THE PEDAGOGY OF THE TRANSFORMATION: ECONOMICS EDUCATION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE

This article presents a critical analysis of economics education in central’ and eastern Europe since the 1989 revolutions. The infusión of Western economics teachers and literature, while introducing a new perspective to central and eastern Europe, has also created problems. These problems stem from the narrow perspective and belief in the universal validity of orthodox economic theory held by these teachers and their failure to teach any other perspective. The author advocates a different type of economics education for central and eastern Europe. It includes a broader focus on societal problems and the integration of economic history, comparative economics, economic development, and history of economic thought into economics curricula. Finally, the author recommends that economics education be focussed on giving students a perspective with which to develop their own alternative policies for their respective nations, teaching them that there is more than one economics paradigm and that there are multiple alternative transformation paths.     

电磁学发展史上科学方法—兼谈对学生进行科学教育

该挖掘了电磁学发展过程的科学方法，并进一步说明重视科学方法的教育将有利于完成从“应试教育”向“素质教育”的转轨，达到培养创造型人才，提高全民素质的目的。     

EUROPE OF THE UNIVERSITIES

Universities came into existence in Europe in the Middle Ages in response to the need, variously felt by the rapidly evolving societies of the era, for institutions which could organize advanced training in certain key areas of knowledge. When nniversities have vigorously promoted, responded to, and influenced the development of culture, they have occupied major positions in the intellectual lives of societies. When they have locked themselves into prevailing orthodoxies, they have stagnated, and their privileged positions have been challenged by parallel institutions of humanism and of science. Because universities are so much a part of the unifying elements of European culture as well as being principal initiators of them, they are called upon to contribute to what has been, in recent years, a notable rebirth of interest among Europeans in a reaffirmation of the cultural unity of their continent. Universities are therefore invited to participate in a number of projects sponsored by Unesco, by official and international organizations of the European countries, and by nongovernmental organizations, aimed at furthering European cultural development and unity within diversity by direct and by indirect means.     

直线上射影变换的几何结构

借助于几何作图，给出了直线上射影变换的几何结构。     

THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE IN ASSISTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

Most of this article consists of the reproduction of Recommendation No. R (95) 7 of the Committee of Ministers [of the Council of Europe] to Member States on Brain Drain in the Sectors of Higher Education and Research, adopted by the Ministers’ Deputies on 2 March 1995 and of its Annex consisting of a set of concrete measures to be taken in order to enact and to support the Recommendation. The Recommendation and Annex statements are preceded by two background statements, one suggesting ways in which the Council of Europe might aid the development of science and science policy in the countries of central and eastern Europe undergoing transition, the other, giving the background to Recommendation No. R (95) 7.     

力学相对性原理与伽利略变换的唯一性

论述了问题：由相对性原理所决定的惯性系之间的数学变换一定是线性的,而且除了初始条件不同外,这种变换是唯一的,即伽利略变换,     

初等变换在求子空间的和与交的基中的应用

该文运用矩阵的初等变换,利用线性空间与线性方程组的有关理论讨论了求子空间的和与交的基的方法．     

THE TRANSFORMATION OF RESEARCH IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC: THE ROLE OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic traces its origins back through the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences to several private learned societies, one of which was founded in the Eighteenth Century, that eventually received royal (Habsburg) charters. The Academy as it exists today has been affected by the same processes of transition as the rest of Czech society. The Academy and its various institutes are subject to periodic evaluation. It must now share responsibility for research in the Czech Republic with other state organs, particularly the universities.     

THE EXPANSION OF EDUCATION IN EASTERN EUROPE: A REGIONAL VIEW

The higher education systems in the countries of eastern and central Europe are still in a period of stagnation. A period of rapid growth is expected, similar to that of the 1960's in the western part of Europe, to begin around the turn of the millenium. Because of the similarities of its middle classes, Subregion A (territories with traditional state education) might adopt a massification scenario even in the face of financial restrictions. The higher education of Subregion D (territories with non‐state education) might follow an élitist scenario in the course of higher education development according to which the autonomy of institutions and the privatization of systems would become major political issues.     

ASSISTANCE IN HIGHER EDUCATION LEGISLATION: THE LEGISLATIVE REFORM PROGRAMME OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE

Between 1989 and 1992, the Council of Europe responded to the perceived need to assist eastern and central European countries to develop a legal basis for their higher education systems that would lead to a workable and equitable balance between state control and university autonomy and academic freedom. Thus the Legislative Reform Project of the Council of Europe got underway in the spring of 1992. The results so far have been very positive. In 1996, the Council on Higher Education and Research of the Council of Europe recommended the continuation of the Project, now known as a Programme, for another four‐year period and its extension to the sectors of science and technology.     

ON THE ESTABUSHMENT OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE PEOPLES OF EUROPE

The article is a plea for the establishment and the development of the University of the Peoples of Europe (UPE). As Europe comes together following the end of the post‐Second World War division, it is confronting a number of serious common problems of a kind amenable to solution by the concerted action of academics. The UPE, as a network of existing centres of academic excellence, could be harnessed to solve pan‐European problems of this sort on a pan‐European basis. As a part of its action, it would promote student mobility, but above all, it would facilitate the international movement of professors and advanced researchers. Steps should be taken to enhance the prestige of the participating institutions and to provide for the remuneration of participating academics.     

我国社会转型时期影响劳动者利益实现的因素及其调整

调整和解决劳动者的利益矛盾是我国现时期发展生产力的关键问题。我国正处于社会转型时期,贫富悬殊加剧、失业增多、私营企业中雇主与雇工阶层出现、腐败现象严重等社会问题。成为影响劳动者利益实现的因素。为了更好地实现劳动者的利益,我们必须坚持党的基本路线不动摇,以人民的利益为出发点和归宿点制定经济发展战略,认真贯彻和实践“三个代表”重要思想,加快建立社会保障体系,通过各种途径和手段保证劳动者的利益需求,加强法制建设。     

THE BEGINNINGS OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN EASTERN EUROPE: PADUAN INTERNATIONALISM

After its founding in 1222, but particularly after the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople in 1453, the University of Padua came to play a very important role in the intellectual development of religious and secular elites in the Balkans, in the Christian community of Constantinople itself, and in Russia. In particular, between 1600 and 1800, graduates of this university influenced aspects of literature, art, philosophy, scientific progress, and, above all, the development of higher education. The graduates of Padua and of institutions in Eastern Europe, influenced by teachers who had been trained at Padua, came to form what the author calls a “Paduan Brotherhood”, whose members had a similar intellectual outlook.     

THE DECLARATION OF HELSINKI AND THE UNIVERSITIES OF EUROPE

The 13th Bi‐annual Conference of the Standing Conference of Rectors and Vice‐Chancellors of European Universities (CRE), held on 21‐22 October 1976 in Athens, discussed the problem of co‐operation between European universities in view of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe.

The participants put more emphasis on the removal of obstacles to existing forms of links between universities than on seeking new ways of inter‐university co‐operation.

Two papers were presented during the conference:

• “Necessity and evolution in the European Scientific Community” by Professor Zygmunt Rybicki, Rector of Warsaw University;

• “Difficulties in European Inter‐University Co‐Operation” by Professor Jean Tuscoz, President of Nice University.

The Bureau of CRE prepared a report “The Declaration of Helsinki and the Universities in Europe”, on which the information below is based, It gives an idea of the present state of development of relations between universities in Eastern and Western Europe.