关系嵌入性、组织间学习能力与技术创新绩效关系研究

针对中小企业技术创新难题,从技术联盟网络嵌入性的视角出发,构建不同网络关系嵌入主体对中小企业技术创新绩效影响的概念模型,探讨了不同关系嵌入主体、组织间学习能力和技术创新绩效的内在关系和影响机理,并利用239份中小企业有效样本数据进行实证分析。结果表明:商业网络关系嵌入、技术网络关系嵌入和政府网络关系嵌入均对技术创新绩效产生了显著的正向影响;组织间学习能力在商业网络关系嵌入、政府网络关系嵌入与技术创新绩效间起到完全中介的作用,而在技术网络关系嵌入与技术创新绩效间起到部分中介的作用。     

The role of knowledge base homogeneity in learning from strategic alliances

Strategic alliances are important channels for interfirm learning, especially for small firms that are resource constrained. Of the several alliance attributes, technological distance between partners (measured as the distance between partners’ innovative outcomes) is shown to have a significant influence on the learning benefits from strategic alliances. Drawing upon the theory of recombination, our study argues that the influence of technological distance on learning is best understood by not only measuring the distance between innovative outcomes, but by also taking into consideration the knowledge elements underlying the innovative outcomes. We develop a concept of knowledge base homogeneity that captures the extent to which the innovative outcomes of partnering firms draw upon similar sets of knowledge elements. Using patent and alliance data from 201 small biotechnology firms during the period 1996–2010, we confirm that the technological distance has an inverted u-shaped relationship on interfirm learning. We further demonstrate that this u-shaped relationship is moderated by the knowledge base homogeneity between partners, such that benefits of technological distance are enhanced and the costs of technological distance are mitigated when the knowledge base homogeneity between alliance partners is high. The results have important implications for interfirm learning, especially in the context of small firms that are limited in their knowledge stocks.     

多重网络嵌入、知识整合与知识创造绩效

基于网络嵌入理论和知识管理理论,建立理论模型,研究多重网络嵌入对知识创造绩效的影响,以及知识整合的中介作用和创造氛围的调节作用。利用福建省四个产业集群的调研数据,运用结构方程模型进行实证分析,结果表明：知识嵌入对知识创造绩效有显著的直接正向影响;知识整合发挥差异性的中介作用;内部知识整合在结构嵌入与知识创造绩效间发挥完全中介作用;外部知识整合在关系嵌入与知识创造绩效间发挥完全中介作用;内外部知识整合在知识嵌入与创造绩效间均发挥部分中介作用;创造氛围在内部知识整合和创造绩效中有调节作用。研究结论为解释多重网络嵌入与知识创造绩效间的内部作用关系提供了新的视角,为集群企业提升知识创造绩效给予借鉴     

科技创业人才的孵化网络嵌入、创业效能感与创业绩效关系研究

科技企业孵化器是科技创新创业的前沿阵地,对科技创业人才的集聚与孵化具有先天的制度和文化优势。运用科技企业孵化器的科技创业人才孵化相关理论,构建了科技企业孵化器的科技创业人才孵化网络嵌入模型,并以武汉地区科技创业人才为研究对象,实证研究了科技创业人才的孵化网络嵌入对创业绩效的影响、作用机制以及创业效能感的中介作用。研究结果显示,科技创业人才的孵化网络关系嵌入、结构嵌入对创业绩效具有显著的正向影响和促进作用,创业效能感在关系嵌入对创业绩效的作用路径中起完全中介作用,但在结构嵌入的作用路径中只起部分中介作用。以此为基础,提出科技创业人才的孵化网络嵌入式开发策略。     

网络嵌入性对技术创新网络形成结构的影响——基于中国企业的分析

从知识创造的视角建立了技术创新网络的形成模型,并采用数值实验分析了网络嵌入性与技术创新网络形成结构的关系。结果表明:与关系嵌入性相比,当结构嵌入性具有更加重要的价值时,技术创新网络的网络规模会更大、集聚现象会更加明显、平均最短距离会更小,整个网络更加具有小世界网络特征。     

Profiting from technological innovation by others: The effect of competitor patenting on firm value

In 1986, Teece proposed a seminal framework for analyzing why innovators may fail to benefit from their innovations. He argued, in part, that firms with the requisite complementary assets can often expropriate an innovator's returns especially when appropriability regimes are weak. In this paper, we explore the implications of this framework from the perspective of an incumbent firm—more precisely, of investors in that firm—facing innovation by established corporate rivals and by inventors from outside its industry. We demonstrate that the financial-market value of publicly traded firms depends on patented innovation by competitors (both established rivals and industry outsiders). Our empirical study generates three main results. First, the financial-market value of an incumbent is negatively associated with “important” patenting by outside inventors. Second, in industries characterized by weak appropriability regimes or by a strong reliance on complementary assets, this relationship is reversed: important patenting by outsiders is positively associated with the incumbent's financial-market value. Third, the effect of outsiders’ patented innovation on the focal incumbent is qualitatively different than that of established rivals’ patented innovation on the incumbent. These results are consistent with implications of Teece [Teece, D., 1986. Profiting from Innovation, Research Policy] and with recently developed models that formalize elements of his framework. More generally, these results support theories about both the market-stealing and spillover effects of innovation.     

Innovative path dependence: Making sense of product and service innovation in path dependent innovation processes

This paper analyses path dependence and path creation in firm innovation focusing on the effect of cognitive frames and organisational processes. A Northern European medical device firm is analysed through a detailed assessment of the structural and processual elements of cognitive path dependence. Cognitive schemas are analysed through development of ideal typical views on innovation and through an investigation of two specific innovation projects.Drawing on sensemaking and actor network theory the paper adds to the literature in three respects. First, it provides a more systematic analysis than available in the existing literature of how cognitive frames enable and constrain firm innovation. Second, it presents an empirical analysis that contributes to a differentiation of the concept of path dependence, distinguishing between innovative path dependence and technological path dependence. Third, the paper analyses the timing of constraints and path dependence. In the cases studied the innovation approach frames the innovation problem and constraints in relation to technologies have an impact on the innovation processes later, after new technologies have been thoroughly researched.The paper illustrates how the case firm is cognitively locked into an innovation path focused on generating ever-new product versions on different technological platforms, regardless of cannibalisation among the firm's different product versions. Despite the cognitive lock-in to an innovation path the firm is unconstrained in its choice of technological platforms and paths. Firms’ innovation processes may thus simultaneously be characterised by unrestrained search processes and myopic behaviour.     

结构的力量：联盟网络对企业技术创新影响研究

组织合作网络结构对企业绩效的影响有两类相反的作用机制：网络闭合和网络开放。论文认为,哪种机制起作用取决于企业所面临的创新任务以及知识来源在网络中的位置。基于汤森路透、USPTO和Compustat三个数据库,论文构建1990-2001年生物技术和医药产业追踪数据,采用社会网络分析方法、固定效应和随机效应模型对此问题进行实证研究。结果发现,战略联盟网络密度增加和结构洞指标增加会负向影响企业技术创新数量,正向影响企业技术创新质量;网络结构调节着直接联盟关系和间接联盟关系对企业技术创新的影响。     

An audit of technological innovation capabilities in chinese firms: some empirical findings in Beijing, China

Recent studies have advocated different technological innovation capabilities (TICs) and discussed their impact on a firm’s competitive performance. This paper introduces a study framework of innovation audit and examines the relevance of seven TICs to building and sustaining the competitiveness of Chinese firms. Empirical data was acquired through a recent study of 213 Chinese firms in Beijing, China. Regression analysis was employed to examine the correlation between TICs and innovation rate, sales growth, and product competitiveness among these firms. The findings verify that R&D and resources allocation capabilities are the two most important TICs. A strong R&D capability could safeguard innovation rate and product competitiveness in large and medium-sized firms, whereas a resources allocation capability would enhance the sales growth in small firms. However, the impact of learning and organising capabilities on a firm’s innovation performance has yet to be investigated.The findings of this paper suggest that Chinese firms should consider a more balanced focus on their TICs’ harmonising enhancement. In order to maintain their sustainable development, effectively plan and implement their innovation strategies as well as enhance their whole innovation capability, Chinese firms should closely relate their TICs to the formulation of technology strategy and harmonisation of innovation and R&D activities.     

The micro-determinants of meso-level learning and innovation: evidence from a Chilean wine cluster

Most analyses of the relationship between spatial clustering and the technological learning of firms have emphasised the influence of the former on the latter, and have focused on intra-cluster learning as the driver of innovative performance. This paper reverses those perspectives. It examines the influence of individual firms’ absorptive capacities on both the functioning of the intra-cluster knowledge system and its interconnection with extra-cluster knowledge. It applies social network analysis to identify different cognitive roles played by cluster firms and the overall structure of the knowledge system of a wine cluster in Chile. The results show that knowledge is not diffused evenly ‘in the air’, but flows within a core group of firms characterised by advanced absorptive capacities. Firms’ different cognitive roles include some—as in the case of technological gatekeepers—that contribute actively to the acquisition, creation and diffusion of knowledge. Others remain cognitively isolated from the cluster, though in some cases strongly linked to extra-cluster knowledge. Possible implications for policy are noted.     

The French defence industry in the knowledge management era: A historical overview and evidence from empirical data

In the defence industry the recent development of a ‘market for technology’, the creation of new European high-technology companies as well as transformations in government agencies have driven firms to reposition their technological and organizational skills. Our objective is to show that the transformations that have occurred in the past 10 years have not only redefined skills and the organization of production, but also have given a more strategic place to knowledge management (KM) practices. We provide a contextual and historical overview based on qualitative interviews, in order to better understand the relation between KM and innovative behaviour in this industry. We build an original industrial and technological database comprising various samples that provides quantitative information concerning KM and innovative practices. The results of the statistical analysis reveal the specificity of firms in this industry. Taking account of the size of these firms and their technological intensity, we show that the behaviour of defence industry firms in terms of KM practices, differs from that of other firms. This is evident from their technological performance, and innovation and patenting intensity. This structural tendency is explained as an innovative behaviour in the French national innovation system rather than merely a ‘trend’.     

我国高校科技成果转化现状及发展路径探析

科技成果转化是实施创新驱动发展战略的关键环节。为深入了解我国高校科技成果转化现状,本文选取2009-2017年我国高校R&D经费投入、科技产出与成果等相关数据,分析高校科技成果转化存在问题及深层原因。结果表明,资金投入不足、机制不完善是制约我国成果转化的主要因素。在此基础上,借鉴国外高校科技成果转化在机制探索、平台搭建等方面的先进做法,提出构建合理的转化权益分配制度、打造专业化的科技成果转化合作平台、建设共生大学科技园战略联盟等对策建议,以推动我国高校科技成果转化应用。     

Overseas R&D, knowledge sourcing, and patenting: an empirical study of Japanese R&D investment in the US

This paper purports to study the contribution of R&D at home and abroad to the firm’s inventive activity, using a sample of 137 Japanese multinationals. The empirical analysis relates the number of inventions in Japan and that in the US, as measured by the number of patents issued by the USPTO, to the parent’s R&D, the US subsidiaries’ R&D, the presence of R&D in Europe, the firm’s experience in the US, entry mode, and industry dummies. In addition, to study the subsidiary’s role in sourcing local technological knowledge, we construct indices of local technological strength of the state in which the subsidiary is located. The results, most importantly, indicate that these indices positively contribute to inventions at home and in the US among Type R firms, whose R&D subsidiaries mainly aim to research, suggesting that knowledge sourcing is an important function of these subsidiaries and locational choice is important for this purpose. These results do not hold among Type S firms, whose R&D subsidiaries mainly aim to support local manufacturing and sales activities.     

Developmental financial institutions as technology policy instruments: implications for innovation and entrepreneurship in emerging economies

Developmental financial institutions (DFIs) in emerging economies regularly assess new technology platforms to support their investments in new ventures, established firms, and technology institutions (TIs). Their financing decisions are guided by national priorities such as achieving technological self-reliance. By providing attractive financing options and related support, DFIs are well placed to consciously channel finance into designated priority technology areas. To better understand DFI roles, we conducted multiple interviews with participants affiliated with DFIs, firms and TIs in India. From data gathered from these interviews and secondary data on DFIs in emerging economies, we develop a preliminary framework to suggest that DFIs, when proactive in making technology assessments, form an important link between developing a firm’s absorptive capacity and building a nation’s innovative capacity. Also, DFI financing facilitates new venture creation in the context of underdeveloped capital markets prevalent in emerging economies. To illustrate these roles, we consider technology support programs of DFIs in India and their role in the information technology (IT) industry.     

联盟网络自主知识创造与组织绩效关系研究

 考察了联盟网络企业中的自主知识创造能力的类型,分析了不同自主知识创造能力对组织绩效的作用程度和贡献大小,采用问卷调查方法对300家联盟网络企业自主知识创造的状况进行问卷调查,运用所获有效数据验证它们之间的关系。实证结果显示,两类知识（技术和产品知识）与组织绩效之间的正相关关系显著,而组织知识与组织绩效之间的正相关关系则不显著,组织学习机制在知识创造能力之间发挥着明显的中介效应。     

技术创新网络位置对网络惯例的影响研究—以组织间信任为中介变量

学者们指出网络惯例是维持并协调技术创新网络运行的关键因素,但是网络惯例形成方面的研究相对缺乏。本文主要研究技术创新网络中不同类型的网络位置和组织间信任对网络惯例产生的差异性影响,在相关文献梳理的基础上,提出理论假设,以西安高新区高技术企业网络等为对象进行问卷调查,运用层级回归方法进行实证检验。结果表明,网络位置和组织间信任与网络惯例之间都存在着显著的正向相关关系;同时,基于认知的信任还在网络位置影响网络惯例形成的过程中充当部分中介作用,但是结构洞与基于情感的信任相关关系不显著,在结构洞与网络惯例之间,仅基于认知的信任存在部分中介效应。研究结论有助于揭示网络惯例的形成机理,增强对技术创新网络运行内在规律的理解,有助于指导企业从更深层次上把握网络合作创新行为具有非常重要的意义。     

网络嵌入性对企业选择合作技术创新伙伴的影响

利用QAP回归方法分析了网络嵌入性(包括关系嵌入性和结构嵌入性)对企业选择合作技术创新伙伴的影响。Cantner(2006)认为德国耶拿地区企业间科学家流动后产生的个人关系和企业间以往的合作经验都会对企业选择合作技术创新伙伴产生重要影响。本研究采用我国西安高新区企业的调研数据对此进行了分析,利用了网络嵌入性理论中的概念,将Cantner研究中的前一因素称为结构嵌入性(负责专利发明的科学家、工程师等作为第三方中介人),后一因素称为关系嵌入性(指企业间以往的合作经验)。研究结果表明:在我国西安高新区企业中,关系嵌入性对企业选择合作技术创新伙伴的影响并不明显,而结构嵌入性对企业选择合作技术创新伙伴的影响较大。     

数字经济对黄河流域科技创新产出的影响及空间溢出效应研究

黄河流域近年来推动数据要素参与到更多价值的创造和分配，得益于数字经济对科技创新产出的作用。基于此，对2009—2019年间黄河流域科技创新产出以及数字经济之间的关系进行实证研究。研究表明，数字化经济的发展是促进科技创新产出的重要支撑力，呈现出显著的空间溢出效应。因此，推动经济社会形态下数字化经济的发展进程，有利于提升科技创新绩效，也是黄河流域高质量发展和数据价值挖掘的需要。     

文化视野内的小企业集群技术学习研究

文化上的根植性是小企业集群的一个鲜明特征 ,并内在地刻画了集群发展的轨迹。本文正以此为基点 ,探讨这种根植性对于小企业集群技术学习的影响。分析认为 ,文化根植通过以下三种途径正向作用于集群的协同技术学习 :(1)强化群内企业对联合学习的承诺 ;(2 )提高成员的相对技术吸收能力 ;(3)引导技术人才在群内流动。然而 ,文化根植也可能限制集群发现外部知识源而不利于其技术学习。为促进小企业集群的技术学习以提高其整体技术能力 ,应该在小企业集群中构建一种开放网络式的学习机制 ,既可充分发挥文化根植的协同作用 ,又可避免封闭性静态学习的误区     

双重网络嵌入、制度环境与区域创新能力

    基于社会网络理论和制度理论,构建网络嵌入、制度环境和区域创新能力的理论模型。利用中国30个省份2005—2016年间的面板数据,探索了国际网络嵌入和本地网络嵌入对区域创新能力的影响机制,以及制度环境的调节作用。结果显示：国际网络嵌入促进了区域创新能力,而本地网络嵌入与区域创新能力之间存在倒U型关系。本地网络嵌入和国际网络嵌入之间存在交互效应,共同促进区域创新能力提升,且国际网络嵌入表现出对本地嵌入的替代性。市场化水平增强了国际网络嵌入对区域创新能力的正向作用,同时削弱了本地网络嵌入与区域创新能力之间的倒U型关系;东中西部地区发展的不平衡也导致了多重网络嵌入与区域创新能力关系的差异。