Opening the ivory tower's door: An analysis of the determinants of the formation of U.S. university spin-off companies

This paper presents findings from an analysis of the determinants of the formation of university spin-off companies within the university's research park. We find that university spin-off companies are a greater proportion of the companies in older parks and in parks that are associated with richer university research environments. We also find that university spin-off companies are a larger proportion of companies in parks that are geographically closer to their university and in parks that have a biotechnology focus.     

The geography of opportunity: spatial heterogeneity in founding rates and the performance of biotechnology firms

One of the most commonly observed features of the organization of markets is that similar business enterprises cluster in physical space. In this paper, we develop an explanation for firm co-location in high-technology industries that draws upon a relational account of new venture creation. We argue that industries cluster because entrepreneurs find it difficult to leverage the social ties necessary to mobilize essential resources when they reside far from those resources. Therefore, opportunities for high tech entrepreneurship mirror the distribution of critical resources. The same factors that enable high tech entrepreneurship, however, do not necessary promote firm performance. In the empirical analyses, we investigate the effects of geographic proximity to established biotechnology firms, sources of biotechnology expertise (highly-skilled labor), and venture capitalists on the location-specific founding rates and performance of biotechnology firms. The paper finds that the local conditions that promote new venture creation differ from those that maximize the performance of recently established companies.     

Schumpeterian innovation and entrepreneurs in capitalism: A case study of the U.S. biotechnology industry

This paper uses the theoretical framework developed by Joseph Schumpeter to examine the first ten years of the U.S. biotechnology industry. The role of the entrepreneur, scientist/inventor, manager and capitalist are distinguished. There is a discussion of the obstacles the small firms have had to overcome to create a “New Economic Space” in the marketplace. It is argued that the earlier Schumpeter of The Theory of Economic Development and Business Cycles emphasizing the role of small firms more accurately describes the U.S. biotechnology industry in 1985, than Schumpeter's later work Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy which postulated that the large established firms have preempted the role of small firms in innovation. A discussion of the role of large established firms and the small entrepreneurial firms presents the tensions inherent in the “cooperative” arrangements between these two types of business enterprises. The role of small biotechnology firms in reducing these innovations to practice and in their ability to continue to grow demonstrates that the independent entrepreneur recognized by the early Schumpeter has been very active in the biotechnology industry.     

National institutions, public-private knowledge flows, and innovation performance: A comparative study of the biotechnology industry in the US and France

The biotechnology industry is a striking example of the disconnect between the location of knowledge creation and its commercial development. I argue that national technological performance in biotechnology is critically affected by institutions governing scientific careers, which shape the professional identities and boundary-spanning activities of research scientists. I test this in a comparison of the United States and France. Drawing on fieldwork and analysis of patent data, I compare institutional frameworks and estimate models of forward patent citations. The models show that entrepreneurial firms are associated with high-performing innovations in this sector whereas large established firms perform poorly in both countries, and highlight the importance of institutions in creating country-specific combinations of human capital with organizational capabilities.     

Academic versus industry patenting: An in-depth analysis of what determines patent value

This paper compares corporate and academic patents and tests whether they have similar value distributions and share common determinants of value. The empirical results based on an in-depth analysis of 400 biotech patents applied for by Belgian universities and firms lead to the following observations: (i) academic and corporate patent value distributions have similar levels of ‘skewness’; (ii) the identification of the institutional origin of knowledge allows for an improved understanding of the value determinants and (iii) there is a need to stimulate star scientists to codify their tacit knowledge into valuable patents.     

Contemporaneous peer effects,career age and the industry involvement of academics in biotechnology

This study explores the role of contemporaneous peer effects in driving an academic's involvement with industry. Specifically, we examine the influence of workplace peers and personal collaborators and how these effects are moderated by the career age of the scientist. Moreover, we look at situations in which both types of social influence are incongruent and the academic is faced with “dissonance”. Based on survey data of 355 German academics in the field of biotechnology and publication data from the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), we find that the scientist's involvement with industry increases with the orientation of the scientist's department toward industry (“localized peer effect”). This effect turns out to be moderated by the scientist's age, such that the localized peer effect decreases with age and finally turns negative for very senior scientists. Moreover, we find that a scientist's involvement increases with the industry orientation of the scientist's co-authors (“personal peer effect”), irrespective of the scientist's age. In case both types of social influence are incongruent, younger scientists will revert to localized norms while more experienced scientists will orient themselves more toward their personal collaborators.     

关于企业合作研发项目运作管理的案例分析

参与合作研发是企业获取新技术的重要途径之一,合作研发对于提高企业的技术能力起着关键的作用。但国内外的经验表明,在企业合作研发项目的实际运作中,普遍存在着效率低下的现象,影响了合作项目的绩效。本文以美国半导体行业技术联盟、Hoechst—Celanese公司的合作研发案例为基础,针对企业合作研发项目在组织与运作管理方面存在的问题进行分析,提出了提高企业合作研发项目绩效的若干建议。     

美国亲专利政策与高科技产业竞争力

为应对国际竞争力的下降和日本的威胁,美国自1980年开始实施"亲专利"政策,设立了联邦巡回上诉法院,对美国专利商标局进行改革,将知识产权保护作为国际贸易政策的组成部分,扩大了专利的保护范围,推出了《拜杜法案》。美国亲专利政策与美国的法律体制相适合,产生了巨大的经济效应和社会效应,成功恢复了高科技产业的竞争力,对我国有极强的借鉴意义。     

技术特征对企业技术获取方式的影响 —基于中小民营企业的实证研究

本文在总结企业技术获取相关研究的基础上,分析了技术研发成本、技术不确定性、技术距离、技术生命周期等变量对民营企业技术获取方式的影响,并基于245家中小型民营企业的问卷调查数据进行了实证分析。结果显示:当技术不确定性较高,或者技术处于生命周期的中期时,民营企业倾向于内部研发;当技术的研发成本或不确定性较高时,民营企业倾向于合作研发;当技术的研发成本、不确定性较低时,或者技术距离较大、处于生命周期的后期时,民营企业倾向于外部购买;技术距离与企业的合作研发倾向之间,以及技术生命周期与企业的内部研发倾向之间呈倒U型关系。     

Resources and research: An empirical study of the influence of departmental research resources on individual STEM researchers involvement with industry

This paper investigates the influence of departmental level characteristics and resources on individual involvement with industry using a national survey of STEM faculty. An integrative model of industry involvement is developed and tested that integrates a multi-level perspective on university–industry relations. Three measures of industry involvement are tested: the amount of time a researcher spends with industry, the number of activities a researcher engages in, and the intensity of those activities. Results of the model show that the quality of human capital in a researcher's home department is a significant influence on industry involvement. Non-federal R&D expenditures and direct industry funding also positively increase the likelihood of industry involvement. Policy and managerial implications of the results are discussed.     

浅析美国动漫产业的文化与现状

现在劝漫产业是资金密集型、科技密集型、知识密集型和人才密集型的重要经济一文化产业,是21世纪开发潜力巨大的世界热门产业.英国是当今世界上最大最强的动漫产业国.本文对美国的动浸广业链的形成,动漫产业的游戏规则、动漫产业的职业精神、动漫的消费环境等方面进行了一定的剖析.     

Applicant and examiner citations in U.S. patents: An overview and analysis

Prior art patent citations have become a popular measure of patent quality and knowledge flow between firms. Interpreting these measurements is complicated, in some cases, because prior art citations are added by patent examiners as well as by patent applicants. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) adopted new reporting procedures in 2001, making it possible to measure examiner and applicant citations separately for the first time. We analyzed prior art citations listed in all U.S. patents granted in 2001-2003, and found that examiners played a significant role in identifying prior art, adding 63% of citations on the average patent, and all citations on 40% of patents granted. An analysis of variance found that firm-specific variables explain most of the variation in examiner-citation shares. Using multivariate regression, we found that foreign applicants to the USPTO had the highest proportion of citations added by examiners. High-volume patent applicants had a greater proportion of examiner citations, and a substantial number of firms won patents without listing a single applicant citation. In terms of technology, we found higher examiner shares among patents in electronics, communications, and computer-related fields. Taken together, our findings suggest that firm-level patenting practices, particularly among high-volume applicants, have a strong influence on citation data and merit additional research.     

绿色供应链管理与绿色创新——基于中国制造业企业的实证研究

通过将企业绿色供应链管理分为内部环境管理、生态设计、绿色采购、投资回收和消费者协作五类,将绿色创新分为绿色产品创新和绿色流程创新,研究了绿色供应链管理与绿色创新之间的关系。以中国210家制造业企业为研究样本,通过调查问卷的方式收集数据,研究发现企业绿色供应链管理活动中的内部环境管理、生态设计和企业与消费者的协作对企业的绿色产品创新和绿色流程创新具有显著的正向影响作用。     

开放式创新与吸收能力对创新绩效影响——基于我国汽车企业的实证

本文结合汽车产业特征构建了我国汽车企业开放式创新、吸收能力与创新绩效之间作用关系的理论框架,提出相关假设。选取我国6家国有和6家民营汽车企业作为研究样本,运用Bootstrap软件对假设进行了简单中介检验和多步中介检验。实证研究发现:开放式创新不直接作用于企业的创新绩效,而是以吸收能力为中介影响企业的创新绩效;影响路径为"创新理念→开放程度→潜在和现实吸收能力→创新绩效";并通过吉利汽车案例验证了开放式创新和吸收能力的价值。本研究丰富了开放式创新理论,并对企业创新实践具有重要指导意义。     

区域产业创新与产业升级耦合的实证研究——以珠三角地区为例

本文借助物理学上的耦合定义,对区域产业创新与产业升级耦合系统的构成和耦合内容开展了分析,在此基础上构建了区域产业创新和产业升级指标评价体系,提出了产业创新与产业升级耦合模型,并对我国珠三角地区2003年—2011年的产业创新和产业升级的耦合度做出了实证分析。研究发现,区域产业创新与产业升级耦合系统之间存在着要素、组织结构和制度上的耦合关系。实证结果表明,我国珠三角地区的产业创新与产业升级耦合关联度和耦合协调度都处于一个比较低的阶段,但自2003年以来一直处于缓慢的调整上升状态,未来有很大的提升空间。     

Characteristics of Brazilian innovative firms: An empirical analysis based on PINTEC—industrial research on technological innovation

The present paper reports on an effort to characterize Brazilian innovative firms. The characterization of the firms was based on the data from PINTEC-2000 (Industrial Research on Technological Innovation-2000). A non-parametric statistical procedure was employed which informed, in a decreasing order, that the four major predictors of innovation were exporting orientation, firm size, foreign capital origin, and inter-industry differences. The main determinants of whether firms introduced a new process in the market were foreign or mixed capital origin, sector effect, and export orientation. When the introduction of new products in the market was assessed, the major determinants were export orientation and foreign capital origin.     

Social movements and entrepreneurial activity: A study of the U.S. solar energy industry

We explore how the size of social movements and the ecology of their target industries influence entrepreneurial entry. By leveraging a 14-year panel in the solar energy industry, we demonstrate how a larger social movement stimulates entry. We reveal how this relationship is contingent upon the density of both the focal industry and the industries that are mutually connected to the cause of the movement, as well as the concentration of generalist firms. We demonstrate how larger social movements act in a compensatory role to elicit entry when ecological conditions are least favorable to entry. By uncovering the conditional influence of movements, we contribute to theory at the intersection of social movements and entrepreneurship.     

中国生物科技类上市公司经营效率的实证分析——基于DEA模型和Malmquist指数模型

构建数据包络分析DEA- BCC模型与Malmquist指数模型对2 011-2 016年30家中国生物科技上市公司经营效率做静态和动态分析：静态分析可知生物科技类上市公司近67%处于经营效率较高，33%的公司处于规模报酬递增阶段，通过扩大生物科技类上市公司规模提高经营效率有很大操作空间，整体看管理效率成为制约公司经营效率的主要因素；动态分析可知近年来中国生物科技类上市公司全要素生产率下滑7. 2%，技术进步下降7. 7%成为制约TFP增长的主要因素，同时受技术进步、规模效率以及纯技术效率制约的公司数占总数3. 4%，只受规模效率和纯技术制约占总数3. 4%，仅受技术进步制约占总数53%。