Regionally asymmetric knowledge capabilities and open innovation: Exploring ‘Globalisation 2’—A new model of industry organisation

This paper proposes to review and assess social scientific debate about the origins and nature of innovation in modern society. It focuses on three sub-sets of conceptualisation, critique and commentary that refer specifically to sub-national or regional innovation systems. Research in the latter field has grown enormously in recent years. Moreover, new perspectives from other disciplines than regional science have been promoted. One distinctive view of relevance in that it is focused on the role in innovation of specific ‘entrepreneurial universities’ in relation to industry and government is, of course, the ‘Triple Helix’ approach. This is reviewed and sympathetically critiqued. A second view, less sympathetically critiqued here, is one that itself attacks all so-called ‘new regionalism’ for stressing the importance of institutions, industry embeddedness and the micro-science of regional economic development. Dazzled by ‘Globalisation 1’ and the totalising power of ‘scale’ geographies, this rejection of the worth of spatial analysis at less than the global or national ‘scalar envelope’ is assessed for its potential insights into weaknesses of the regional innovation systems approach but found wanting in both technical accuracy and scholarly competence. Finally, the state of the art in regional innovation systems research is sketched by reference both to recent longitudinal findings and elaborations into specific technological fields, particularly but not only Bioregional Innovation Systems that help move us towards a newer theory of economic geography in the knowledge economy, based on ‘regional knowledge capabilities.’ The analysis conclusively proposes ‘Globalisation 2’, a ‘ground-up’ knowledge-driven evolution of the earlier ‘top-down’ multilateral trade institution and corporately driven ‘Globalisation 1.’     

An eduction model of disciplinary emergence: the ripples of knowledge management

Using the field of knowledge management, this paper examines how discourses form and evolve from the perspective of eduction (a type of reasoning that involves extracting principles from data). Conceptual development within a discipline depends on concepts borrowed from other disciplines through the interaction of two multifaceted, interwoven processes: the scientific process and the social process. On the basis of a citation analysis, this paper illustrates how this interaction creates two distinct episodes of eduction that coexist and evolve in parallel. The concept of eduction does not separate the effects of the social process from the scientific process and realistically assumes that both processes are necessary. Thus, collaborative interests expand and contract, leading to the development of the discipline from other disciplines, while simultaneously establishing its own foundations. This study has implications for understanding how other discourses emerge, diffuse their ideas, and shape new fields and for understanding interdisciplinary interactions.     

官产学R&D合作、知识溢出与区域专利创新产出

"官产学"R&D合作、知识溢出与区域专利创新产出的关系研究不仅是一个重要的学术问题,而且具有重要的政策含义.本文以2000-2006年中国大陆31个省级区域为空间样本,基于改进的知识生产函数,对以专利创新产出和R&D经费投入衡量的区域R&D合作与知识溢出进行了截面计量分析.经验估计结果显示,我国各个地区的企业自身R&D经费投入对专利产出的作用明显但不稳健;大学研究对企业创新产出具有明显而稳定的知识溢出效应;政府直接对企业进行R&D支持对企业专利创新产出并不是一种有效的制度安排;在政府引导下的产学R&D合作不论对企业还是大学均为一种良好的制度安排,是促进我国专利创新产出的一条有效途径.     

科学知识的生产函数——基于科学社会学与知识社会学视角的研究

 基于科学社会学与知识社会学的视角,回顾了科学知识的生产函数的研究现状与不足之处,分析了科学知识与科学文献之间的联系和区别.在此基础上,构造了一种相对简化但更具有解释力的科学知识的生产函数.     

Spillovers in the production of knowledge: A meta-regression analysis

The production of knowledge was subjected to quantitative analysis in the second half of the twentieth century, following Arrow (1962). The determinants of knowledge and the externalities present in the innovation process were discussed with immediate policy influence. In particular, the presence and strength of the spillover of the pool of past knowledge has encouraged high subsidization of R&D in the most developed countries. We survey the empirical literature on the spillover effect in the production of knowledge and implement a meta-analytic regression. We discover that the average spillover effect is less than but close to one and is highly significant. We also find that the spillover effect tends to be greater when the estimation of knowledge production accounts for foreign inputs, and it tends to be lower when the estimation includes only rich economies, regional data are used, and the pool of knowledge is not the patent stock.     

Tracing the links between science and technology: An exploratory analysis of scientists’ and inventors’ networks

The paper provides an exploratory analysis of the research networks linking scientists working in an open science environment, and researchers involved in the private technology domain. The study combines data on scientific co-authorship with data on patent co-invention, at the level of individual researchers, for three science-intensive technology fields, i.e. lasers, semiconductors and biotechnology, in order to assess the extent of the overlap between the two communities and to identify the role of key individuals in the process of knowledge transfer. Our findings reveal that the extent of the connectedness among scientists and inventors is rather large, and that particular individuals, i.e. authors-inventors, who act as gatekeepers and bridge the boundaries between the two domains, are fundamental to ensuring this connectivity. These individuals tend to occupy prominent positions in the scientific and the technological networks. However, our results also show maintaining a very central position in the scientific network may come at the expense of being able to fill a similarly central position in a technological network (and vice versa). Finally, preliminary analysis of the institutional origins of authors-inventors shows that one characteristic, distinctive of Europe compared to the United States, is associated with the relatively lower involvement of corporate scientists at the intersection between the two worlds of science and technology.     

When ‘national innovation system’ meet ‘varieties of capitalism’ arguments on labour qualifications: On the skill types and scientific knowledge needed for radical and incremental product innovations

The literatures on ‘varieties of capitalism’ (VoC) and ‘national innovation systems’ (NIS) propose very similar arguments about how firms require different types of labour qualifications to pursue strategies of radical product innovation (RPI), incremental product innovation (IPI), and product imitation (PI) respectively. Despite their similar lines of reasoning, however, the VoC scholars are concerned with the skill profiles of a firm's entire workforce, whereas the NIS proponents focus on the knowledge base of scientists. Given that both literatures have developed without explicitly taking the arguments of the neighbouring discipline into account, it is thus unclear whether they explain the same, or different, phenomena. Furthermore, both literatures propose firm level arguments but test them on the basis of macro- rather than micro-level indicators. This paper therefore asks: first, does micro-level evidence support the VoC and NIS arguments that particular types of employee skills and knowledge backgrounds of scientists are needed for different competitive strategies? And, if so, do RPI, IPI, and PI firms need to employ scientists in combination with a workforce having the respective qualifications, or is it sufficient if scientists or employees alone are adequately qualified. Quantitative analyses indicate that a particular mix of scientific knowledge combined with employee skills facilitate RPI, IPI, and PI strategies. The article thus concludes that - despite their similar reasoning - the VoC and the NIS literatures indeed describe different phenomena, without being aware of the synergies created whenever adequate employee and scientific qualifications are hired together.     

试析本地知识创造与本地能力

知识是区域创新的基础资源,本地意会知识正成为区域发展和竞争优势之源,是本地能力构建的基础,企业等主体在特定空间范围内的知识溢出,特别是本地意会知识是导致企业集群的重要原因,企业之间的知识扩散机制强化了企业空间聚集模式。     

How large is the Swedish ‘academic’ sector really?: A critical analysis of the use of science and technology indicators

Sweden is perceived to be top ranking, and a ‘role model’, in terms of its volume of academic R&D. This perception is based on analyses using two standard indicators. We assess the validity of these and argue that institutional features skew the result in favour of a high ranking. Swedish academic R&D is more appropriately characterised as average, or below average, in terms of input and above average in terms of output. Science policy makers need to acknowledge this and devise policies that strengthen, rather than threaten the functioning of an efficient system.     

Making knowledge: history, literature, and the poetics of science

As a field of study, literature and science has gradually expanded to encompass both the impact of science on literary culture and the literary-linguistic practices intrinsic to the production of scientific knowledge. Such transformations both reinforce and fundamentally recalibrate the detailed attention focused on scientific practice by historians of science since the 1980s. As a result, this essay and the Focus section it introduces suggest that history of science and literature and science are, in fact, interdependent fields. Attention to their convergences will yield better understanding of the performative dimensions of scientific practices and thence of science itself as a form of making of knowledge of things and events in the world of nature. Science as a form of making involves the convergence of things, material practices, and a panoply of meaningful artifacts-instruments of thought and action-that refuse any simple dichotomy between "text" and "action."     

网络众包的知识价值化过程与组织响应分析

知识价值化与网上技术交易是"大众创业、万众创新"的实践形式,本文根据无形资产网络在线交易过程的特点,从网站用户掌握选择权和话语权的现实出发,对众包模式的第三方在线交易平台进行了组织响应过程的系统分析。从体现知识产品生产、过滤、传播和评价等几个方面对知识资源的有效配置和众包平台网站的服务响应机制进行关联分析,并通过多层次比较分析的因素量化方法确定众包服务的指标权重,反映组织响应各种因素对知识价值化的重要程度,为第三方知识服务和平台网站的职能模块设计的权重分配提供参考。     

Measuring the knowledge base of an economy in terms of triple-helix relations among ‘technology, organization, and territory’

Can the knowledge base of an economy be measured? In this study, we combine the perspective of regional economics on the interrelationships among technology, organization, and territory with the triple-helix model, and offer the mutual information in three dimensions as an indicator of the configuration. When this probabilistic entropy is negative, the configuration reduces the uncertainty that prevails at the systems level. Data about more than a million Dutch companies are used for testing the indicator. The data contain postal codes (geography), sector codes (proxy for technology), and firm sizes in terms of number of employees (proxy for organization). The configurations are mapped at three levels: national (NUTS-1), provincial (NUTS-2), and regional (NUTS-3). The levels are cross-tabled with the knowledge-intensive sectors and services. The results suggest that medium-tech sectors contribute to the knowledge base of an economy more than high-tech ones. Knowledge-intensive services have an uncoupling effect, but less so at the high-tech end of these services.     

国际科技政策计量与可视化分析

 科技政策是国家为了实现特定时期的科技发展目标而制定的方针、政策及其相关规定，其核心主要涉及如何为科学行为分配配套的资源，以实现最佳服务于公众利益的目标。本文在结合国内相关研究基础上，基于Web of Science 数据库间70多年(1947-2018)的研究文献，综合利用文献计量学工具和自研系统，全面定量展示了科技政策研究领域的现状、热点及前沿趋势。结果表明，截至2018年该领域研究尚处于成长期，成熟度为3091%；期间共有136个国家（地区）参与该领域研究，排名前5的国家为美国、英国、德国、荷兰和加拿大；6197个相关研究机构中，萨塞克斯大学（英国）、曼彻斯特大学(美国)、乔治亚理工学院（美国）、麻省理工学院（美国）、阿姆斯特丹大学（荷兰）等作品丰富且影响力较大；以“开放创新、企业、生物科技、技术转移、知识产权、专利、三螺旋结构、纳米科技”等突现词代表了该领域的前沿研究方向，值得高度关注。     

组织信任与知识共享行为的演化博弈分析

知识是企业最为重要的战略性资源，为了提高知识的价值，企业需要促进员工间知识共享行为以增加其竞争优势。在有限理性的基础上，构建知识共享行为的演化博弈模型，依此分析影响员工间知识共享行为的因素，探究组织信任对知识共享行为的影响。结果表明，知识数量、知识贡献系数、共享奖励系数和共享惩罚系数与知识共享行为正相关而共享风险系数和成本系数与知识共享行为反相关，情感信任促进知识获取而认知信任促进知识贡献。     

国际科技政策计量与可视化分析

科技政策是国家为了实现特定时期的科技发展目标而制定的方针、政策及其相关规定,其核心主要涉及如何为科学行为分配配套的资源,以实现最佳服务于公众利益的目标。本文在结合国内相关研究基础上,基于Web of Science 数据库间70多年(1947-2018)的研究文献,综合利用文献计量学工具和自研系统,全面定量展示了科技政策研究领域的现状、热点及前沿趋势。结果表明,截至2018年该领域研究尚处于成长期,成熟度为3091%;期间共有136个国家（地区）参与该领域研究,排名前5的国家为美国、英国、德国、荷兰和加拿大;6197个相关研究机构中,萨塞克斯大学（英国）、曼彻斯特大学(美国)、乔治亚理工学院（美国）、麻省理工学院（美国）、阿姆斯特丹大学（荷兰）等作品丰富且影响力较大;以“开放创新、企业、生物科技、技术转移、知识产权、专利、三螺旋结构、纳米科技”等突现词代表了该领域的前沿研究方向,值得高度关注。     

组织信任与知识共享行为的演化博弈分析

知识是企业最为重要的战略性资源,为了提高知识的价值,企业需要促进员工间知识共享行为以增加其竞争优势。在有限理性的基础上,构建知识共享行为的演化博弈模型,依此分析影响员工间知识共享行为的因素,探究组织信任对知识共享行为的影响。结果表明,知识数量、知识贡献系数、共享奖励系数和共享惩罚系数与知识共享行为正相关而共享风险系数和成本系数与知识共享行为反相关,情感信任促进知识获取而认知信任促进知识贡献。     

The effects of knowledge management on innovative success – An empirical analysis of German firms

The aim of this paper is to analyse the effects of knowledge management on the innovation success of firms in Germany. We look at innovative firms in the period from 2000 to 2002 taken from the Mannheim Innovation Panel and estimate the effect of collaborative measures of knowledge management on the immediate economic success of different types of innovations. The results of our matching analysis reveal that firms which apply knowledge management perform better in terms of higher-than-average shares of turnover with innovative products compared to their twins. We do not find a significant effect of knowledge management on the share of cost reductions with process innovation.     

科技资源配置水平评价及区域差异研究

文章构建了基于科技资源投入、科技成果转化、科技社会贡献、科技创新环境四个维度的科技资源配置水平综合评价指标体系,运用因子分析法横向比较了全国31个省市科技资源配置水平,并运用熵值法纵向分析了广东省2012-2016年科技资源配置水平差异。研究结果表明,近年来广东省科技资源配置水平稳步提高,呈现出明显的上升趋势,但与北京、上海、江苏相比仍存在较大的差距。最后,针对研究结果,提出了提升广东省科技资源配置水平的对策思路。     

我国科技投入经济效果的实证研究

本文以国家统计局发布的1991－2003年度统计数据为基础,运用广义的Cobb-Douglas生产函数,对中国科技投入的经济效果进行了实证分析,结果表明:中国科技投入不但对当期的经济增长具有促进作用,而且还存在滞后效应;中国科技投入对经济增长的滞后期只有两年,科技投入短视行为明显;中国在增加科技投入总量的同时,更要对科技投入的结构、科技资源的优化配置和使用效率给予足够的重视。     

转型中的中国科学:科研不端行为及其诱因分析

20世纪80年代我国开始科技体制改革，与此同时，科技界开始了一场围绕科研学术道德问题的旷日持久的大讨论。本文从这一现象出发，提出为什么经过20年来的道德反思，科研学术道德问题非但没有被消解，反而愈演愈烈，并且已经成为一种影响我国科学技术健康发展之重要因素而倍受科技界同仁所广泛关注的追问。基于这个问题，本文从体制环境和现存制度的层面，对我国科研不端行为的发生与蔓延现象做出诱因分析，并进一步深入探讨了诱因形成深层原因。