REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON ACADEMIES IN TRANSITION

The organizers and sponsors of the Workshop are listed, and the names of some of the high‐level participants are cited. There were two full days of discussion including opening and closing sessions and seven working sessions, the topic of each onebeing cited. All aspects of the roles of national academies of sciences were considered and discussed. Among the important conclusions reached were that academies still had major scientific roles to play in their respective countries, that they should collaborate closely with universities with regard to research and the training of Ph.D.’s, that they should collaborate among themselves on an international basis, and that they should combat the phenomena of brain‐drain, on the one hand, and take steps, on the other hand, to make scientific careers attractive to young people.     

漆画中技与艺的关系

漆画艺术属于视觉艺术,它是通过漆画作品向欣赏者表达自己的情感和传达自己的观念。漆画艺术中的技艺是表达漆画艺术的载体,其艺术来源于漆画技术对生活的升华,其技术变革引领着现代漆画艺术的发展。漆画中技与艺的关系启示漆画艺术家要形成个人特色的漆画艺术表现语言,这直接关系到漆画艺术创作质量的高低。     

THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ACADEMIES OF SCIENCE IN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

The political changes occurring in eastern and central Europe in 1989 and 1990 and the breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1991 fragmented a large area in which science and technology policy was more or less centralized and rationalized. Each country in this area, as a result, has had to develop its own science and technology policy in very difficult situations of transition. One of the attempts made to re‐establish some order and unity in science policy in the former socialist countries has been spearheaded by the International Association of Academies of Sciences, founded in Kiev in 1991. It is attempting, on a voluntary basis, to assume some of the functions of the former Soviet Academy of Sciences, and in particular, to re‐create the scientific space existing before 1989‐1991. Among its many projects are efforts in favour of young scientists and closer co‐operation with other international organizations of academies.     

THE ROLE OF THE ACADEMIES IN EASTERN EUROPEAN CO‐OPERATION IN SCIENCE AND IN NEW TECHNOLOGIES

In order for developing countries, particularly the former socialist countries undergoing transition, to make progress in science, they must co‐operate among themselves. One way to stimulate such co‐operation is to create a network of eastern European Academies. Such a network would share information, facilities, and equipment; sponsor and direct work on joint projects of value to the sub‐region as a whole; and serve as a bulwark against brain drain. Such a network should be of interest to UNESCO and to other intergovernmental organizations.     

高等教育与经济的新型关系——再论高等教育产业

教育产业属性与生产性是联系在一直的，高等教育从生产性向产业属性的飞跃，使得高等教育与经济融为一体。与其他产业相比，高等教育产业处在复杂的悖论之中。高等教育产业活动过程可以分为两个层次，即投入－产出过程，服务－消费过程。高等教育产业在实际运作过程中，面临如何既保持自身内部的供求平衡，又不致于跨层次系统的供求产生矛盾冲突，因此，高等教育与经济的关系比以往任何时候复杂。     

THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SCHOOL INSPECTIONS, SCHOOL CHARACTERISTICS AND SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT

ABSTRACT:  The effects of school inspections on school improvement have been investigated only to a limited degree. The investigation reported on in this article is meant to expand our knowledge base regarding the impact of school inspections on school improvement. The theoretical framework for this research is partly based on the policy theory behind the Dutch Educational School Supervision Act (the latter includes assumptions about how school inspections lead to school improvement). Interviews and a survey with school inspectors gave insight into how school inspectors implement the Supervision Act and how they assess schools, and stimulate schools to improve. The results of ten case studies showed that all schools started to improve after a school visit. The innovation capacity of the school and the school environment do not seem to contribute to school improvement after school inspections. No effects were found on school-improvement processes of the number of insufficient scores that schools received from inspectors, the extent of feedback and suggestions for improvement, and the number of agreements. The provision of feedback about weaknesses, the assessment of these weak points as unsatisfactory, and the agreements between an inspector and the school regarding improvement activities do appear to make a difference in promoting school improvement.     

SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES OF INTERNATIONAL CO‐OPERATION BETWEEN HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND SYSTEMS

Gerard W. Earls is Principal Lecturer at the Middlesex Polytechnic in the United Kingdom. We give below an article written by him for “Higher Education in Europe” dealing with the problems of international co‐operation in higher education.     

历史文化对国民性的几点影响

我国历史上的家族社会结构,派生出伦理差序关系,影响波及后世熟人文化、人情文化和平均分配理念,造成对社会法律公正持怀疑态度。因为传统儒学文化具有显明的现世思想,社会缺乏神性宗教和神性敬畏,实用主义色彩浸染了民众心理。朝代不断地更替,国家心理被动。依赖文化传统,我国延续了悠久的历史文明,形成了民族多元化和思想包融性。认识历史文化对国民性影响之深远,有利于历史文化的批判继承、理解当今社会存在问题的历史根源、国民性之改变和未来社会的文化建构。     

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FRACTIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND ALGEBRAIC REASONING: THE CASE OF WILLA

To investigate relationships between students’ quantitative reasoning with fractions and their algebraic reasoning, a clinical interview study was conducted with 18 middle and high school students. The students were interviewed twice, once to explore their quantitative reasoning with fractions and once to explore their solutions of problems that required explicit use of unknowns to write equations. As a part of the larger study, the first author conducted a case study of a seventh grade student, Willa. Willa’s fractional knowledge—specifically her reversible iterative fraction scheme and use of fractions as multipliers—influenced how she wrote equations to represent multiplicative relationships between two unknown quantities. The finding indicates that implicit use of powerful fractional knowledge can lead to more explicit use of structures and relationships in algebraic situations. Curricular and instructional implications are explored.     

BCI--代数中理想、子代数及前段之间的关系

本主要较系统的探讨了BCI－代数三大基本的，也是重要的概念－理想，子代数以及前段三之间的关系。     

试论学校与学生的法律关系

学样与学生的法律法律是近几年学术界和司法实践关注的一个重要问题。笔者认为：学校与学生关系的实质是一种隶属型的教育管理法律关系,它既不同于严格意义上的行政法律关系,也不同于民事法律关系,它有其自身的特点。司法和学术界提出的监护关系,平等关系等观点是站不住脚的。     

论书法与太极拳的相通性

书法与太极拳都是中华文化的瑰宝,两者同为文化又都是传统文化的载体.两者都是力与美的高度结合,都有着健身健心,修身养性的功能.作为中华文明的符号,两者在诸多方面是相通相似的,如二者的哲学理念和文化内涵、演练的机理要领即两者的功能等都是相通的,作者通过比较试说明和展示两者的相通性,及书法是纸上的太极,太极是流动的书法.     

西部大开发与民族区域自治立法

西部的民族自治地方,不仅要借助西部大开发的优惠政策,而正要借助民族区域自治立法,加快经济和社会的发展。发挥民族区域自治立法的作用,需要开拓创新,有新的设想。     

城市化对民族发展及民族关系的影响

城市化是社会经济发展的必然建势。城市化给民族发展与民族关系带来一定的影响和作用。推进城市化是各个城市的发展目标,也是城市整体工作的有机组成部分。如何在适应和推进城市化的过程中,促进民族发展、处理好民族关系,它不仅关系到城市的发展和城市的安定与和谐,也关系到城市少数民族的发展和民族关系的好坏。     

马克思主义科学与人文辩证关系观

马克思恩格斯认识到科学技术是生产力,是最高意义的革命力量,同时也看到了其负面作用。因此,他们从科学与人文辩证关系上提出“自然科学是关于人的科学”的观点。毛泽东着重强调科技的社会正面功能,指出自然科学是人们争取自由的一种有力武器。邓小平提出“科学技术是第一生产力”,并提出要使科学与教育、社会科学与自然科学协调发展等观点。江泽民指出“科学技术是先进生产力的集中体现和主要标志。”并提出建构世界科技伦理体系的主张及哲学社会科学与自然科学“四个同等重要”思想。胡锦涛提出包含科学与人文协调发展含义的“科学发展观”及“建构和谐社会”主张。中国马克思主义者继承并进一步发展了-5克思主义经典作家科学与人文辩证关系观。     

中国现当代小说对欧美文学思潮的吸纳与剥离

五四以来的中国现当代小说对欧美文学思潮的借鉴是积极的、主动地吸纳,有意味地模仿。文学作品中隐含的国家民族主义的权力话语欲望,使西方文学中作为主体的个性意识在中国现当代小说中被民族意识所遮蔽,现实主义成为主要思潮。对西方现代主义的借鉴,是现当代小说现实主义主潮中的一种变奏,它的消长起伏隐喻着独特的民族文化和现代意识。欧美文学思潮渗入的阶段性特征,展示着20世纪中国文学在开放语境中的自我丰富与文化断裂。