THE TASKS OF ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES AND THE REFORM OF THE HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The different national Academies of Sciences are as varied as their individual histories and the societies of which they are a part. At the same time, they all have certain characteristics in common. An Academy is usually the highest ranking scientific body in its country. It is independent of higher education institutions, of political parties, and of the state, even if it receives state subsidies. Among the special features of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, one can cite the fact that its General Assembly includes two hundred representatives of the Hungarian scientific community who serve three‐year terms but cannot participate in elections for new Academy members and that its forty research institutes and eighty research groups that are located and function in universities have a high degree of autonomy in regard to the Academy as such.     

Rethinking the World Bank Agenda for Chinese Higher Education Reform

This article explores the way in which the World Bank has worked effectively with China in higher education. It investigates whether or not the cooperation between the two has changed in line with their changing relationship. More specifically, it discusses whether the World Bank’s China agenda reflects the reform package of socio-institutional neoliberalism which the World Bank has tended to promote worldwide in the era of the Post-Washington Consensus, and how China’s higher education reform has been influenced by the agenda. The article argues that as China is transferring its role from that of a recipient country to that of a donor country, it is increasingly important to position itself as a global player. Other than mastering the game rules of the international community, China should also expand its influence within and through these major international organizations.     

MISSIONS OF THE ROMANIAN ACADEMY

The article begins with quotations from Act No. 4 of 5 January 1990 of the Romanian Government, stating the mission and purposes of the Romanian Academy in a post‐communist Romania. Thus the missions of the Academy include a traditional mission, that of being the highest scientific forum in the country; a social‐managerial mission, by which the Academy undertakes specific scholarly projects of major national and international interest; an active mission, that of work in a number of areas performed by 65 units and 2,000 researchers; and finally, that of uniting the scholarly efforts of all Romanians, both inside and outside the territorial limits of Romania.     

我国药学学科科研竞争力评价研究

科研竞争力是指在竞争中获取资源的能力,影响高校的整体水平。对药学学科的科研竞争力进行评价,有助于了解我国药学学科的科研水平,诊断药学学科在科研中存在的问题,从而提高药学学科的整体科研能力。文章基于我国159所高校的调研数据,通过对初设指标进行系统聚类和主成分分析,建立高校药学科研竞争力评价模型。然后利用建立的模型,对全国拥有药学学科硕士点的高校进行评价和排名。最终发现,北京协和医学院、中国科学院大学、中国药科大学、北京大学、沈阳药科大学在药学这一学科上拥有较强的科研竞争力。     

中国参与国际机制的历史进程:基于国际多边条约的考察与分析

国际机制是现代国际社会调节国家关系,增进共同利益的重要途径和方式,某种意义上,参与国际机制体现了国家对国际社会的融入。在国际机制的诸多形式中,多边条约是最明确和最重要的国际机制形式,某种意义上,一个国家参与国际机制的程度可以用加入国际多边条约的状况做参考。新中国成立以来,参与国际机制的历程虽有波折,但最终选择尊重和广泛参与国际机制。中国参与国际多边条约的历程与状况,既反映了中国与国际社会的关系,也与国内国际环境发展变化息息相关,改革开放以来,中国以前所未有的速度广泛加入各种国际多边条约,参与国际机制成为中国崛起的战略选择。     

Financing education for children affected by conflict: Lessons from Save the Children’s Rewrite the Future campaign

In recent years, Save the Children, a non-governmental organization, prioritized education for children affected by conflict through its Rewrite the Future Campaign. By significantly scaling up the resources allocated to programmes in conflict-affected countries, the organization has grown its education programmes in these contexts. Thus it has enabled 1.3 million more children to have access to education and improved the quality of education for more than 10 million. The campaign also had an international impact by analysing and advocating for increases in aid flows to conflict-affected countries. This has made the international community more aware of the need for access to education for children affected by conflict and more willing to ensure it. The article highlights the achievements of Save the Children UK, and the challenges it faces, by looking at funding volumes and sources of funding for country programme activities, along with its international influence on the global funding for countries affected by conflict.     

THE ROLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ACADEMIES OF SCIENCE IN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

The political changes occurring in eastern and central Europe in 1989 and 1990 and the breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1991 fragmented a large area in which science and technology policy was more or less centralized and rationalized. Each country in this area, as a result, has had to develop its own science and technology policy in very difficult situations of transition. One of the attempts made to re‐establish some order and unity in science policy in the former socialist countries has been spearheaded by the International Association of Academies of Sciences, founded in Kiev in 1991. It is attempting, on a voluntary basis, to assume some of the functions of the former Soviet Academy of Sciences, and in particular, to re‐create the scientific space existing before 1989‐1991. Among its many projects are efforts in favour of young scientists and closer co‐operation with other international organizations of academies.     

Foresight analysis in research funding agencies: A UK experiment

Strategic planning and priority-setting have become inevitable for UK research funding agencies in the 1990's. But it is an activity which is viewed with some suspicion by the scientific community, in which it is an aphorism that discovery cannot be planned. There is considerable interest therefore, in the promise offoresight analysis as an alternative to conventional strategic planning. Most previous experience with foresight has been at a macro level, with a focus on national direction-setting. But what role can foresight have at amicro level; how can it help individual funding agencies develop strategies for specific scientific fields? This paper explores the problem by describing an experiment, supported jointly by three UK funding agencies, to apply foresight techniques in a review of a single field (cardiovascular research). The methodology developed for objective consultation with scientists and users is described, and preliminary results presented. Science-push and demand-pull factors emerged clearly, aa did a desire within the scientific community for a number of infrastructural changes to strengthen the future of the field. The study has shown that systematic surveys of users and researchers are capable of detecting coherent views on a number of issues that are relevant to forward planning in research funding agencies. The paper concludes by summarising the limitations of this approach to strategic planning, and presenting some general lessons that may be useful for consideration in other micro-level foresight exercises.     

抗美援朝时期中国科学界的宣传和动员——以《科学通报》为中心的考察

作为中国科学院主办的一份科学普及性刊物,《科学通报》在抗美援朝这一特定的时代氛围下,除了刊载国内外科学发展方面的研究信息和成果外,还用相当的篇幅报道了中国科学界反对和抗议美国发动原子战争、宣传和支援抗美援朝运动、控诉和揭露美国细菌战罪行等有关抗美援朝运动的政治宣传和动员情况,不但表达了中国科学界抗美援朝的心声,而且让世人见证了中国科学界对这一关乎国运的政治事件的关注和影响,从而对新的视角下认识和研究抗美援朝运动具有重要意义。     

In the maw of the Ouroboros: an analysis of scientific literacy and democracy

This paper explores the concept of scientific literacy through its relation to democracy and citizenship. Scientific literacy has received international attention in the twenty-first century as demonstrated by the Programme for International Student Assessment survey of 2006. It is no longer just a concept but has become a stated and testable outcome in the science education research community. This paper problematizes the ‘marriage’ between scientific literacy and democracy, particularly the idea that scientific literacy is a presupposed necessity to proper citizenship and awareness of the role of science in modern society. A perusal of the science education literature can provide a history of scientific literacy, as it exists as a research category. Through Gilles Deleuze’s notion of the Dogmatic Image of Thought and its relation to a Spinozist understanding of individuation/Becoming, it is argued that scientific literacy is not a recent invention and is problematic in its relation to democracy. This article is thus intended to act more as vehicle to move, stimulate and dramatize thought and potentially reconceptualise scientific literacy, than a comprehensive historical analysis. The concept of scientific literacy has undergone specific transformations in the last two centuries and has been enacted in different manifestations throughout modernity. Here the analysis draws upon Deleuze’s reading of Michel Foucault and the notion of the Diagram related to Foucault’s oeuvre, and is specifically using Foucault’s notion of rationalities as actualized threads or clusters of discourse. The obvious link between science and democracy is an effect of specific rationalities within the epistemological field of science, rather than intrinsic, essential characteristics of science or scientific literacy. There is nothing intrinsic in its function for democracy. Through a case study of the work of Charles W. Eliot and Herbert Spencer and the modern enactment of scientific literacy in contemporary science education, this paper shows the cultural and historical contingencies on which the relation between scientific literacy and democracy has been constructed through a rationality this article calls the Man of Science. The mythical Ouroboros will be used as a Fresh Image of Thought to explore the movements and folds within the discursive formation of Scientific Literacy, the rationality of the Man of Science, and their relation to democracy.     

RESEARCH PRIORITIES OF THE BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

The Bulgarian Academy of Sciences which was established in 1969 is the central research institution of Bulgaria. Not only has it been affected by the forces of economic and political transition, but while most of the country vacillated when faced with the need to make radical changes, the Academy early on devised a strategy of comprehensive restructuring. The Academy continues to make internationally recognized contributions to the advancement of science in a number of areas, particularly in the hard sciences. It has by no means neglected the humanities, its original domain of research, where it continues to reinforce Bulgarian culture in a number of areas.     

国家重点学科布局与发展建议

国家重点学科在我国高校学科建设体系中处于最高层次,主要基于社会需求、传统优势以及区域特色而设立,在国家科技创新体系中发挥着重要作用,第三批国家重点学科的主要特点有:学科门类齐全,工科凸显;学科点遍布全国,部分省市集中;国家重点学科的校际分布中,少数高水平重点大学拥有半数以上的国家重点学科;重点学科的单位分布中,主要集中于少数名牌大学;学科整体水平大幅提高,部分学科达到国际先进水平。为此,应加强统筹规划、加快制度建设、完善学科体系、凝练学科方向以及评审主体多元化等。     

关于平行进口若干问题的探讨

平行进口是个复杂的问题，其自有独具的形态、特征，且涉及深层次的国际贸易剃益和国家利益，所以世界主要国家对其立法处理各不相同。中国理论界对平行进口问题还没有统一认识，立法也还是空白，但运作矛盾已开始显现。政府在立法时须通盘考虑、综合权衡，以通过科学立法保证我国经济的平稳发展。     

Implementing Education for All—Whose agenda,whose change? The case study of the Ghana National Education Campaign Coalition

With the onset of the Education for All (EFA) agenda in 1990, the international development community has seen new forms of international cooperation forming around the pledge for EFA. This paper analyzes a case study of activities and challenges of a civil society coalition, the Ghana National Education Campaign Coalition (GNECC), in pursuing the goals of Education for All within the national context of Ghana. The key findings of this case study concern the major challenges that GNECC faces as a national education coalition implementing the global agenda of EFA. These challenges include broad goals and objectives, unsustainable funding, and a lack of local participation and ownership of activities. The research concludes that while GNECC has been successful in implementing certain aspects of national and international programming, at the local level it remains woefully behind as a result of inadequate funding of community level activities, poor participation, and external impetus. In essence, GNECC has been operating as a national activity implementing NGO as opposed to a collaborative community coalition aimed at resolving educational issues, leading to the conclusion that an externally initiated coalition is not the most influential tool for achieving progress on international agendas such as EFA.     

PISA in Spain: Expectations,impact and debate

PISA, which was launched by OECD, is one of the most significant and successful initiatives on which education systems have recently collectively embarked. However, although it is a well‐coordinated international programme, its reception differs according to country. There is therefore a need to analyse specific national circumstances in order to gain a deeper understanding of the undertaking as a whole. This article specifically considers Spain's participation in PISA and focuses on a number of aspects: a) the expectations created when it joined the programme, in parallel to the implementation of its own national education evaluation system; b) the impact PISA has had, both in the media and in political and discursive spheres; and c) the technical and scientific debates generated in Spanish academic media. Finally, it is argued that, in the last few years, PISA has met with a certain disenchantment among specialists and the public opinion because of its limitations as a ranking tool, the difficulty in explaining its findings, and its inability to prescribe education policies that are suitable for very different contexts.     

我国社区矫正工作现状与发展

实行社区矫正法律制度,既是贯彻落实宽严相济刑事政策、维护社会和谐稳定的需要,也是提高罪犯教育改造质量、推进司法体制和工作机制改革的需要,同时,也顺应了国际社会刑事司法发展的趋势。分析我国社区矫正工作的现状与存在的问题,探讨改进的措施,对于发展和完善我国社区矫正工作具有重要的意义。     

美国纽约市的学习型社区建设透析

随着终身教育、学习社会、终身学习等教育理念在全球的风靡,如何实现由理论到实践的转换成为各国进一步关注的焦点。而社区作为不同地域人们生活的基本单位,学习型社区的实现成为国家范围内建成学习社会的必由之路。纽约作为国际化大都市的典型,在充分利用社区资源、组织多样化的教育活动、改善社区教育管理等方面均凸显出自身特色,因此可为我国城市社区建设提供良好的借鉴。     

对提高高校行政执行力的思考

在国际竞争日趋激烈的当今世界,一个国家行政执行力的水平将直接影响其国际竞争力,决定其民族的兴衰存亡。同样,作为高校,加强和改善高校的行政管理工作,对提高高校行政执行力进行思考,并提出相关建议,使管理工作走向科学化、规范化、制度化,具有重要的意义。     

ISO质量管理理念对我国中小学管理的介入探讨

教育国际化的趋势给我国基础教育带来了国际竞争的新挑战：人才流动全球化、人才标准国际化、市场竞争全球化。如何进一步提高我国中小学管理水平，提高学校的综合竞争力，是不客回避的问题。引进ISO中蕴涵的质量管理理念是我国基础教育与世界接轨的一大契机，其提供的具有科学性、普遍性、通适性的管理模式和方法值得我们借鉴，但也不可忽视ISO标准在与我国中小学管理实践嵌套中的弊端。     

融合国际标准,构建乡村酒店的文件化管理体系

作为一种新型的产业形态,乡村酒店目前正呈现出方兴未艾之势,近年来四川省出台的《农家乐/乡村酒店旅游服务质量等级划分与评定》（DB51/T976-2009）地方等级标准,为确定乡村酒店的等级提供一个评价准则,但乡村酒店的管理水平却跟不上形势的发展。文章在地方等级标准的框架上,提出了在乡村酒店的管理中融入ISO9000质量管理体系标准、ISO14000环境管理体系标准、OHSAS18000职业健康安全卫生管理体系标准等三个国际通行管理标准的一些模式、理念和方法,同时构筑一个全新的文件化管理体系运作,其目的是使乡村酒店的经营更加科学、稳定和永续。