to research and to the definition of areas of research, one of which is a reevaluation of the recent history of the Czech Republic. A major task of the humanities and the social sciences is permanent reflection on the human condition.     

ON THE PRINCIPAL OBJECTIVES OF THE ALBANIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND THE DIFFICULTIES FACING IT

A short aperçu of the Albanian Academy of Sciences is given. Its twelve institutes are grouped into two sections, one dealing with the social and human sciences, the other dealing with the natural and technical sciences. The work of the Academy has been seriously hampered by financial and social problems. Some financial aid has been provided by the SOROS Foundation, but much more is needed. The Academy looks forward to fruitful collaborative relations with other academies in the Balkans and in Europe in general.     

THE INSTITUTES OF THE LATVIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND THE INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION: PROBLEMS OF INTEGRATION

Since achieving independence in 1991, the Republic of Latvia has taken radical measures to reform its system of science on a western model. The funding system has been overhauled, the Academy of Sciences, that used to be a kind of Ministry of Science, has become an academy of the classical type, and the advanced degrees of scientists inherited from the USSR‐era have been nostrificated. The big problem has been that of enacting the decision made to integrate the former institutes that were subordinated to the Latvian Academy of Sciences into the university system. The process has been resisted by university teachers who do not want to do research and by institute scientists who do not want to teach students, particularly undergraduate students. The article describes several measures that have been taken to deal with this problem which still remains unresolved.     

列宁过渡时期学说、新民主主义社会论与过渡时期总路线关系研究综述

列宁过渡时期学说、新民主主义社会论与过渡时期总路线之间有着密切的历史和理论关联。它们之间的关系是我党过渡时期理论与实践研究中的热点和难点。围绕三者之间的关系,近二十年来,学术界进行了广泛的讨论,提出了极为丰富的观点。     

FORMATION OF THE CLASSICAL TYPE OF ACADEMY OF SCIENCES IN LATVIA

Well before the full independence of Latvia and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Latvia had begun to profoundly reform its national science system. Key events in the process were the foundation of the Latvian Union of Scientists in 1988 and the Latvian Council of Science in 1990. The next step was the radical reform of the Latvian Academy of Sciences such that it became an independent body of the classical academy type. By 1992, the Academy had adopted a new Charter and new Statutes. At the same time, the institutes which had been subordinated to the Academy became independent. In fact, many of the powers of the old Soviet‐style academy were assumed by the Council of Science and the Department of Science and Higher Education which was created within the Ministry of Education. The overall aim was to pattern Latvian science policy and its institutions on western European models.     

程开甲:被授予"两弹一星"功勋的中科院院士——纪念我国第一颗全当量氢弹空爆试验成功40周年

本文拟就新中国第一代铸造共和国“核盾牌”的理论物理学家和原子核物理学家程开甲教授的生平、卓越的贡献及其情系中华的崇高品德,作一简要的介绍。旨在颂扬他为促进祖国的物理学的振兴和国防科技事业的腾飞,而勇于攀登及不惜牺牲自己一切的伟大精神。以此纪念我国第一颗全当量氢弹空爆试验成功40周年。