Learning the norm of internality: NetNorm,a connectionist model

The objective of the present article is to show that connectionist simulations can be used to model some of the socio-cognitive processes underlying the learning of the norm of internality. For our simulations, we developed a connectionist model which we called NetNorm (based on Dual-Network formalism). This model is capable of simulating the implicit learning of this social norm through a simple process of situation/reinforcement association. In a second simulation, we simulated a non-linear learning in order to reproduce the triple inflexion in the internality learning curve that has been observed for children entering high school. The results support those previously reported in the literature. Moreover, our simulations could be used to develop new experimental predictions.     

基于构造-剪枝混合优化RBF网络的煤灰熔点预测方法

为提高煤灰熔点的预测精度,提出了一种基于构造-剪枝混合优化RBF网络的煤灰熔点预测方法.该方法融合了神经网络构造算法和剪枝算法的优点,分为“粗调”和“精调”2个阶段.粗调阶段动态增加隐节点数目直至满足相应的停止准则;精调阶段对粗调得到的RBF网络的结构和参数作进一步调整.基于煤灰的化学组成成分建立相应的构造-剪枝混合优...     

联结主义:涵义的厘清与模型的分析

联结主义是20世纪80年代早期所复兴的认知心理学的另一研究范式。它是一种计算的研究取向，认为认知其实就是相互联系的具有活性值的神经单元所构成的网络的动态整体活动，存在于神经网络联结中或权重里的知识信息，是整个交互作用的神经节的激活模式，通过调整权重就可以改变网络的联结关系并进而改变网络的功能；联结主义的基本网络模型是由输入层、隐含层和输出层三个神经单元层组成的，单元层被定义为拓扑的或关于网络的联结的类型，因此构造神经网络的结构，实质上就是构造神经网络的拓扑结构。     

基于熵因子惩罚项的提高前馈网络泛化能力的新算法(英文)

在利用神经网络提取含噪数据特征时,泛化能力是一个极需解决的问题．通常的方法是控制网络的复杂度。本文中,我们提出了一类基于熵因子的惩罚项,该项正确反映了隐层节点所提取的数据特征,从而有效避免了前馈网络的过训练现象,计算机仿真结果表明该算法能大大提高网络泛化能力．     

连接论在英语词汇教学中的应用

词汇教学是外语教学的重要组成部分。连接论认为词汇信息分布在节点组成的网络之中。网络的连接力度随着语言输入的增加相应加强，语言形式和意义的关系便建立起来。连接论的观点不仅可以解释词汇知识是如何构建和习得的，而且对外语词汇教学有重要启示。     

Towards logical designs in biology

This article highlights an emerging field known as synthetic biology that envisions integrating designed circuits into living organisms in order to instruct them to make logical decisions based on the prevailing intracellular and extracellular conditions and produce a reliable behavior. The attempt is to design cells capable of sensing a bioweapon or an environmental pollutant, activate its degradation pathway and perform bioremediation or carry out programmed cell death or synthesize complex biomaterials. Within the living cell, a complex interplay of networks formed by genes and proteins mediate all cellular processes. The networks in a system can be dissected into small regulatory gene circuit modules. Synthetic biology attempts to construct and assemble such modules step by step, plug the modules together and modify them, in order to generate a desired behavior. The review gives an insight into the creation of gene circuits and discusses the potential applications in the field of biotechnology, medicine and environmental sciences. Garima Agarwal is a research student in the Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science. Her areas of research interest include structural biology, bioinformatics and systems biology.     

纳米材料在电化学DNA生物传感器中的应用

DNA与纳米粒子连接形成的纳米级结构，为DNA杂交电检测提供了新的思路．本文回顾了各种新的纳米粒子与多核酸组成的系列用于DNA杂交电检测方法．最近致力于研究新型基于纳米粒子的电化学DNA杂交各种检测方法．基于纳米粒子的放大和其它各种放大过程使检测达到很高的灵敏度．     

基于进化算法的隐神经元可调径向基函数网络

本文提出了一种改进的称为隐神经元可调径向基函数神经网络 (HNMRBF) ,并且应用进化规划算法作为聚类算法来决定和修改HNMRBF网络的隐神经元 .最后 ,我们使用基于进化规划算法的HNMRBF网络来进行被动声纳信号目标的分类 ,结果表明HNMRBF网络能有效地解决用传统神经网络时所遇到的问题 ,即在线学习新的目标模式时往往会遗忘旧的模式 .     

Support for Students with Hidden Disabilities in Universities: A Case Study

More students with disabilities are accessing the tertiary sector with many disabilities not easily observed (or hidden), because there are no physical indicators. These “hidden” disabilities affect a variety of cognitive processes and may be developmental or acquired. To ensure students with hidden disabilities can enrol, engage in and benefit from tertiary education, universities generally provide a range of supports. Typically these supports and any reasonable adjustments are negotiated with students taking into account a number of factors including, where available, any supporting documentation that they might be able to provide. This case study reports efforts within one large Australian university to support higher education students with hidden disabilities on campus. Perceptions on the use of and barriers to support available were collected from seven undergraduate students who self-identified as having hidden disabilities and from eight support staff. Results indicated that students found their informal networks to be their most effective supports, closely followed by clear, caring and flexible lecturers and tutors. There were mixed positive and negative perceptions reported on the universal and disability-specific supports available. Implications and future research directions are discussed.     

What Does Wiki Reveal About the Knowledge Processing Strategies of School Pupils?

On the basis of one teaching project carried out in a school, this article discusses collaborative writing in wiki platforms. It aims to find out what wiki reveals about pupils’ knowledge construction, creation, and division and their collaborative writing skills. In this project, wiki is treated as a useful tool for analyzing these processes because it gives us the possibility of studying those elements and stages of educative writing that are normally hidden from the teacher or researcher’s eye. Also, it shows us the interaction between pupils. The theoretical background of the project lies in collaborative writing and writing research.     

EXPLICIT SOLUTIONS OF THE OPTIMUM WEIGHTS OF LAYERED NEURAL NETWORKS

It is shown in this paper that if the hidden layer units take a sinusoidalactivation function,the optimum weights of the three-layer feedforward neural networkcan be explicitly solved by relating the layered neural network with a truncated Fourier se-ries expansion.Based on this result,two approaches are presented of which one is suited tothe case that the detailed statistical information is available or can be easily estimated.An-other is of data-adaptive type,which can be treated as a solution of standardleast-squares.The later is best suited to realtime processing and slowly time-varying ap-plications since it can be straightforwardly implemented by the traditional LMS or RLSadaptive algorithms.It is also shown that for both the approaches,the resulting networksown an ability of forming arbitrary mappings.By using the present approaches,theconventional training procedure,which is usually very time-consuming,can be avoided.     

Introduction to Connectionist Modeling in Education

The basic features of connectionist modeling are reviewed with respect to educational issues. Connectionist simulation is becoming a major theoretical and applied tool for educational research. Examples of connectionist learning are reviewed including simulations of learning for: text to speech, learning verb endings, addition tables, and learning from instruction. The contrast between connectionist and symbolic processing and the use of connectionism in cognitive science research, biological plausibility, and potential connectionist technology are commented upon. Cautions and guidelines are provided regarding the dangers of premature extrapolation of findings from the connectionist simulations to early impact of educational practice.     

Classroom Environment: a literature review

The literature on classroom environment from 1980 onwards is reviewed. Special reference is made to elementary settings and to students with behavioral deficits. Structure and organization, cognitive processes, student characteristics and teacher characteristics are all seen as being capable of modification. It is concluded that the achievement of a match between students’ preferences and instructional settings is a necessary condition for maximizing their cognitive, social and affective outcomes.     

Knowledge hustlers: Gendered micro-politics and networking in UK universities

This article explores the role of gendered academic networks in the context of research evaluation, and women’s lived experiences of UK universities. Gendered power is conceptualised as an important aspect of inequality regimes, providing insight into how men maintain power and how power dynamics and informal networks function, characterised in this article as ‘the hustle’. A case study comprising 80 in-depth, semi-structured qualitative interviews was completed in a UK university. Acker’s theory of inequality regimes informed the central analytical framework, and Bradley’s resource-based theory of power was used to explore the power dynamics in the case study. The findings have resulted in the creation of a conceptual framework which theorises the hybridised nature of inequality, gendered power and organisational lived experience, in which inequality regimes and gendered power interact and are mutually reinforced through informal processes. This article argues, from the findings of the empirical research, that in the context of the neoliberal university, inequality regimes and gendered power interact, and are mutually reinforced through informal processes and networks—‘the hustle’.     

试论网络文学影视化改编的“文学性”策略

日前,对网络文学进行影视化改编已经成为国内文化界的一股热潮,在影视剧改编领域,网络文学已经构成对传统文学的挑战,这与二者的创作动机、文本特质、功能价值以及版权自主性等因素息息相关。但是“文学性”的缺失也成为制约网络文学影视化发展的隐患。由此可以探讨提升其“文学性”的相关策略,包括坚守创作中的文学性和独特性立场、搭建网络文学影视化的沟通平台和渠道、实行独立的版权经纪人制等。     

基于随机小波神经网络的一类随机过程的逼近

在小波神经网络基础上提出了随机小波神经网络，给出了随机小波神经网络逼近一类随机过程的收敛性的证明。并在此基础上对随机小波神经网络的拓扑结构，学习机理进行了研究，提出了一系列成果。从本质上 ，随机小波神经网络是小波神经网络的推广。     

丑学与新时期先锋小说

关于中国新时期先锋小说的评价问题 ,文论界的分歧很大。以往的评论大多囿于狭隘的技术分析 ,忽视了新时期先锋小说从观念到手法得以全面创新的西方感性学 (主要是丑学 )的显在和潜在的影响。笔者试图从感性学的理论高度对新时期先锋小说进行重新定位 ,以期找出先锋小说的创新与发展动力 ,及其不同于传统现实主义小说和西方现代派小说的感性学特点     

Validation of networks derived from snowball sampling of municipal science education actors

Social network analysis (SNA) has been used in many educational studies in the past decade, but what these studies have in common is that the populations in question in most cases are defined and known to the researchers studying the networks. Snowball sampling is an SNA methodology most often used to study hidden populations, for example, groups of homosexual people, drug users or people with sexually transmitted diseases. By use of a snowball sampling approach, this study mapped municipal social networks of educational actors, who were otherwise hidden to the researchers. Subsequently, the resulting networks were validated through interviews with central respondents and by using prior investigations of the municipalities. Our results confirmed that the majority of the designated respondents recognized the resulting sociograms and their own position in these. It was also found that not all predictions based on existing knowledge of the municipalities aligned with SNA data. However, these discrepancies could be explained by development in the municipalities in the time following previous investigations. This study shows that snowball sampling is an applicable method to use for mapping hidden populations in educational settings, but also that qualitative studies are needed in order to interpret the networks in real-life contexts.     

Leading Innovation and Change: knowledge creation by schools for schools

This article explores the process and practice of knowledge creation within development and research (D and R) networks. It focuses upon D and R networks in England that are currently engaged in collaboration and innovation. Early evaluative evidence suggests that D and R school networks offer 'spaces' for collaborative working, mutual sharing and active dissemination of knowledge. The evidence also suggests that D and R networks are beginning to positively impact upon instructional practices and learning. The article concludes that these networks have the potential to provide an important infrastructure for co-construction and knowledge creation by schools for schools.     

Overregularization in language acquisition.

Children extend regular grammatical patterns to irregular words, resulting in overregularizations like comed, often after a period of correct performance ("U-shaped development"). The errors seem paradigmatic of rule use, hence bear on central issues in the psychology of rules: how creative rule application interacts with memorized exceptions in development, how overgeneral rules are unlearned in the absence of parental feedback, and whether cognitive processes involve explicit rules or parallel distributed processing (connectionist) networks. We remedy the lack of quantitative data on overregularization by analyzing 11,521 irregular past tense utterances in the spontaneous speech of 83 children. Our findings are as follows. (1) Overregularization errors are relatively rare (median 2.5% of irregular past tense forms), suggesting that there is no qualitative defect in children's grammars that must be unlearned. (2) Overregularization occurs at a roughly constant low rate from the 2s into the school-age years, affecting most irregular verbs. (3) Although overregularization errors never predominate, one aspect of their purported U-shaped development was confirmed quantitatively: an extended period of correct performance precedes the first error. (4) Overregularization does not correlate with increases in the number or proportion of regular verbs in parental speech, children's speech, or children's vocabularies. Thus, the traditional account in which memory operates before rules cannot be replaced by a connectionist alternative in which a single network displays rotelike or rulelike behavior in response to changes in input statistics. (5) Overregularizations first appear when children begin to mark regular verbs for tense reliably (i.e., when they stop saying Yesterday I walk). (6) The more often a parent uses an irregular form, the less often the child overregularizes it. (7) Verbs are protected from overregularization by similar-sounding irregulars, but they are not attracted to overregularization by similar-sounding regulars, suggesting that irregular patterns are stored in an associative memory with connectionist properties, but that regulars are not. We propose a simple explanation. Children, like adults, mark tense using memory (for irregulars) and an affixation rule that can generate a regular past tense form for any verb. Retrieval of an irregular blocks the rule, but children's memory traces are not strong enough to guarantee perfect retrieval. When retrieval fails, the rule is applied, and overregularization results.