环境压力视角下中国地区工业生态效率的异质性

将经济单元在工业生产过程中的资源消耗或环境污染排放定义为"环境压力",以工业用水总量、工业煤炭消耗总量、工业COD排放总量和工业SO2排放总量4类环境压力指标为投入,以各省的工业生产总值为产出,构建DEA模型测算2006—2012年中国30个省份的5类工业生态效率指数,并考察IEE的地区异质性特征和动态演化过程。研究发现:2006—2012年间,中国各省份工业生态效率偏低,还存在巨大的资源节约与污染减排潜力;不同省份及三大地区工业生态效率差异明显,东部地区的表现明显优于中西部;样本期内,5类工业生态效率指数均展现出较为明显的波动特征,但提升幅度都非常小。最后,结合分析结果给出相关的结论和政策建议。     

长江经济带工业绿色水资源效率的时空分异与影响因素——基于EBM-Tobit模型的两阶段分析

提高工业绿色水资源效率是缓解长江经济带水资源短缺与水环境污染的重要途径。本文以地区工业为研究对象,将工业用水与水污染排放纳入分析框架,构建Epsilon-Based Measure(EBM)-Tobit两阶段效率分析模型。首先,采用兼容径向与非径向特点的EBM模型测算2005-2014年长江经济带11省市的工业绿色水资源效率,分析效率的时空差异特征;然后,从投入要素视角对长江经济带各省市工业绿色水资源无效率进行解构,测算各投入要素的贡献率,通过泰尔指数分解诠释长江经济带工业绿色水资源效率地区差距的形成根源;进而,根据EBM模型计算得到的投入目标值与实际值的差异测算长江经济带各省市的工业节水与水污染减排潜力;最后,利用面板Tobit模型检验长江经济带工业绿色水资源效率的影响机制。研究结果表明:研究期内长江经济带工业绿色水资源效率较低,地区差异特征明显,工业节水与水污染减排潜力巨大;缩小长江上游、中游与下游三大地区间差距和长江上游各省市间内部差距是未来优化长江经济带工业绿色水资源效率的关键;经济发展水平、工业化程度、工业用水强度、科技进步、政府环境规制力度、地域差异对长江经济带工业绿色水资源效率均有一定影响,但是各因素影响方向、影响力度与显著性存在差异。本文研究结论可以为长江经济带实现工业水资源高效、绿色利用提供理论与实践依据。     

长江经济带城市生态效率的空间格局及演进趋势

提升城市生态效率是长江经济带高质量发展的重要内容。本文运用MinDS模型测算了长江经济带城市生态效率,采用Dagum基尼系数、Kernel密度估计、Markov链分析等方法考察其空间格局及演进趋势,并借助分位数回归检验了关键影响因素。研究发现：①下游城市生态效率水平明显高于上、中游地区;②城市生态效率的总体差异较大但呈缩小趋势,下游城市生态效率的区域内差异始终最大,上游与下游的区域间差异最大。随着生态效率水平的提高,技术创新、公众环保意识等因素的影响系数逐渐下降,是总体及区域内差异缩小的重要原因;各地区影响因素及其作用大小和方向不尽相同,为城市生态效率的区域间差异提供了一定解释;③技术创新、经济发展水平等因素对低水平、高水平城市生态效率的影响强度相对较大,助推下游、上游地区分别呈现两极分化、多极分化趋势。经济发展水平、资源禀赋、产业结构等因素对低、中、高水平城市生态效率的正向影响系数均较小,城市生态效率发生转移的趋势并不明显,从而导致总体及各地区均存在“俱乐部趋同”和“马太效应”。本文采用至强有效前沿面最小距离模型对测度城市生态效率水平,有效避免传统DEA模型的缺陷,在对其总体空间差异识别的基础上进一步分解差异来源,并预测其长期转移趋势,由此深化了对长江经济带生态效率时空演进规律的认识和理解,对于协同推进长江经济带城市绿色发展具有一定借鉴意义。     

“污染天堂”假说视角下长江经济带进出口贸易与碳排放的关系研究

依托"污染天堂"假说,选取长江经济带9个省份2004—2013年二氧化碳排放量为测度指标,构建了面板模型来探讨长江经济带进出口贸易和二氧化碳排放的相关关系。研究结果表明:贸易开放的结构效应和技术效应有利于改善空气污染情况,减少碳总体排放量,规模效应会导致长江经济带碳排放增加,环境恶化;"污染天堂"假说在长江下游地区不成立,进出口贸易对碳排放的长期效应超过短期效应,总体上抑制碳排放量增加,改善大气污染情况;长江上、中游地区"污染天堂"假说成立,进出口贸易会导致长江中、上游地区环境遭到破坏,加剧碳排放的增长。因此,必须从转变经济增长方式、优化对外贸易结构等方面促进长江经济带进出口贸易与碳排放的协调发展。     

长江经济带能源生态效率及驱动因子时空非平稳性

加快绿色转型已成为长江经济带实现经济发展量质齐升的关键锚点。本文运用超效率SBM模型、探索性空间数据分析（ESDA）和时空地理加权回归模型（GTWR）,深入探讨长江经济带108座城市2011—2020年能源生态效率演化特征、空间纹理和时空非平稳性。研究表明：①长江经济带能源生态效率发展趋势整体向好,先后经历“振荡期”与“提升期”两个阶段,并呈现自下游到上游再到中游依次递减的“梯度发展”特征;②研究区能源生态效率具有显著的空间非均衡特征,存在明显的高低分区,高值区主要沿江分布,低值区由西部向中部地区“扩散”;③研究区能源生态效率空间关联性明显,集聚效应从研究期初的H-H和L-L集聚向H-H和L-H集聚转变;④GTWR检验结果表明,政府干预在研究初期表现为促进,后期抑制能源生态效率提高;对外开放程度和科技投入对能源生态效率的驱动效果较好;产业结构和能源消费结构的抑制作用较严重;城镇化水平和环境规制主要表现为正向促进。提升长江经济带能源生态效率,应针上中下游地区特点分级分类施策,注重发挥不同驱动因子的作用特点,构建绿色可持续的发展体系。     

基于空间模型的长江经济带经济增长收敛性研究

在空间经济视角下改进了Barro经济增长的绝对收敛和Mankiw-Romer-Weil条件收敛模型。对长江经济带内108个地级市经济增长的收敛性及其生成机制进行了检验。结果表明:长江经济带经济增长存在着绝对β收敛,绝对收敛速率为1.41%~1.68%,半衰期周期为41~49年;在控制了劳动力、实物资本投资、房地产开发投资、FDI、地方政府行为和人力资本投资等变量之后,长江经济带存在条件β收敛,条件收敛速率为1.41%~1.59%,半衰期周期为44~49年;区域经济增长具有显著的外溢效应,外溢乘数约为0.13~0.35,说明经济带内存在若干个促进经济收敛的"中心区域";经济增长的空间溢出效应是区域经济增长收敛的主要原因,但溢出效应受到空间距离的制约,这导致了长江经济带目前的经济增长收敛以局部收敛为主。     

基于DEA的生态效率测度——以中国各省的工业为例

基于数据包络分析的生态效率测度方法根据经济产出数据得到各种环境压力指标的内生权重,进而得到各个决策单元可获得的最大相对生态效率。文章以中国各省的工业为例,介绍并应用了这种生态效率测度方法。分析表明,中国各省的工业生态效率不仅普遍低下,而且省际差异很大,其根本原因在于大多数省份没有使用或没有充分利用那些“最佳实践技术”;中国各省的工业生态效率与工业发展水平之间没有明显的相关关系,其部分原因在于各省没有真正树立起生态环保意识。为改善中国经济活动的环境绩效,政府应该奖励和宣传那些生态效率相对好的省份,以充分发挥它们的示范效应,并以它们为参照来科学、合理地构建污染物排放标准,以及实施严格的环境管制等。     

长江经济带经济集聚对工业废水排放影响的空间溢出效应与门槛特征

经济集聚促进长江经济带区域经济发展的同时也会影响环境质量,为探讨经济集聚对工业废水排放的影响效应,本文基于2003—2017年长江经济带110个地级及以上城市面板数据,采用探索性空间数据分析、空间计量模型和门槛回归模型等方法,考察经济集聚与工业废水排放的空间分布与聚类状况,解析经济集聚对工业废水排放影响的空间溢出效应并验证其门槛特征。结果表明：①经济集聚、工业废水排放总量和排放强度均存在显著的正向空间自相关性,长三角地区经济集聚与工业废水排放总量多呈现“高-高”型聚类,长江上游地区多为“低-低”型聚类,且保持较为稳定的态势;而工业废水排放强度的聚类状况则呈现出较大差异;②经济集聚存在明显的空间溢出效应且抑制工业废水排放的直接效应和间接效应均较为显著,集聚过程中经济发展水平、人口密度、二产占比和交通便利度提升会对工业废水排放总量产生正向影响。技术水平和对外开放对工业废水排放总量的影响不显著,但对排放强度却有抑制作用;③经济集聚对工业废水排放总量和排放强度的影响存在单一门槛,当经济集聚度跨越门槛值后对工业废水排放总量和排放强度的抑制作用均有所减弱。最后,建议在促进经济集聚过程中应充分关注空间因素及其独特特征,针对工业废水减排可同步实施区域内针对性治理和跨区域协同治理的策略举措,切实推进长江经济带高质量发展。     

长江经济带经济增长质量与生态环境优化耦合协调度研究

基于长江经济带108个城市2004～2016年数据,测算长江经济带经济增长质量与生态环境优化耦合协调度,实证研究两者耦合协调度影响因素,结果显示:长江经济带经济增长质量与生态环境优化耦合协调度值不断提升,处于弱耦合协调等级城市数量不断减少,处于中级以上等级的城市范围不断扩大。长江经济带城市生态环境优化得分高于经济增长质量,经济增长质量提升滞后于生态环境优化进程。外商直接投资、研发、制度质量促进经济增长质量与生态环境优化耦合协调发展,而经济增长、产业升级和环境规制降低耦合协调度。加大创新研发力度、提高外资准入门槛、建立长江经济带环境治理合作机制是提高耦合协调度关键。     

长江经济带水资源配置质量演化特征及其驱动因素

长江经济带的绿色发展离不开水资源的合理配置。本文选择四川、湖北和江苏作为长江经济带上、中、下游的代表性省份,以灰水足迹强度作为水资源配置质量的指标,基于2002—2017年水资源投入产出表,研究了长江经济带水资源配置质量的区域和行业差异及其演化特征。主要研究结论有：①从地区差异看,2002—2017年长江经济带上游水资源配置质量先升后降,中下游水资源配置质量一直上升,但提升速率放缓。这种演化特征与污染密集型产业转移和特征污染物回流的特征事实相关。②从产业差异看,农业和工业水资源配置质量持续提升,上中游服务业水资源配置质量较低且呈恶化趋势,特别是住宿和餐饮业、居民服务和其他服务业。③从驱动因素看,化学需氧量（COD）浓度变动效应和污废水排放系数变动效应对长江经济带流域水资源配置质量优化起正向驱动效应,最终需求水平变动效应对长江经济带流域水资源配置质量优化起负向驱动效应。因此,本文提出动态协调规制、调整农业内部结构、健全市场化供水和排污收费制度3条提升水资源配置质量的建议。     

Students' Reactions to the Introduction of Videoconferencing for Classroom Instruction

This study examined how students who had no prior experience with videoconferencing would react to the use of videoconferencing as an instructional medium. Students enrolled in seven different courses completed a questionnaire at the beginning of the semester and again at the end of the semester. Students at the origination and remote sites did not differ in their reactions toward videoconferencing but there was a significant difference for gender. Women reacted less favorably to videoconferencing. Compared to the beginning of the semester, students reported significantly less positive attitudes toward taking a course through videoconferencing at the end of the semester. There were no significant differences in students' attitudes toward videoconferencing across courses at the beginning of the semester but there were significant differences across the courses at the end of the semester. The results suggest the need for better preparation for both students and instructors.     

Cooler temperatures inductive to locust outbreaks

Ajoint study by Prof. ZHANG Zhibin from the CAS Institute of Zoology and his co-workers from Norway, US and Swiss have indicated that historical outbreaks of migratory locusts in China were associated with cold spells, suggesting that China＇s projected climate warming could decrease the pest＇s numbers. The study was published in Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences on 17 September, 2007.     

Exploring Multiplexity: Social Network Structures in a Computer-Supported Distance Learning Class

A computer-mediated group is a complex entity whose members exchange many types of information via multiple means of communication in pursuit of goals specific to their environment. Over time, they coordinate technical features of media with locally enacted use to achieve a viable working arrangement. To explore this complex interaction, a case study is presented of the social networks of interactions and media use among members of a class of computer-supported distance learners. Results show how group structures associated with project teams dominated who communicated with whom, about what, and via which media over the term, and how media came to occupy their own communication niches: Webboard for diffuse class-wide communication; Internet Relay Chat more to named others but still for general communication across the class; and e-mail primarily for intrateam communication. Face-to-face interaction, occurring only during a short on-campus session, appears to have had a catalytic effect on social and emotional exchanges. Results suggest the need to structure exchanges to balance class-wide sharing of ideas with subgroup interactions that facilitate project completion, and to provide media that support these two modes of interaction.     

The Role of Intermediating Institutions in the Diffusion of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): How Industry Associations Intervened in Denmark, Finland, and Hong Kong

Electronic data interchange (EDI) provides means for interorganizational communication, creates network externalities, requires an advanced information technology (IT) infrastructure, and relies on standards. In the diffusion of such innovations, institutional involvement is imperative. Such institutions contain governmental agencies, national and global standardization organizations, local government, and nonprofit private organizations like industry associations. The last type of organizations we call intermediating institutions. They intermediate or coordinate ("inscribe") the activities of a group of would-be adopters. Unfortunately, little is known of how these organizations shape the EDI diffusion trajectory. In this article we examine one specific type of intermediating organizations?industry associations?and how they advanced the EDI diffusion process in the grocery sectors of Hong Kong, Denmark and Finland. We identify six institutional measures, placed into a matrix formed by the mode of involvement (influence vs. regulation) and the type of diffusion force (supply push vs. demand pull), that can be mobilized to further the EDI diffusion. Industry associations were found to be active users of all these measures to varying degrees. Their role was critical especially in knowledge building, knowledge deployment, and standard setting. Furthermore, institutional involvement varied due to policy and cultural contingencies and power dependencies.     

How Electronic Publishers are Protecting Against Piracy: Doubts About Technical Systems of Protection

The increasing prospects of digital piracy has prompted the perceived need by electronic publishers to adopt technical systems of protection, and governments to reform their copyright laws. This article is a preliminary study of the management of intellectual property by electronic publishers, defined as those involved in the production of online databases, and CD-ROMs. It focuses on three main issues: (1) how electronic publishers view the increasing threat of piracy; (2) the methods of protection employed to protect intellectual property in digital format; and (3) the importance of technological protection of intellectual property in electronic publications. The analysis is based on a sample of 23 UK electronic publishers. The interviews revealed an interesting assortment of protection methods and did not show that technological protection was a preferred way. Instead, the means of protection, in addition to copyright law, comprised niche markets, pricing, trust, bad publicity, and nontechnical and technical means.     

Rough Justice: A Statistical Assessment of ICANN's Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

Long-standing conflict between domain name registrants and trademark holders prompted the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) to create a global, mandatory arbitration procedure known as the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). The UDRP has been used in 2166 cases involving 3938 domain names as of 1 November 2000. The policy gives the initiator of a complaint, generally a trademark holder, the right to choose which ICANN-accredited dispute resolution service provider (RSP) will handle the case. During the preparation of the UDRP,some feared that complainant selection would lead to "forum shopping" that might bias the results. This article performs a statistical assessment of the forum-shopping thesis and finds support for it. There are statistically significant differences in the various RSPs' propensity to take away names from defendants; there are also major differences in the number of cases brought to each RSP. RSPs who take away names have the larger share of cases. The study examines other variables that might explain differences in market share, such as price, the plaintiff's nationality, or the time taken to decide a case. It finds that nationality and time also are correlated with market share. The study concludes that shopping for a favorable outcome is an important factor in the UDRP.     

Prevalence of soft neurological signs in Chinese people

Prof. Raymond C.K. Chen, a neuropsychologist with the CAS Institute of Psychology, has made novel progress in his studies of schizophrenia. His work has been reported by a recent issue of Behavioural Neurology.     

Monoculture Rubber Plantations Have Negative Ef ects on Controlling Splash Erosion

<正>In Xishuangbanna,one of China’s most biodiverse regions,landscape has changed dramatically during the past three decades due to the conversion of tropical rainforest to rubber plantations.In steep areas,terraces are often constructed before planting rubber trees,which causes two important changes in the soil:the destabilization of soil in the bench terraces and the increased vulnerability of unvegetated riser faces to erosion.Few studies have documented the nature and intensity of erosion on bench terraces.Prof.LIU Wenjie and his colleagues from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden(XTBG)conducted a study in Menglun County(21°5′39″N,101°15′55″E),Xishuangbanna to evaluate the influence     

Chinese Scientists Use Earth Observation Technologies to Study and Protect Wild Camels

<正>Chinese scientists plan to apply Earth Observation technologies to protect the critically endangered wild camels(Camelus ferus).With the help of remote sensing,satellite positioning,geographical information system and wireless sensors networks,they will be able to access the distribution and population of the wild camels and protect their habitats.The project will be carried out by the International Research Center for Wild Camel Conservation,which was jointly established earlier this year by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth(RADI)of the Chinese     

More than Skin Deep – Understand Skin Biology by Means of Dermatogenomics

<正>The Paul Gerson Unna Research Group on Dermatogenomics was founded in October 2012 at the Partner Institute for Computational Biology.The ultimate goal of the group is to understand the biology of skin and skin appendages.