蓝花鼠尾草组织培养试验研究

蓝花鼠尾草 ( Salvia farinacea.Benth)属唇形科( Labiatae)鼠尾草属 ( salvia) ,又名一串蓝 ,粉萼鼠尾草 ,原产北美 ( 3)。Salvia frinacea有二变种 ,一种是蓝花 ( Royal Blue) ,一种是白花 ( White) ( 6)。鼠尾草植物早被人们用来治疗各种疾病 ,近年来在临床、药理、化学和生药的研究取得很大进取。研究鼠尾草的药用价值引起人们广泛的兴趣和重视。组织培养已在科学研究和生产上开辟了令人振奋的多个新领域 ,成为举世瞩目的生物技术之一 ,尤其是在医药领域通过诱导愈伤组织分离提取生化物质。国内对同属的一串红 ( 1 )和丹参 ( 2 )组织…     

西藏林芝地区的鼠尾草植物资源

西藏林芝地区自然环境优越，调查发现区域内分布有四种鼠尾草植物资源，其中以粘毛鼠尾草(Salvia roborowskii)和绒毛鼠尾草(S．castaneaf．tomentosa)分布较广。野外重点对后者进行了考察，表明该种喜一定光照，生长土壤疏松、深厚，有一定温度及肥力，土壤为砂壤土或壤土，在种内形态上表现出一定变化，该种种子萌发较容易，资源量较大，化学分析表明合一些药用成份，研究已显现出一定开发利用价值。     

中国木兰科植物的叶结构及其油细胞的比较解剖学研究

利用组织透明法、石蜡切片法及薄切片法对木兰科10属82种1亚种植物叶片的结构和油细胞的 分布密度、结构及其在叶肉中的分布进行了比较研究。鹅掌楸亚科和木兰亚科在叶结构上的主要区别是：鹅掌楸亚科两种植物叶的部分下表皮细胞乳突状,且整个细胞外壁只形成一个乳突,而在木兰亚科植物中有单列多细胞或单细胞的表皮毛,却未发现乳突;鹅掌楸亚科植物叶主脉维管组织环分隔呈束状,且其外包被的纤维也排列成束状,而木兰亚科的80种1亚种植物中,叶主脉维管组织连成轮状,其外面也由一圈连续的纤维环所包围。从而支持木兰科中木兰亚科和鹅掌楸亚科两个亚科的划分。并且,从叶主脉的演化趋势来看,鹅掌楸亚科较木兰亚科进化。另外,木莲属植物叶片的结构与木兰属具有明显差异,因而进一步证明木莲属是不同于木兰属的一个独立的属。油细胞是木兰科植物叶片解剖的显著特征,在叶肉中的分布可划分为3种类型：(A)主要分布于栅栏组织;(B)主要分布于海绵组织;(c)均匀散布于整个叶肉中。油细胞的大小及其在叶中的分布与叶厚、栅栏组织层数、栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度间的比值以及下皮层的有无、表皮毛的类型、叶脉的结构等特征相结合,可作为属、甚至种的鉴别特征。     

松科系统发育的分子生物学证据

 运用PCR方法分别从松科8属、9种植物中扩增出一长约2550bp的cpDNA片段，这一片段包括rbcL、trnR、部分accD及基因间的非编码区(相对于黑松cpDNA中的同源片段而言)。运用18种限制性内切酶对这一cpDNA片段进行酶切分析，共获得86个酶切位点，其中54个为变异位点。运用PAUP(version 3．1．1)和Mega(version 1．01)软件对数据进行分析，结果Wagner简约树和Neighbor-Joining树反映出的松科系统发育关系基本一致：银杉属、松属、黄杉属和落叶松属形成一个单系群，且银杉属与松属的亲缘关系更近于与另外二属的关系，但这一结果未得到Bootstrap分析的较强支持；落叶松属近缘于黄杉属；冷杉属近缘于油杉属。此外，松科中的冷杉亚科和落叶松亚科均不是单系类群，将松科划分为冷杉亚科、落叶松亚科和松亚科三个亚科的系统(郑万钧，傅立国，1978)是不自然的。     

沿阶草亚科植物的叶表皮特征及其在分类学上的意义

本文用扫描电镜和光学显微镜观察研究了沿阶草亚科(Ophiopogonoideae)3属39种1变种叶   片远轴面的表皮特征。认为这些气孔器周围的邻近细胞和表皮细胞特征在分类上有比较重要的意义，  主要是：(1)有助于沿阶草属、山麦冬属和球子草属种间和属间种类的鉴别；(2)给这些植物类群的分类提供了有用的性状；(3)对沿阶草属的归类有着比较重要的意义；(4)为探讨沿阶草亚科内3个属间的亲缘关系提供了有益的证据。并认为，这三个属的气孔器邻近细胞和表皮细胞特征的演化趋势为无气孔带类型→无角质突起类型→具角质突起类型(具气孔带)。根据这些特征和外部形态性状认为这三个属 的亲缘关系比较密切，应归属于同一个大类群—沿阶草亚科。     

四合木属系统地位的研究

 四合木属Tetraena Maxim．   是内蒙古自治区西部和亚洲中部荒漠区东部的特有属，也是珍稀   濒危植物。前人曾对该属的系统地位做过一些研究，但观点不一。作者通过对该属的研究历史、雌蕊、   果实、花粉粒、染色体等的综合研究后，建议将该属从TaxTaЛЖЯН系统(1987)蒺藜科的霸王亚科中分   出，成立一个新亚科——四合木亚科。本文还编写了蒺藜科(狭义的)分亚科检索表。  四合木属的系统   地位是：芸香目蒺藜科四合木亚科四合木属。     

国产爵床科山牵牛属6种、叉柱花属和老鼠簕属各1种植物的花粉形态

报道了国产爵床科Acanthaceae山牵牛属Thunbergia(山牵牛亚科Thunbergioideae)6种、叉柱花属Staurogyne(瘤子草亚科Nelsonioideae)和老鼠簕属Acanthus(老鼠簕亚科Acanthoideae)各1种植物在扫描电镜下的花粉形态。山牵牛属植物的花粉粒为圆球形,均具螺旋状萌发孔,外壁纹饰以光滑或颗粒状为主,偶具棒状突起。具螺旋状萌发孔被认为是该科独特而较原始的花粉特征。叉柱花属的花粉粒为圆球形,具3孔沟,外壁平滑。老鼠簕属的花粉粒为长球形,具3沟,外壁具细网状纹饰或具小穿孔。花粉形态特征支持传统上将上述3属置于3个不同亚科的处理。     

铁破锣属的系统位置——ITS(nrDNA)序列证据

对Beesia calthifolia等5种金莲花亚科植物的核糖体DNA中的内转录间隔区(ITS)序列及5．8S rRNA基因的3′端序列进行了测定。这几种金莲花亚科植物的ITS-1的长度范围为225～232 bp,ITS-2 的长度范围为201～217 bp。B．calthifolia的ITS-1(227 bp)和ITS-2(215 bp)的长度及序列均与升麻 属及类叶升麻属植物相近,其5.8S rRNA基因的3′端序列也近乎与升麻属及类叶升麻属植物完全一致 (仅一个碱基缺失的差异),但其在上述几方面均与金莲花属植物相差甚远。以Ranunculus enysii作为 外类群,运用PAUP软件进行的系统发育分析表明:B．calthifolia,Cimicifuga acerina,C．brachycarpa 和Actaea asiatica形成一个单系群,并得到bootstrap分析的极强支持,B．calthifolia位于这一单系群的 基部。这一DNA序列分析结果与来自植物化学、孢粉学和细胞学的研究结果相吻合,更进一步支持铁破锣属是升麻族的自然成员,并可能是升麻族中一个最原始的类群。     

一枝黄花属植物的化学成分和生物活性研究进展

随着外来入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花在我国的迅速泛滥危害,有关该属植物研究逐渐增多,但对一枝黄花属植物的化学及其生物活性尚缺乏系统研究,本文对该属植物中的多炔、二萜、三萜、三萜皂苷、酚类、植物精油等化学组分,及其利尿、消炎、抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗氧化、杀虫、化感等生物活性的研究概况进行总结,旨在为今后综合利用该属植物资源提供参考。     

金缕梅科(广义)的叶表皮特征

本文次氯酸钠及铬酸-硝酸离析法，在光学显微镜下，观察了19属37种(分属六个亚科)共50个样品的成熟叶表皮细胞及气孔器的特征，发现金缕梅科植物叶上下表皮细胞形状(表面观)为多边形和不规则形，垂周壁式样有平直、弓形和有波纹；气孔器仅在下表皮存在，其类型有环列型、冠列型，平列型和无规则型(图1)几种。在扫描电镜下观察了19属35种(分属六个亚科)的叶下表皮的角质膜和蜡质纹饰、气孔的形状、气孔外拱盖及拱盖内缘的特征。这些特征在亚科或属级水平上较为稳定，但有的也表现出种间差异，有一定的分类学价值。     

关于露蕊乌头系统位置的植化资料

从露蕊乌头全草中分离及鉴定出4种二萜生物碱：  talatizamine, 14-acetyltalatizamine，condelphine 及 isotalatizamine。根据现有的植化资料，其系统位置似更接近于林地乌头及塔拉斯乌头。     

国产芸香科九里香属化学分类

九里香是芸香科的一个小属，主要分布于我国南部及中南半岛，少数个别品种向西南   延伸至印度和斯里兰卡及向东南伸展至澳洲东北部。  我国境内共有8种和1亚种。  九里香   属植物含丰富的生物碱和香豆精，其中包括不少生物活性成分，民间亦每每选用该属植物作传   统草药。最近又从千里香的根部分离得一种新的双吲哚生物碱，命名为月橘烯碱; 该成分有强   效的抗着床活性，对计划生育有重大意义。在发掘月橘烯碱的自然资源的研究过程中，作者分   析了国产的8种九里香属植物，发现该属植物可以划分为两组，即九里香组和棕茎组。九里香   组之成员跟棕茎组的在形态上有明显分别，而且前者之根部含抗着床成分月橘烯碱和8-戊烯   化香豆精，但后者之根部则含咔巴唑生物碱。初步分析了澳洲的卵叶九里香和泰国的暹罗九  里香，其形态及化学成分亦支持将该属分为两组。作者据此发表新组合。     

关于喙果藤的归属问题

 According to Wang and Xie, their recently  published  genus  Trirostellum  is distinguished from its allied genera by a number of characteristics: (1) the stamens with their filaments coherent into a central column; (2) the female flowers possessing rudimentary stamens; (3) the ovary 3-celled, with one ovule in each cell; (4) the fruits dehiscent, 3-rostrated at the apex; (5) the fruits possessing persistent perianth; (6) the seeds tuberculate and winged.  However, upon a careful comparison of Trirostell- um yixingensis Z.P. Wang et Q. Z. Xie, the type species of Trirostellum with Gyno- stemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Mak., the type species of Gynostemma Bl.  and some other species of Gynostemma as well,we have found that the representatives of the above two genera are identical in most of the important diagnostic characteristics ex- cept that the fruits of the former genus are dehiscent with three long beaks at  the apex, while the fruits of the latter genus are indehiscent  with  very  short  beaks. Besides, results obtained from chromosome counting haove  shown that the somatic chromosome number of Trirostellum yixingensis is 2n=22, while that of Gynostemma pentaphyllum is 2n=28.Yet these morphological and chromosomal differences seem not sufficient for generic demarcation.  We, therefore, suggest that Trirostellum bereduced to a sectional or subgeneric rank of Gynostemma Bl.     

中国阿魏属的黄酮体成分及其分类学意义

通过对国产阿魏属(Ferula)16个种的化学分析，发现其中13个种含黄酮体成分， 包括槲皮素、山奈酚和芹菜素的糖甙，以槲皮素成分最普遍。这些成分多为伞形科植物所常 见，与对山芹属的研究结果较接近。未发现黄酮体的三个种，即新疆阿魏、阜康阿魏和托里阿 魏，均为具有强烈臭味的药用植物。本属近前胡亚属的国产种类常为分布于半湿润山坡的高 大草本，所含黄酮体以槲皮素糖甙为主，而分布于干旱生境的种所含化合物较复杂，除槲皮素外，还含有芹菜素和山奈酚成分。本文还根据黄酮体成分对部分种的系统位置作了讨论。     

东亚和南亚马兜铃属的修订

本文通过对东亚和南亚马兜铃属的研究，修改了马兜铃属的分类系统，补充论证了演化趋势；并   在分析该属地理分布的基础上提出马兜铃属分布与分化的第二个中心——中国的横断山区。  本文确   认2亚属、7组、4系、68种和1变种，其中有3新组、2新种及13个新异名。     

三尖杉属的研究

The genus Cephalotaxus contains a small number of species. It is adequately appreciated as a newly discovered cancerresistant medicament for the alkaloids obtai- ned from its branches leaves and barks are of curative effect.      This paper deals with the classificatory revision based on the morphological featu- res,  with the reference to the anatomical characters of leaves,  types of alkaloids and pollen morphology observed.  Two new combinations are proposed,  and 4 species and varieties are reduced in the paper. The genus Cephalotaxus is thus suggested to consist of 2 sections and 9 species.  The trees occur in East Asia and the north of Indo-China, with 88% found in China where is the distribution centre and refuge of the genus. The genus in discussion is of unique morphological features which are distinctly dif- ferent from these of Amentotaxus,  Cephalotaxaceae,  containing a single genus of Ce- phalotaxus,  is closely related to Taxaceae,  and therefore the Cephalotaxaceae is best placed in the Taxinieae of Coniferales.     

肠蕨属(Diplaziopsis C．Chr.)的研究

 The fern genus Diplaziopsis C. Chr. of Index Filicum has long been considered as a monotypic one, with the sole species, D. javanica (B1.) C. Chr. from tropical Asia.  In 1906, H. Christ described a second species, Allantodia cavaleriana Christ (=D. cavale- riana C. Chr.) from Kweichow, West China, but this was since not fully recognized by fern students in general, being often considered as a variety of the first species.  This is certainly a mistake, as is shown by ample herbarium specimens today.  In the recent work on the genus, the writer has found among the herbarium material two additional new species from China, thus bringing the genus up to four species in Asia, mainly from China, where, as it is, the genus has its center of development from the long past.      Phylogenetically, Diplaziopsis C. Chr. represents one of the offshoots from the great stock of diplazioid ferns, of which the genus Diplazium Sw. constitutes the main body of the group and from which our genus differs chiefly in its leaves of a thin texture with reticulated venation, but not so much in its type of indusium as it has generally been emphasized by most botanists in the past, for, as it is, the type of indusium in Di- plaziopsis also prevails in many species of Diplazium, for which C. B. Clarke (Trans. Linn. Soc. ser. 2, Bot. I:495, 1880) created, but really superfluously, a subgenus Pseudal- lantodia, about which the writer will dwell in another paper in the near future.  Suffice it to say here that the indusium in Diplaziopsis as revealed by the species treated here is, indeed, typical of diplazioid ferns, only often, as it happens, with  its  adaxial  edge pressed so tight under the expanding sorus that it is unable to open freely along its upper free edge and, as a result, its thin vaulted back bursts open from the pressure of the ex- panding sorus underneath.      As a result of the present study, following four species of the genus have been re- cognized.      Diplaziopsis javanica (B1.) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. (1905) 227.      Wide spread in tropical Asia, northwardly to Bakbo and the southern part of Yun- nan, China.      D. cavaleriana (Christ) C. Chr. Ind. Fil. Suppl. I (1913) 25.      Ranges from West China through northern part of Fukien of East China to Japan.      D. intermedia Ching, sp. nov.      Endemic in West China:  Mt. Omei, Szechuan, and Kweichow.      D. hainanensis Ching, sp. nov.      In conclusion, it may be pointed out that with the modern plant taxonomy pursued in a more efficient manner than in the past, and especially by the introduction of the cytotaxonomic methods, the so-called “monotypic genera”, as conceived by the orthodox systematists, will continue to prove, to a great extent, to be lack of  enough  scientific ground.  The fact that the “monotypic genus” of Diplaziopsis C. Chr. is now found to be a genus of four well-defined species is once again an instance to illustrate the pointat issue.     

菊科福王草属的分类界限及中国菊科植物一新属——紫菊属

After having examined all specimens of the genus Prenanthes L. of Compositae in the Herbarium of Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, I find that the classic concept on the genus Prenanthes established by G. Bentham in 1873 has not been held exactly by some of Euro- pean, American, Japanese and Chinese botanists. For example, W. B. Hemsley, S. T. Dunn, A. Franchet, S. Kitamura and C. C. Chang placed plants from China which belong to other groups into the genus; I also find that the classic concept of the genus is not clear.  The present paper makes a revision not only on the classic concept of the genus, but also on its concept assumed by the above-mentionded botanists.      With the combination of numerous (25-35), white or yellow ligular florets, numerous ribs of achenes, Prenanthes alba L. (Nabalus albus (L.) Shih, comb. nov.) is distinctly different from Prenanthes purpurea L., which has the combination of purple, few (5-15) ligular flo- rests and few ribs of achenes.  Nabalus Cass., as a genus established early (1825) by H. Cassini, should be restored.  It is not reasonable to treat Nabalus as a subgenus (E. B. Babcock et al. 1947) or a section (S. Kitamura, 1956) or as a synonym (G. Bentham, 1983) of the genus Preanathes L.       The present author recognizes seven species in the new revised genus  Prenanthes L.  in China, 4 of which are described as new.  In the genus Nabalus Cass.  only one species, N. ochroleuca Maxim., is distributed in Northeast China.       As Lactuca melanantha Franch. (1895), Prenanthes henryi Dunn (1903), P. glandulosa Dunn (1903), Lactuca triflora Hemsl. (1888) (it was transferred to Prenanthes L. by C. C. Chang in 1934), Prenanthes formosana Kitam. (1934) and P. wilsoni Chang (1934) all have campanulate involucres, purple phyllaries, purple dorsi-ventrally compressed achenes, longitu- dinal rids 6-9 on each side of achene truncate and beakless at its apex and pilose tubes of co- rollae, they should be placed neither into the genus Prenanthes with obtusely tri-or pentagonous, subterete achenes and glabrous tubes of corollae, nor into the genus Lactuca with beak achenes. Besides the above-mentioned species misnamed by some of foreign and Chinese botanists, 6 other species also have the same structure in achenes and corollae.  Evidently, they fall into a new genus with the name Notoseris Shih.       The new genus Notoseris Shih of the tribe Lactuceae of Compositae seems to be more re- miniscent of Lactuca L. than of Prenanthes L. emend.       All the 12 species of the genus Notoseris Shih are endemic to China and distributed in the area of south of Yantze River. Of them 6 are new combinations and 6 are described as new.