从“城乡二元结构”迈向“城乡一体化”——论农村中学教育资源配置的转变

"城乡二元结构"的教育资源配置制度造成农村中学教育资源短缺和效率低下,影响着农村中学的教学质量。制度化地解决农村中学的教育资源配置问题,就应实现从"城乡二元结构"向"城乡一体化"的转变,而关键则在于制定和实施农村中学教育资源合理补偿政策,创新农村中学"城乡一体化"的教育资源利用效率的方法。     

城乡教师专业发展的校际合作机制构建研究

对城乡资源进行合理的配置,不仅有利于农村教师与城市教师享有共同发展机会,还可以通过城乡互融、校级合作使部分学校闲置的教育资源得以利用,进而可以促进教师专业发展,提高学校整体教育水平。所以,需要积极建立城乡学校合作的体系,对城乡的教育资源进行合理的分配,并且对城乡学校的激励机制进行完善,形成科学合理的评估体系,能有效地实现城乡教育资源的优势互补以及城乡教师的良性发展。     

陕西实验教学资源使用现状及对策——以化学实验为例

教育投入向欠发达地区尤其是农村薄弱学校倾斜,是推进义务教育均衡发展的重要举措,却使得农村中学实验装备低水平重复建设严重。另外由于城镇化步伐的加快,农村生源向城镇大量流动,又造成政府花大力气新配置的农村实验教学资源的空置浪费、城镇基础实验教学资源的相对紧缺,引发新的城乡之间教育资源配置不均衡,造成各类中学学生分组实验开出率低下,制约了实验教学改革。在城乡之间创立区域内中学实验教学资源共享中心,可以解决城乡中学对优质师资、实验教学资源动态的供求变化,使有限的政府教育投入效益达到最大化。     

基础教育“重点校”政策分析

我国基础教育"重点校"政策是社会经济非均衡发展战略在教育中的体现。"重点校"政策在推动部分学校教育质量提高的同时,也扩大了城乡间、学校间在资源配置和教育质量上的差距,导致了教育公平的缺失,使得基础教育群体间入学机会不公平,尤其接受优质教育不公平。应从制度入手,推进教育管理制度、教育人事制度、教育财政制度的改革,缩小基础教育校际差别,逐步取消"重点校"政策,使公众享受到较为公平的教育。     

学校体育城乡均衡发展的互动模式

城乡学校体育互动发展的路径和可行性模式,必须从城乡均衡发展的高度来审视学校体育发展方向,从政府和教育部门主导、城乡结合、多元融合等方面入手,采用城市带动农村、强弱搭配优势互补、网络化信息化等模式,大力发展学校体育,补足、完善农村学校体育发展短板,利用城市学校的师资资源优势,选择突破点,在农村学校加大投资力度,加强体育监督,互帮互助,实现城市学校和农村学校体育的互动发展,以期更好地推进学校体育城乡之间的均衡发展,促进教育公平。     

城乡中学英语教育均衡发展实证研究——基于河南新乡十二所中学的调查

我国城乡中学英语教育发展不均衡,主要表现为农村中学师资结构不合理,教学设备和课程资源紧缺,生源缺乏及学生英语基础差。要实现城乡中学英语教育的均衡发展,除了政府的制度保障和政策扶持外,农村中学的校领导应做好政策的落实工作,英语教师也应不断提升自己的专业素质。     

城乡接合部义务教育学校存在经费“洼地”吗？

农村义务教育经费保障机制有效提高了我国义务教育投入水平。然而，城乡接合部学校的城市性质使其享受政策保障受到一定限制，同时其教育经费又往往难以达到主城区水平，因此城乡接合部地区可能成为处于主城区和农村之间的义务教育经费“洼地”。本研究基于教育经费统计数据和空间数据，使用空间断点回归方法，定量地研究“新机制”背景下城乡属性对于学校生均教育经费投入的影响。结果发现，城乡接合部学校生均经费显著地低于邻近的农村学校，而且存在学生规模过大的问题。本研究建议，现行的城乡义务教育经费保障机制应该对城乡接合部学校的教育经费予以重点倾斜。     

运用“农远模式一”教学资源促进乡村教师专业化发展

城市与乡村的教育资源配置上存在明显的差距,表现为优质教师资源配置和教育信息资源的非均衡发展＂。农远工程模式一＂投入少、设备操作简单的特点适合于农村中小学教学点,但其缺乏人机交互和信息反馈的缺点也十分明显。树立正确观念,立足自身,正确运用＂农远工程模式一＂的光盘教学资源,探寻不同层次的光盘教学模式,缩小城乡教师资源差距,促进乡村教师专业化发展。     

农村两类学校布局优化的现实问题与方向选择

城镇挤乡村弱是当前我国义务教育阶段最为显著的结构性问题。学校布局作为肇始之基,为更好补齐学校短板提升教育质量,现阶段的工作重点已聚焦至农村两类学校,重心也逐渐转向优化。在城乡义务教育一体化的时代背景下,为实现“就近入学”与“上好学”的优化目标,农村两类学校布局优化工作在农村教育为农与离农的冲突中,应服膺人本理念进行消解;在教育公平优先与教育效率先行的矛盾中,应合理配置教育资源进行平衡;在“由‘小’到‘寄’”与“由‘寄’到‘小’”的纠葛中,应明确两类学校定位进行调适,以助力农村学校布局工作。     

“乡村振兴战略”背景下老年教育走进农村的必要、可能与路径

老年教育是乡村振兴战略的重要一环,因此,推进老年教育走进农村十分必要。国家战略与政策的支持、农村潜在的老年教育资源以及实践上的先行经验,使农村老年教育的开展成为可能。把握乡村振兴战略机遇,推进老年教育走进农村可尝试以下路径:农村自办实施老年教育的专门机构;农村其他教育资源提供老年教育支持;城市老年大学走进农村开展教育扶贫;城市其他教育资源服务农村老年教育。     

强支持弱发展:乡村小规模学校发展困境及突破

中国特色社会主义新时代是中国发展新的历史方位。在乡村振兴的背景下,乡村小规模学校的发展一直是全面提升乡村教育质量的短板,即使在经济政策大力支持下的乡村小规模学校,依然存在着诸如学校规模萎缩、生源质量差、教师“留不住”等困境,出现了“强支持弱发展”现象。为了更好地推进城乡义务教育均衡,落实政策实施的有效性,文章从城镇化进程给农村带来的务工结构变化、乡村文化的失落以及教育协同等方面深层次挖掘出现这一现象的原因。顺势而为,提出科学发展乡村小规模学校,完善政策保障机制,盘活优化小规模学校教师资源配置;发挥乡村校长领导力,激发乡村教师发展力,提升小规模学校发展质量;创办农村家长学校,提升家校合作水平等改善路径。     

School educational project as a criterion of school choice: discourses and practices in the city of Barcelona

In its advancement towards an education quasi-market, Catalonia has recently been driving the development of school educational projects in all schools (both public and private) as a tool to facilitate school autonomy and family choices. A school educational project is a formal document in which schools identify their pedagogical goals, missions and orientations, their academic resources and organisational structures. Through the analysis of 60 in-depth interviews with parents of children at the age of commencing universal pre-primary education (three years old) and data collected from surveys completed by a representative sample made up of 3245 families, this article explores the impact of this policy on discourses and practices of school choice amongst families in the city of Barcelona. On the one hand, we observe that interest in educational projects has penetrated the discourses of the most educated parents, even though, at the same time, we detect a generalised lack of knowledge of the content of such projects. On the other hand, we note that the social composition of schools is still a prominent factor in choice practices. Such findings question the ideal of the autonomous and rational citizen-consumer that underlies the policy of establishing educational projects.     

Impact of the ‘Grade Zero’ system on minority children in Lao PDR – A qualitative study of pre-primary schools in a rural province

ABSTRACT

In Lao People’s Democratic Republic, two streams exist in pre-primary education, the standard three-year and a one-year preparatory class called ‘Grade Zero system’. This research aims to investigate the introduction of the Grade 0 system, one-year pre-primary class, and its impact on ethnic minority children in rural villages of Lao PDR. The research methodology included qualitative research comprising interviews with villagers, school authorities, and an officer of the local education office and observations carried out at schools in rural villages. The results show Grade 0 has been introduced in accordance with the circumstances of attached primary schools; more specifically, small villages with incomplete schools offer Grade 0 because they can’t possess three years pre-primary education. Moreover, Grade 0 plays an important role in the acquisition of Lao language when entering primary school. For instance, the repetition rate greatly improved due to the adequate preparation period. Grade 0 is an effective system in bridging the gap in primary schools, especially for minority children whose linguistic and cultural background is different from majority. As pre-primary education has finally been considered important, more international study projects will be essential, such as contemplating the construction of schools, teacher trainings, and bilingual education.     

欠发达地区农村中小学教师队伍建设研究

当前欠发达地区农村中小学老师队伍现状不容乐观,农村教师结构性矛盾突出,工作环境极为艰苦,骨干教师流失严重,制约了农村教育事业的长远发展。文章分析了欠发达地区农村中小学老师队伍不稳定的主要原因,并提出政策要向农村教师倾斜、要建立农村教师培训长效机制、优化整合城乡教育资源、改善农村办学条件,大力加强师德教育,建设一支业务精湛、师德优良的农村教师队伍。     

城市让教育更美好——再论城镇化进程中的农村教育

农村学校的＂空壳化＂与城区学校的＂大班额＂现象,是城市化的伴随物,是农民自发矫治城乡教育不均的结果。城区优质教育资源下乡难,农村学校留人难,把发展农村教育的重点由乡村转向县城镇,集中力量扩大县城教育资源,既合潮流,又顺民意。农村教育城镇化的当下目标是农村初中县城化,长远目标是城乡一体化。不少地方的实践已经证明这个设想是可行的。中国农村教育正面临路向何方、怎么去走的重大抉择,亟需理论研究的创新与科学的政策决策。     

城乡教育资源均衡配置发展策略——基于综合战略政策分析

在落实科学发展观、建设教育强国,促进教育健康和谐发展的过程中,城乡教育资源均衡配置面临着前所未有的机遇和挑战。本文借鉴"PEST分析模型"和综合战略政策分析法,归纳城乡教育资源配置现状,总结城乡教育资源配置均衡发展的优势和劣势,探寻其发展可能存在的机会和威胁,从而确定开拓进取型、支持引导型、加强型和防御完善型等四大综合发展战略。     

西部地区农村学校义务教育教学质量研究

通过对西部地区农村学校与县城、地市、省会城市学校义务教育阶段教学质量的调查比较发现:城乡义务教育阶段教学质量存在较大的差距,其中农村小学部分年级的教学质量未能达到课程标准的基本要求;城乡初中教学质量的差距较为严重,农村初中学生在语文、数学和英语三科的平均成绩、合格率等都明显地低于城市和县城学校。造成城乡义务教育教学质量差异较大的主要原因在于师资队伍之间的差异,与城市学校相比,农村学校教师数量不够,素质不高,教师专业发展机会较少、专业支持不够等。应从教育公平的理念出发,提高农村学校教育教学质量。     

Research on the teaching quality of compulsory education in China’s West rural schools

The paper has compared the quality of compulsory education of rural schools in West China with the counties, cities, and provincial capitals, and find out that there is a big gap between the quality of West rural and urban compulsory education, the quality of some grades of the rural primary schools has not achieved the basic requirement of the curriculum standards, the gap between the quality of junior high schools in rural and urban areas is relatively severe. The mean score and qualified rate in the subjects of Chinese, mathematics and English of West rural junior high students are distinctly lower than that of the urban and county schools. The main factor that leads to the bigger discrepancy between the urban and rural education quality mainly lies in the difference in the teaching force. Compared with urban schools, the teachers in rural schools is insufficient and poorly-trained, with less access to teachers’ professional development and support. The teaching quality in the West rural schools should be paid attention and improved in light of the rationale of educational equity.     

城乡统筹发展背景下农村义务教育走出困境的策略

近年来,我国农村义务教育发展取得了巨大成就。但是,与城市相比,农村义务教育在教育经费、师资力量、办学条件和教师待遇等方面仍然面临诸多困境。在统筹城乡发展的时代背景下,必须采取以下策略,农村义务教育才能走出发展困境,实现城乡义务教育高水平的均衡发展。补偿农村义务教育,各种基础性教育资源向农村倾斜是根本;加大对农村义务教育公共财政扶持力度,确保农村教育充足办学经费是关键;提高农村义务教育学校教师待遇,增强农村教育吸引力是基础;严格执行教育法律法规,履行政府公共教育责任是保障。     

Mitigating the urban–rural educational gap in developing countries through mobile technology-supported learning

One form of educational inequality is the disparity that exists between urban and rural settings. Equal distribution of quality education is a challenge for developing countries due to the unavailability of resources. Various approaches to equal distribution are distance learning, telecast learning and e-learning; however, these approaches cannot achieve the desired objectives due to their limitations. This research aimed to investigate the interesting question of whether mobile technology can bring urban and rural settings closer together. A mobile application for learning Urdu grammar was designed to measure the learning gains of fourth-grade students at two different schools from urban and rural settings. A quantitative technique, the quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test method, was used to measure the effectiveness of the mobile application. The comparison of the students’ performances at the urban and rural schools illustrated the role of mobile technology in mitigating the educational gap. The present study provides evidence that children from different social backgrounds may benefit equally from mobile technology.