指导教学的是什么

指导教学的是什么?这是个尚未言及的问题。人们往往认为指导教学的是教学论,而教学论的唯一哲学基础又是认识论的,这种流俗的观点有着浓厚的唯理性色彩。指导教学的是思,思的性质是“揭示”,按事物以其所是和如何是的方式去揭示事物。生活世界既是一个存在着规律的世界,又是一个富有诗意的世界,只有涵盖了理性和诗性这两种迥然不同的揭示方式之思,才能与生活世界相对应。只有把捉住这思,关于“指导教学的是什么”的问题,才算真正言及了。     

追寻教学意义重塑教学生活

“百名学者评论中国教育”专栏,以教育研究者的角度,就教育理论和实践中的热点、焦点、难点、冰点问题发表各种建设性见解。先期办成开放式的,一事一议,或提出问题,或分析评论,力求形成百家争鸣、百花齐放之势,激活中国之教育学术。待有重点问题时,再分专题讨论。特邀教育界有影响的专家学者参与,以教授和博士为主办成一个高层次论坛。各位同仁可就自己认为教育理论与实践中的重要问题写成评论,每篇2000-3000字为宜,诚请各位同仁在百忙中赐教赐稿。     

不可忽视教态的教学功能

一、身体的动作 教师在课堂上身体的动作,主要指教师在教室里身体位置的移动和身体的局部动作. 1.教师在课堂上的走动走动是教师传递信息的一种方式,如果一个教师一节课只一个姿势地站在那里一动也不动,课堂就会显得单调而沉闷.相反,教师适时地在学生面前走动,而又能调动学生的注意力,课堂就会变得有生气,还能激发学生的兴趣,调动其积极情绪.     

现代企业领导者情感智能刍议

情感智能是现代企业领导者的必备条件之一,她包括自我认识能力、自我调节能力、自我激励能力、换位思考能力和社交能力等.前三者属于领导者的自我管理能力,后二者属于处理与别人关系的能力.这些能力关系着企业的兴衰成败.     

Enhancing instructional design efficiency: Methodologies employed by instructional designers

Instructional systems design (ISD) has been frequently criticised as taking too long to implement, calling for a reduction in cycle time—the time that elapses between project initiation and delivery. While instructional design research has historically focused on increasing learner efficiencies, the study of what instructional designers do to increase efficiency during the design of instruction, including web‐based training, has not yet been fully examined. The purpose of this qualitative developmental study was to identify and understand the methodologies used by experienced instructional designers to increase the efficiency of the instructional design process. Data were gathered from 11 instructional designers working within two business and industry consulting firms that provide learning solutions to global clients. Results revealed 47 efficiency methodologies found within the four categories of design model, instructional design team member roles, instructional design processes and instructional design tools. Additionally, 14 supporting instructional designer competencies were found within the category of instructional designer knowledge, skills and attitudes.     

The instructional developer

Summary The study reported in this article was conducted with a selected group of instructional developers, the members of the Division of Instructional Development of the Association for Educational Communications and Technologoy. While the information seems to represent the most complete set of data now available on this group, it is too limited to permit sweeping generalizations. The intention of the study was to survey instructional developers in order to obtain some information about their demographic, professional, and ideological characteristics. A major thrust of this study dealt with what range of learning theories and instructional guides the developers used in dealing with problems of learning and development.     

注重教学设计 促进教学改革

教学设计是通向成功教学的桥梁.注重教学设计有助于更新教学观念,促进教学整体改革.在教学设计应用中要把握其内涵本质,处理好理论与实践的关系.     

Two instructional aids to optimise processing and learning from instructional explanations

Although instructional explanations are commonly used to introduce learners to new learning content, previous studies have often shown that their effects on learning outcomes are minimal. This failure might partly be due to mental passivity of the learners while processing introductory explanations and to a lack of opportunity to revise potential misunderstandings after working on introductory explanations. Against this background, we provided learners with two instructional support measures to optimise the introduction of new principles and concepts by providing instructional explanations in the domain of management theory: (a) prompts designed to induce inferences that are focused on the central content of the explanations, and (b) remedial explanations that are adapted to the learners’ knowledge gaps. We tested their effects in a 2 × 2 factorial experimental design with the following factors: (a) prompts designed to induce focused processing (with vs. without), and (b) remedial explanations (adapted vs. random). The participants consisted of 80 psychology students. We found that the prompts fostered both the share of deep-oriented processing and the acquisition of conceptual knowledge. The beneficial effect of prompts on conceptual knowledge was mediated by the number of inferences that learners generated in response to the prompts. In addition, we found that prompts also fostered the instructional efficiency of providing instructional explanations. The provision of adapted remedial explanations, however, fostered neither deep-oriented processing nor the acquisition of conceptual knowledge. We conclude that prompts designed to induce focused processing can foster deep-oriented processing as well as both the effectiveness and efficiency of learning from instructional explanations.     

Dimensions of instructional psychology

This paper highlights eight topics cogent to psychologically enlightened instructional theory. Discussed issues include: (1) a multivariate model of man, (2) American school's cultural heritage, (3) the limitations of scientific reductionism, (4) developmentalism in school learning, (5) individual differences, (6) decision-oriented instructional research, (7) teacher education, and (8) the separation of learning theory from instructional theory. Implications for future instructional theorizing are offered.     

Differential instructional productivity indices

Teaching load formulas to provide for differential program productivity ratios are in wide use. However, the various sets of differential weights on student credit hours (SCH) in use tend to be the result of historical accident, negotiation, or limited cost studies. To bring a unity into these formulas, a new statistical methodology applied to three years of teaching load data from 21 major public universities has yielded an objective, broadly applicable set of SCH weight factors. Those weights give promise of providing comparison of instructional productivity via unobtrusive measures. A table of optimum weighting factors for upper division and graduate SCH (relative to lower division) is presented by NCES Code discipline division. The weights derived from analysis are then compared with those developed by more traditional means.     

The tutor-student instructional interaction

Tutors who provide remedial language training to learning-disabled adolescents analyzed videotapes of over one-hundred tutorial sessions, using a protocol which they developed to facilitate recording their observations. The tutors’ purpose was not to conduct a controlled research study; but, rather, to observe closely in order to gain understandings about the interpersonal interactions between tutor and student which might result in improved instruction. As a result of this process, they identified factors—in the structure of the setting, in the use of routinized procedures, and in the manner and approach of the tutors—which both significantly affected the students’ learning and were common to almost every interaction. They also identified patterns of behavior which students characteristically showed in their responses to certain learning situations.