Turning around low-performing private universities in China: A perspective of organisational ecology

While China has a long history of private institutions of higher learning, they disappeared almost entirely after the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 and did not re-emerge until the 1980s. Their reappearance is one of the ramifications of economic marketisation and privatisation in China. But private higher education institutions are now facing new challenges and competition in the education system. Approximately 500 of them were shut down between 2000 and 2009 for financial, legal or other reasons. Looking through the theoretical lens of organisational ecology – a sociological theory that applies ecological principles to organisational studies – this paper traces how the social and economic environment induced the re-emergence of private universities in China and how it has had an impact on their non-linear pattern of development. Using a number of relevant theory fragments from the overarching framework of organisational ecology as tools, the author then explores possible strategies for turning around low-performing private universities in China.     

依附与发展:俄罗斯私立高等教育特点评述

转型以来,俄罗斯私立高等教育迅速发展.除了具有世界私立高等教育的许多典型特点之外,俄罗斯私立高等教育还有一个独有的特点--公立组织参与创办私立高等教育机构.从俄罗斯转型的特点以及私立高等教育所遭受的认同性危机来看,私立高等教育机构与各种公立组织的依附关系,可能是俄罗斯私立高等教育获得认同以及生存发展的必要条件.     

Research and Teacher Education: A Philippines Perspective

The foundations of teacher education in the Philippines were laid by the Spanish government during the mid-eighteenth century. It is said to have begun on August 4, 1765, when King Charles of Spain issued a Royal Decree requiring each village to have a “maestro.” On November 28, 1772, another Royal Decree specified the qualifications of teachers. However, it was not until 1863 that there was a specific attempt to systematize and update the education of Filipino teachers. That year, another Royal Decree was passed to modernize different aspects of Philippine education.     

历史制度主义视域下民办高校财政资助制度的变迁

民办高校现已成为我国高等教育体系的重要组成部分,对民办高校进行财政资助是促进其发展的重要举措。基于历史制度主义的分析视角发现,自改革开放以来,我国民办高校财政资助制度历经初步形成、法制化建设、多样化发展以及差别化扶持四个阶段,其制度变迁深受宏观制度环境、民办高校发展受重视程度以及财政资助目标转变的影响,变迁过程中存在路径依赖现象,在整体上呈现出以诱致性变迁为主、强制性变迁为辅的变迁逻辑。后续民办高校财政资助制度的发展,将注重经费投入增加与支出结构优化相协调、充分体现财政杠杆的三重作用、平衡好财政资助的效率与公平。     

Public and private higher education institutions in Serbia: Legal regulations,current status and opinion survey

This article provides insight into the state of higher education in Serbia, particularly in the context of reform processes based on European Higher Education Area principles. A multidimensional approach was taken, encompassing (a) a review and analysis of legal regulations relevant to the historical context of Serbia, (b) an examination of current working conditions at accredited state and private higher education institutions, (c) and a pilot survey of attitudes among the main participants in higher education teaching. The research gauged attitudes of university professors and students with work or study experiences, respectively, at both state and private higher education institutions. Specific instruments for measuring attitudes were constructed for this study. Professors' attitudes toward state and private higher education were compared through the assessment of aspects of organisational culture including work organisation, stimulating atmosphere, innovation, and creativity. Students expressed their attitudes toward state and private higher education in terms of general atmosphere, curricula, grading criteria, and student status. The results indicate that private higher education was appreciated slightly more than state higher education; both professors and students held more positive attitudes of private higher education for all dimensions investigated.     

Exklusive Bildungseinrichtungen in Deutschland. Entwicklungstendenzen und Identifizierungshürden

Point of departure of the contribution are current public debates about the expansion of private educational institutions and multi-located discussions about the feared accompanied increase of educational inequalities. Especially the theses, that increasing refoundations of privately owned educational institutions are coincide with enhanced social segregation, is in the center of attention. The contribution also amplifies the verified phenomena of increasing distinction of educational and founding/supporting landscapes at all levels of the educational system. It also requests apart from debates about the pros and cons of an “elite education” in Germany, how exclusive educational institutions with stratifying impact can be identified. With reference to the national and international research, criteria and dimensions of the study for the different levels of education from the elementary education to higher education are developed.     

从结构性约束看大众化阶段我国高等教育公共政策的选择

随着高等教育大众化阶段的来临,我国财政性教育经费和高等教育成本补偿政策均面临着诸多的结构性约束问题。为妥善处理好这些问题,促进我国高等教育的健康发展,应完善我国高等教育的公共政策选择。即强化政府财政责任,确保法定经费足额到位;弥补市场失灵,完善国家助学贷款体系;健全捐赠税收优惠政策,拓宽多元化融资渠道;允许民办高校合法营利,强化民办高校的分类监管。     

民办高等学校行政主体地位的认定

民办高等学校是否应与公办高等学校具有同等的法律地位引起广泛争议。本文通过对民办高等学校行政主体资格认定的理论依据、法律依据、实践依据三方面,来论述我国民办高等学校具有行政主体资格。     

台湾地区私立高校评鉴及退场机制研究

近年来,台湾地区私立大专院校数量快速增加,但由于少子化趋势、教育经费不足等原因,造成了台湾地区私立高等教育质量的失衡.为了提升私立高等教育质量,台湾地区教育部门重新制订了公私立大学的评鉴制度,并逐步修订私立学校法律,建立私立大学退场机制,以促进台湾私立大学竞争力的提升.     

Higher Education and Continuing Education in Portugal

The Portuguese higher education system has been called upon to play an important role in the regional development of the country through the initial training of technical and managerial cadres and through continuing education. With this role in mind, the State gave its support to the founding of a number of higher education institutions, both public and private, at university and at polytechnic level. Thus the disparities with regard to the availability of higher education throughout Portugal are being reduced. As a result of these measures, all the regions of the country have registered considerable increases in the numbers of students enrolled in higher education institutions, even if these figures are very small compared to those with regard to higher education enrollment in the other countries of Europe. The Portuguese case is an excellent illustration of the future of higher education, not only with regard to the initial training of cadres, but also with regard to the continuing education of teaching staff members and technicians. Research will play a decisive role, not only in production, but also as a means of assuring the continuing education of managerial staffs who are in particular need of it.     

从补充教育走向选择教育:我国民办高校发展的必然选择

补充教育是民办高校在国家主导型高等教育系统处于精英教育阶段时的一种必然现象。国际经验表明,随着高等教育从精英教育阶段走向大众化阶段乃至普及化阶段时,国家主导型高等教育系统中的民办高校或早或迟都会从补充教育走向选择教育。这种转变既需要民办高校外部环境的支持,也需要民办高校办学者抓住恰当的时机,做出战略性调整。从补充教育走向选择教育是我国民办高校发展战略的必然选择,也是其实现可持续发展的关键。     

公私莫辨：转型国家高等教育市场化研究

自1989年苏东剧变之后,转型国家高等教育实行双重市场化:公立高等教育机构市场化;私立高等教育开始建立。公私立高等教育机构在行为和精神气质方面越来越接近,不少转型国家在财政资助和质量保证方面对公私立高等教育机构也越来越一视同仁,以至于出现了公私莫辨现象,通常区分公私立的标准——所有权归属、资金来源、政府监管力度和机构使命——在转型国家高等教育面前失去了辨别效力。     

Private higher education in Africa: The case of Monash South Africa

Abstract

The aim of this paper was to review the contribution of private institutions to higher education in Africa and use Monash South Africa as a case study. A literature search was conducted to gain perspective on the current situation with respect to private higher education institutions in Africa and how they are perceived in relation to public higher education institutions.

In comparison with public higher education institutions, private higher education institutions in Africa were successful in four areas: ? Widening access to higher education in the continent

? Improving the quality of education

? Improving student experience

? Increasing the recognition and marketability of their degrees

However, private higher education institutions in Africa have failed in two areas: ? Reducing the costs of higher education in Africa

? Assisting with retention of skilled human capital in African countries.

In fact, private higher education institutions in Africa, have exacerbated the two situations above.

Monash South Africa was the first foreign university to be established in South Africa and one of over 100 private universities in the continent. As a campus of Monash University in Africa, it has seen a steady growth with over 3,500 students in the past 10 years of its existence. Like other private institutions, the campus was successful in the four areas above and also fails in the area of costs and assisting in retention of skilled staff in Africa. The campus has been successful in blending its private provider status with a public purpose mandate by offering degrees in social science, business and economics, information technology and health sciences.     

美国私立教育法律制度的特点及其借鉴

美国私立教育的发展与教育法制体系的完善有直接的关系。本文对美国私立教育的立法、政府的资助和社会的捐赠、政府的管理和私立高校的自主权，以及如何学习借鉴等问题进行探索，以期受到更多的启发。     

高等学校法律地位变革的功能导向与风险因应

伴随着高等学校任务体系的持续扩张,高等学校法律地位变革的功能导向不断强化。在大陆法系国家,高等学校通常具有基本权主体、国家机构或公法设施以及民事主体或公法意义上的法人等“多重”且“交叠”的法律地位。在英美法系国家,高等学校作为“混合型机构”的特征日益凸显。经由普通法与成文法的持续发展,形塑出高等学校作为自治机构、公共当局、非营利性机构以及贸易实体或法人等不同类型且富有“张力”的法律地位。高等学校法律地位变革中功能导向的强化,既为高等教育治理中多元利益的整合提供了可能,也客观上导致高等学校作为学术机构本质的式微,并衍生出自治权限萎缩、利益冲突状况加剧、教师权利危机凸显等诸多风险。在此背景下,如何调整学术子系统与法律系统之间的复杂关系,如何在传统与现代之间保持必要的张力,构成大学法研究的前沿议题。     

TRANSFORMING CZECH HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

The process which got underway after the Velvet Revolution to transform Czech higher education had first to confront the fact that a good deal of desired continuity existed. The first reform law was hastily conceived, and the reform process has been hampered by insufficient funding. The possibilities of introducing tuition fees in the state institutions and of founding private universities are being debated in Parliament Both innovations would represent a major cultural change. The reform process has been aided by the contributions of western governmental and non‐governmental organizations.     

Trends in private higher education in Australia

The last decade has witnessed a significant growth of private higher education around the world. The growth included the number of private education providers, and also the growing number of students. While some countries are experiencing trend growth, others are witnessing decline. Some of the reasons for the decline include increased regulation and stringent accreditation and reaccreditation of higher education institutions and courses, government policies to encourage the growth of public universities, and acquisition of small providers by large private education institutions. The growth of private higher education has increased competition, and it has also established collaboration with public institutions. The growth of private higher education has also raised concerns about ethical governance, maintenance of academic standards, and mechanisms to plan, review, and improve educational outcomes. This paper focuses on Australia where despite growth, there is limited research about private higher education. This paper reviews literature on the global growth and decline of private higher education. It then analyses the trends in Australia and possible scenarios for the future of private higher education in the country.     

Towards the Entrepreneurial University

In 1991, a local notable from the Ma ^ oposkie voivodship of Poland created a private business school in the town of Nowy Sacz. In a period of ten years, this institution became one of the most successful private higher education institutions in Poland. Basing himself on Jerzy Dietl's seven criteria for institutional survival, the author describes the steps that he took to build up this institution and to guarantee its survival within its regional and then its national and international environments. According to the author, the steps to the survival and success of the Higher School of Business-National Louis University could serve as a blueprint for the regeneration of higher education in Poland.